Difference between revisions of "Aspleniaceae"

Newman
Common names: Spleenwort Family
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Treatment on page 228.
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--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="plant growth form or habitat;plant habitat"><b>Plants </b>terrestrial, on rock, or rarely epiphytic.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem orientation;stem growth form or orientation;stem architecture or pubescence"><b>Stems </b>erect or nearly erect, rarely long-creeping, scaly.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stele architecture;stele architecture"><b>Steles </b>radially symmetric or dorsiventral (with structurally distinct abaxial and adaxial aspects) dictyosteles.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf architecture;leaf growth form;leaf orientation;leaf reproduction;leaf reproduction;leaf height"><b>Leaves </b>monomorphic, rarely almost dimorphic with fertile leaves taller and more erect than sterile ones.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole shape;vascular-bundle count;vascular-bundle orientation"><b>Petioles </b>with 1 vascular-bundle X-shaped in cross-section or with 2 vascular-bundles back-to-back and C-shaped.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade variability;blade architecture;blade architecture;blade architecture;glandular-hair size;scale count;scale arrangement or course or shape;hair orientation"><b>Blades </b>extremely diverse, simple to 4-pinnate, commonly with tiny glandular-hairs and a few linear scales, rarely with spreading hairs.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="vein fusion;vein architecture"><b>Veins </b>free to anastomosing.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="sorus shape;sorus shape;sorus shape"><b>Sori </b>borne on veins, ± lunate to linear.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="indusium count;side count;sorus count"><b>Indusia </b>usually present, shape conforming to sorus and originating along 1 side of sorus.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="row count;annulus orientation;annulus architecture"><b>Sporangia </b>with stalk of 1 row of cells, annulus vertical, interrupted by sporangial stalk.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="spore architecture"><b>Spores </b>monolete;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="perispore architecture;perispore architecture;perispore architecture;perispore architecture;perispore architecture;perispore architecture">perispore typically winged, spiny, reticulate, or perforate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="gametophyte position;gametophyte coloration;gametophyte shape"><b>Gametophytes </b>surficial, green, cordate.</span><!--
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--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>terrestrial, on rock, or rarely epiphytic. <b>Stems</b> erect or nearly erect, rarely long-creeping, scaly. <b>Steles</b> radially symmetric or dorsiventral (with structurally distinct abaxial and adaxial aspects) dictyosteles. <b>Leaves</b> monomorphic, rarely almost dimorphic with fertile leaves taller and more erect than sterile ones. <b>Petioles</b> with 1 vascular bundle X-shaped in cross section or with 2 vascular bundles back to back and C-shaped. <b>Blades</b> extremely diverse, simple to 4-pinnate, commonly with tiny glandular hairs and a few linear scales, rarely with spreading hairs. <b>Veins</b> free to anastomosing. <b>Sori</b> borne on veins, ± lunate to linear. <b>Indusia</b> usually present, shape conforming to sorus and originating along 1 side of sorus. <b>Sporangia</b> with stalk of 1 row of cells, annulus vertical, interrupted by sporangial stalk. <b>Spores</b> monolete; perispore typically winged, spiny, reticulate, or perforate. <b>Gametophytes</b> surficial, green, cordate.</span><!--
  
 
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|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V2/V2_139.xml
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|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/9216fc802291cd3df363fd52122300479582ede7/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V2/V2_139.xml
|annulus architecture=interrupted
 
