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endosperm copious, starchless. Pantropical, of both humid and arid regions, with few temperate outliers in Europe, Asia, and North America. Genera (3–)7(–more than

decomposition of organic matter, related to the rooting and life cycle of grasses. They occur in regions transitional between the arid and humid climates of North

currents flow clockwise both in the Atlantic and in the Pacific. Because of the direction of the prevailing westerlies, the east coast of North America is less

(75), Labrador (67), and Greenland (52). An excellent discussion of the floristic regions and provinces of North America north of Mexico is included in

60° of latitude and 145° of longitude, the North American continent extends through a striking diversity of climates and supports a rich array of vegetation

 Philodendron and Acorites of the Araceae, Sabal, Ulmaceae (Eoceltis), and Zingiberaceae (D.W. Taylor 1988). The Golden Valley formation of North Dakota is of late

1978; J.Imbrie and K.P. Imbrie 1979; N.G. Pisias and T.C. Moore Jr. 1981). Increases in both magnitude and frequency of climatic oscillations and profound environmental

ferns, outgrowths of the epidermis of stems and leaves are common and varied, and these features are very important in description and identification. Simple