Difference between revisions of "Carya"

Nuttall

Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 220. 1818, name conserved.

Common names: Hickory caryer hicorier
Etymology: Greek káryon, nut, kernel
Synonyms: Hicoria Rafinesque
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3.
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--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="tree some measurement"><b>Trees,</b> rarely shrubs, 3-52 m.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="bark coloration;bark coloration;bark architecture or pubescence or relief;bark shape;bark architecture;bark relief;tree life cycle;scale size;scale shape;scale width;strip length or size;strip width;plate length or size;plate width"><b>Bark </b>gray or brownish, smooth with fissures in younger trees, becoming ridged and sometimes deeply furrowed or exfoliating with small platelike scales or long strips or broad plates.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig shape;twig size;twig size;twig pubescence;twig pubescence;twig pubescence"><b>Twigs </b>greenish, orangish, reddish, or rusty brown, or bronze, terete, slender or stout, pubescent and scaly or glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf-scar shape;leaf-scar shape;leaf-scar size">leaf-scars shield-shaped or 3-lobed, large;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="pith architecture;pith variability">pith solid and homogeneous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="bud-scale arrangement;bud-scale arrangement;bud-scale pubescence;bud-scale pubescence"><b>Bud-</b>scales valvate or imbricate, glabrous or variously pubescent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="axillary; bracteole bud fusion;bracteole arrangement or dehiscence">axillary buds protected by pair of valvate bracteoles (i.e., prophylls) or bracteoles fused into hood.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>odd-pinnate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="petiole pubescence;petiole pubescence;petiole pubescence">petiole pubescent and/or scaly or glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="leaflet atypical quantity;leaflet quantity;leaflet architecture;distal leaflet size;distal leaflet length;distal leaflet width"><b>Leaflets </b>3-17 (-21), petiolulate, distal leaflets largest, 2-26 × 1-14 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="surface arrangement;hair architecture;hair arrangement;scale quantity;scale arrangement or density;secondary-vein pubescence">surfaces abaxially with nonglandular hairs (unicellular common to all species, fasciculate with 2-8 rays in 1 rank, multiradiate with 8-17 rays in 2 ranks) and glandular scales (capitate-glandular and large peltate scales common to all species; small peltate scales round, irregular, or 2-lobed or 4-lobed), adaxially with scattered hairs and scattered to abundant scales in spring or concentrated along midrib and secondary-veins to essentially glabrous in the fall.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="catkin architecture;catkin quantity;catkin architecture;catkin architecture"><b>Staminate </b>catkins in fascicles of 3 (except sect. <b>Rhamphocarya</b> of se Asia) from 1st-year, sometimes 2d-year twigs, sessile or pedunculate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity">stamens 3-10 (-15) per flower, with or without hairs.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;terminal spike architecture"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers in terminal few-flowered spikes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="fruits nut shape;fruits nut shape;husk dehiscence;suture architecture;suture architecture"><b>Fruits </b>nuts enclosed in husks, compressed or not compressed, husks completely or partially dehiscing, sutures smooth or winged;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="nut coloration;nut coloration;nut coloration;nut coloration;nut coloration;nut coloration;nut coloration;nut shape;nut shape;nut shape;nut shape;nut shape;nut shape;nut shape;nut shape;nut relief;nut relief;nut relief;nut relief;nut relief">nuts brown, reddish-brown, or tan, sometimes mottled with black or tan, compressed or not compressed, angled or not angled, smooth, rugulose, or verrucose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="shell width;shell width">shells thin or thick.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>sweet or bitter.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="seed taste;seed taste;x chromosome quantity">x = 16.</span><!--
+
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Trees,</b> rarely shrubs, 3-52 m. <b>Bark</b> gray or brownish, smooth with fissures in younger trees, becoming ridged and sometimes deeply furrowed or exfoliating with small platelike scales or long strips or broad plates. <b>Twigs</b> greenish, orangish, reddish, or rusty brown, or bronze, terete, slender or stout, pubescent and scaly or glabrous; leaf scars shield-shaped or 3-lobed, large; pith solid and homogeneous. <b>Bud</b> scales valvate or imbricate, glabrous or variously pubescent; axillary buds protected by pair of valvate bracteoles (i.e., prophylls) or bracteoles fused into hood. <b>Leaves</b> odd-pinnate; petiole pubescent and/or scaly or glabrous. <b>Leaflets</b> 3-17(-21), petiolulate, distal leaflets largest, 2-26 × 1-14 cm; surfaces abaxially with nonglandular hairs (unicellular common to all species, fasciculate with 2-8 rays in 1 rank, multiradiate with 8-17 rays in 2 ranks) and glandular scales (capitate-glandular and large peltate scales common to all species; small peltate scales round, irregular, or 2- or 4-lobed), adaxially with scattered hairs and scattered to abundant scales in spring or concentrated along midrib and secondary veins to essentially glabrous in the fall. <b>Staminate</b> catkins in fascicles of 3 (except sect. <b>Rhamphocarya</b> of se Asia) from 1st-, sometimes 2d-year twigs, sessile or pedunculate; stamens 3-10(-15) per flower, with or without hairs. <b>Pistillate</b> flowers in terminal few-flowered spikes. <b>Fruits</b> nuts enclosed in husks, compressed or not compressed, husks completely or partially dehiscing, sutures smooth or winged; nuts brown, reddish brown, or tan, sometimes mottled with black or tan, compressed or not compressed, angled or not angled, smooth, rugulose, or verrucose; shells thin or thick. <b>Seeds</b> sweet or bitter. <b>x</b> = 16.</span><!--
  
