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variously into subfamilies (S. A. Graham and C. E. Wood Jr. 1965; K. Haraldson 1978; J. Brandbyge 1993); two often are recognized based on morphological

species ca. 850 (16 genera, 160 species in the flora). Morphological (K. Haraldson 1978; L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd 1988; Ronse Decraene et al.

regions; sect. Duravia comprises species restricted to North America. K. Haraldson (1978) recognized both sections based on differences in stem morphology, petiole

employed here generally follows L.-P. Ronse Decraene et al. (2000) and K. Haraldson (1978), with five sections recognized in the flora. Aconogonon and Bistorta

been used by some taxonomists for segregation at the generic level (K. Haraldson 1978; Hong S. P. 1991). Aconogonon campanulatum (Hooker f.) H. Hara is planted

here as a distinct genus based on habit, morphology, and anatomy (K. Haraldson 1978; L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd 1988). In the species of the

Echinocaulon speciesPersicaria arifolia (Linnaeus) Haraldson Acta Univ. Upsal., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 22: 72. 1978. Harold R. Hinds†, Craig C. Freeman Common names:

distinguished by a syndrome of anatomical and morphological characters (K. Haraldson 1978; Hong S. P. et al. 1998; L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd 1988;

of southeastern Asia, primarily the Himalayas (O. Hedberg 1997). K. Haraldson (1978) and L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd (1988) placed Koenigia close