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 Woodwardia, andThelypteris. The cooccurrence in swamps of black ash (Fraxinus nigra), red maple (Acer rubrum), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis)

tulipifera, Acer saccharum, and various species of Tilia, Aesculus, Quercus, Fraxinus, and Carya. Castanea dentata was a prominent member of this community prior