 
-->{{Treatment/Body
 
-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=e North America;Mexico;e Asia
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|distribution=e North America;Mexico;e Asia.
 
|discussion=<p>Species 18 (11 in the flora).</p><!--
 
|discussion=<p>Species 18 (11 in the flora).</p><!--
 
--><p>Carya was widespread during the Tertiary; fossils have been reported from the states of Colorado and Washington, and from China, Japan, Europe, and western Siberia. Today two sections of the genus occur in southeastern Asia (sect. Rhamphocarya and sect. Sinocarya) and two in North America (sect. Apocarya, the so-called pecan hickories, and sect. Carya hickories). Both 2n = 32 and 2n = 64 chromosome numbers are known for the genus; tetraploidy, however, is confined to sect. Carya.</p><!--
 
--><p>Carya was widespread during the Tertiary; fossils have been reported from the states of Colorado and Washington, and from China, Japan, Europe, and western Siberia. Today two sections of the genus occur in southeastern Asia (sect. Rhamphocarya and sect. Sinocarya) and two in North America (sect. Apocarya, the so-called pecan hickories, and sect. Carya hickories). Both 2n = 32 and 2n = 64 chromosome numbers are known for the genus; tetraploidy, however, is confined to sect. Carya.</p><!--
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|basionyms=
 
|basionyms=
 
|family=Juglandaceae
 
|family=Juglandaceae
|distribution=e North America;Mexico;e Asia
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|distribution=e North America;Mexico;e Asia.
 
|reference=hardin1984a;manning1950a;manning1973a;sargent1933a;stone1962a;stone1969a;woodworth1930a
 
|reference=hardin1984a;manning1950a;manning1973a;sargent1933a;stone1962a;stone1969a;woodworth1930a
 
|publication title=Gen. N. Amer. Pl.
 
|publication title=Gen. N. Amer. Pl.
 
|publication year=
 
|publication year=
 
|special status=
 
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V3/V3_993.xml
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|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/9216fc802291cd3df363fd52122300479582ede7/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V3/V3_993.xml
 
|genus=Carya
 
|genus=Carya
|axillary; bracteole bud fusion=fused
 
|bark architecture=furrowed
 
|bark architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
 
|bark coloration=brownish;gray
 
|bark relief=exfoliating
 
|bark shape=ridged
 
|bracteole arrangement or dehiscence=valvate
 
|bud-scale arrangement=imbricate;valvate
 
|bud-scale pubescence=pubescent;glabrous
 
|catkin architecture=pedunculate;sessile;staminate
 
|catkin quantity=3
 
|distal leaflet length=2cm;26cm
 
|distal leaflet size=largest
 
|distal leaflet width=1cm;14cm
 
|flower architecture=pistillate
 
|fruits nut shape=not compressed;compressed
 
|hair architecture=eglandular
 
|hair arrangement=scattered
 
|husk dehiscence=dehiscing
 
|leaf architecture=odd-pinnate
 
|leaf-scar shape=3-lobed;shield--shaped
 
|leaf-scar size=large
 
|leaflet architecture=petiolulate
 
|leaflet atypical quantity=17;21
 
|leaflet quantity=3;17
 
|nut coloration=,;mottled with black or mottled with tan;tan;reddish-brown;tan;reddish-brown;brown
 