|annulus orientation=vertical
 
|blade architecture=simple;4-pinnate
 
|blade variability=diverse
 
|gametophyte coloration=green
 
|gametophyte position=surficial
 
|gametophyte shape=cordate
 
|glandular-hair size=tiny
 
|hair orientation=spreading
 
|indusium count=present
 
|leaf architecture=monomorphic
 
|leaf growth form=dimorphic
 
|leaf height=taller
 
|leaf orientation=erect
 
|leaf reproduction=fertile;than sterile ones
 
|perispore architecture=perforate;reticulate;perforate;reticulate;spiny;winged
 
|petiole shape=c-shaped
 
|plant growth form or habitat=terrestrial
 
|plant habitat=epiphytic
 
|row count=1
 
|scale arrangement or course or shape=linear
 
|scale count=few
 
|side count=1
 
|sorus count=1
 
|sorus shape=less lunate;linear
 
|spore architecture=monolete
 
|stele architecture=dorsiventral;symmetric
 
|stem architecture or pubescence=scaly
 
|stem growth form or orientation=long-creeping
 
|stem orientation=erect;erect
 
|vascular-bundle count=2
 
|vascular-bundle orientation=back;back
 
|vein architecture=anastomosing
 
|vein fusion=free
 
 
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Revision as of 13:11, 27 July 2019

Plants terrestrial, on rock, or rarely epiphytic. Stems erect or nearly erect, rarely long-creeping, scaly. Steles radially symmetric or dorsiventral (with structurally distinct abaxial and adaxial aspects) dictyosteles. Leaves monomorphic, rarely almost dimorphic with fertile leaves taller and more erect than sterile ones. Petioles with 1 vascular bundle X-shaped in cross section or with 2 vascular bundles back to back and C-shaped. Blades extremely diverse, simple to 4-pinnate, commonly with tiny glandular hairs and a few linear scales, rarely with spreading hairs. Veins free to anastomosing. Sori borne on veins, ± lunate to linear. Indusia usually present, shape conforming to sorus and originating along 1 side of sorus. Sporangia with stalk of 1 row of cells, annulus vertical, interrupted by sporangial stalk. Spores monolete; perispore typically winged, spiny, reticulate, or perforate. Gametophytes surficial, green, cordate.

Discussion

Members of this family can usually be identified by the combination of clathrate stem scales and indusiate linear sori. Supporting anatomic characteristics include the two vascular bundles in the petiole that unite distally in the petiole to form an X-shaped petiolar strand, and the single row of cells in the sporangial stalk. The scales consist of cells with dark, thick, radial walls and clear, thin, tangential walls, giving the scales a clathrate (latticelike) appearance reminiscent of lead moldings between plates of stained glass.

As construed here, Aspleniaceae comprise a single, huge, extremely diverse genus, Asplenium. A satisfactory taxonomic division into subgenera or satellite genera has not been possible because of the absence of any significant gaps. Various segregates have been proposed (e.g., Camptosorus, Phyllitis, Ceterach, Pleurosorus), but numerous "intergeneric" hybrids occur.

The members of Asplenium are popular with plant evolutionists, field naturalists, and fern gardeners, not only because of the interesting morphology of the plants but also because of their remarkable ability to form spectacular hybrids, often combining dramatically different leaf shapes. In North America, 23 diploid hybrids and allopolyploids have been recorded. At least two of these hybrid combinations occur as both sterile diploids and their fertile allotetraploid derivatives. Only those hybrids that are reproductively competent (through vigorous clone-forming by root proliferations or apogamy, or rarely through sexual reproduction) are treated in the key and fully described below.

Only about two-fifths of the reproductively competent species are believed to be cladistically divergent species; the other three-fifths are of hybrid origin (allopolyploids). For two of the allotetraploids, sterile diploids of the same parentage are also known. The most unusual allopolyploid phytogeographically is Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, the parents of which are known only in the Old World. These reticulate relationships are summarized in the reticulogram.

Polyploidy is widespread in Asplenium, and the chromosome numbers vary from 2 x to 6 x. Two species, Asplenium trichomanes and A. heterochroum, occur in different levels of polyploidy—2 x and 4 x, and 4 x and 6 x, respectively. The highest chromosome number known for Asplenium in North America is 2n = 216 (in A. trichomanes-dentatum and the hexaploid form of A. heterochroum). The only three apogamous taxa are A. monanthes (3 x), A. resiliens (3 x), and A. × heteroresiliens (5 x).

Genera 1, species ca. 700 (1 genus, 28 species, and 3 nothospecies in the flora).

Lower Taxa