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or compound. A simple cone consists of spore leaves inserted directly on a main axis. Both the pollen cones and the seed cones of the Cycadophyta, but only

age is difficult to ascertain. The clonal nature of growth is one of the main reasons why some sterile hybrid ferns and fern allies are capable of becoming

tall temperate rainforest, dominated by huge trees of Picea sitchensis, Thuja plicata, and Tsuga heterophylla, accompanied by smaller broad-leaved Alnus

glacier. By 10,000 yr B.P., outlying populations were persisting south of the main range of spruce at middle to high elevations in the central and southern