|nut relief=verrucose;rugulose;verrucose;rugulose;smooth
 
|nut shape=not angled;angled;not compressed;compressed;not angled;angled;not compressed;compressed
 
|petiole pubescence=glabrous;scaly;pubescent
 
|pith architecture=solid
 
|pith variability=homogeneous
 
|plate length or size=long
 
|plate width=broad
 
|scale arrangement or density=concentrated
 
|scale quantity=abundant
 
|scale shape=plate-like
 
|scale size=small
 
|scale width=broad
 
|secondary-vein pubescence=glabrous
 
|seed taste=bitter;sweet
 
|shell width=thick;thin
 
|stamen atypical quantity=10;15
 
|stamen quantity=3;10
 
|strip length or size=long
 
|strip width=broad
 
|surface arrangement=scattered
 
|suture architecture=winged;smooth
 
|terminal spike architecture=few-flowered
 
|tree life cycle=younger
 
|tree some measurement=3m;52m
 
|twig coloration=bronze;rusty brown;reddish;bronze;rusty brown;reddish;bronze;rusty brown;reddish;orangish;greenish
 
|twig pubescence=glabrous;scaly;pubescent
 
|twig shape=terete
 
|twig size=stout;slender
 
|x chromosome quantity=16
 
 
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Revision as of 13:55, 27 July 2019

Trees, rarely shrubs, 3-52 m. Bark gray or brownish, smooth with fissures in younger trees, becoming ridged and sometimes deeply furrowed or exfoliating with small platelike scales or long strips or broad plates. Twigs greenish, orangish, reddish, or rusty brown, or bronze, terete, slender or stout, pubescent and scaly or glabrous; leaf scars shield-shaped or 3-lobed, large; pith solid and homogeneous. Bud scales valvate or imbricate, glabrous or variously pubescent; axillary buds protected by pair of valvate bracteoles (i.e., prophylls) or bracteoles fused into hood. Leaves odd-pinnate; petiole pubescent and/or scaly or glabrous. Leaflets 3-17(-21), petiolulate, distal leaflets largest, 2-26 × 1-14 cm; surfaces abaxially with nonglandular hairs (unicellular common to all species, fasciculate with 2-8 rays in 1 rank, multiradiate with 8-17 rays in 2 ranks) and glandular scales (capitate-glandular and large peltate scales common to all species; small peltate scales round, irregular, or 2- or 4-lobed), adaxially with scattered hairs and scattered to abundant scales in spring or concentrated along midrib and secondary veins to essentially glabrous in the fall. Staminate catkins in fascicles of 3 (except sect. Rhamphocarya of se Asia) from 1st-, sometimes 2d-year twigs, sessile or pedunculate; stamens 3-10(-15) per flower, with or without hairs. Pistillate flowers in terminal few-flowered spikes. Fruits nuts enclosed in husks, compressed or not compressed, husks completely or partially dehiscing, sutures smooth or winged; nuts brown, reddish brown, or tan, sometimes mottled with black or tan, compressed or not compressed, angled or not angled, smooth, rugulose, or verrucose; shells thin or thick. Seeds sweet or bitter. x = 16.

Distribution

e North America, Mexico, e Asia.

Discussion

Species 18 (11 in the flora).

Carya was widespread during the Tertiary; fossils have been reported from the states of Colorado and Washington, and from China, Japan, Europe, and western Siberia. Today two sections of the genus occur in southeastern Asia (sect. Rhamphocarya and sect. Sinocarya) and two in North America (sect. Apocarya, the so-called pecan hickories, and sect. Carya hickories). Both 2n = 32 and 2n = 64 chromosome numbers are known for the genus; tetraploidy, however, is confined to sect. Carya.

The commercial use of Carya is substantial. The cultivated pecan, C. illinoinensis, is the most important nut tree native to North America, and the wood o hickories is unequaled for its use in tool handles because of the combined strength and shock resistance. Hickory nuts are also an important, high-quality food source for wildlife because they are high in proteins and fats. Carya cordiformis, C. glabra, and C. ovata are grown extensively in central Europe for timber.

Characters of the buds and bark are taxonomically important in Carya, but shoots with terminal buds and information about bark characteristics are frequently absent on herbarium specimens. Phenotypic variation from tree to tree is often considerable and difficult to quantify. Most of this variation undoubtedly results from adaptation to local and regional conditions; hybridization has probably played a subtle role as well. Sympatry of two or more species is common, and artificial pollinations suggest that even diploid × tetraploid crosses produce viable seed.

Key

1 Scales of terminal buds valvate; axillary buds protected by pair of valvate bracteoles or by bracteoles fused into hood; leaflets (5–)7–13(–17), symmetric or falcate; staminate catkins at base of leafy shoots on new wood, and commonly on reduced shoots from old wood; husk sutures winged; shells thin or thick; seeds sweet or bitter (sect. Apocarya). > 2
1 Scales of terminal buds imbricate; axillary buds protected by bracteoles fused into hood; leaflets 3–9, symmetric; staminate catkins at base of leafy shoots on new wood, rarely on reduced shoots from old wood (C. texana); husk sutures usually without wings, infrequently with narrow wings (C. floridana, C. glabra, C. texana); shells thick; seeds sweet (sect. Carya). > 5
2 Bark fissured or exfoliating, separating freely into long strips or broad plates; terminal buds ovoid; leaflets (5–)7–9, abaxially with dense coating of peltate scales throughout spring and fall, bronze color; shells thick; seeds sweet. Carya myristiciformis
2 Bark ridged or exfoliating in long strips or platelike scales; terminal buds oblong; leaflets (5–)7–13(–17), abaxially with light to dense coating of peltate scales in spring, becoming moderate to light in fall, not bronze color; shells thin; seeds bitter or sweet. > 3
3 Terminal buds sulfur yellow to brown; axillary buds protected by pair of valvate bracteoles; leaflets (5–)7–9(–11), symmetric, abaxially large peltate scales retained, concentrated near margins of base and apex on fall specimens; fruits not compressed or only slightly so; husks dehiscing to middle or slightly below; nuts not compressed or only slightly so, not angled, rugulose; seeds bitter. Carya cordiformis
3 Terminal buds yellowish brown to reddish brown or black; axillary buds protected by bracteoles fused into hood; leaflets (5–)7–13(–17), symmetric or falcate, abaxially large peltate scales mainly lost by fall or at least not concentrated near margins of base and apex; fruits compressed or not compressed; husks dehiscing to base; nuts compressed or not compressed, angled or not angled, smooth or verrucose; seeds bitter or sweet. > 4
4 Bark exfoliating in long strips or platelike scales; leaflets (5–)9–11(–13), margins serrate to entire; lateral petiolules 0–2 mm; midribs adaxially villous near base; fascicles of male catkins pedunculate; nuts compressed, angled, verrucose; seeds bitter. Carya aquatica
4 Bark ridged or with appressed scales or exfoliating with small platelike scales; leaflets (7–)9–13(–17), margins serrate; lateral petiolules 0–7 mm; midribs mostly adaxially glabrous, rarely hirsute near base; fascicles of male catkins sessile or pedunculate; nuts not compressed, not angled, smooth; seeds sweet. Carya illinoinensis
5 Leaflets (3–)5(–7), serrations with hairs tufted below apex, and at least some hairs persisting into fall; bark exfoliating in long strips or broad plates; fruits spheric or nearly so; husks thick, dehiscing to base. Carya ovata
5 Leaflets 3–9, serrations sometimes lightly ciliate, subapical tuft absent; bark ridged, often deeply furrowed or exfoliating in long strips or broad plates; fruits spheric to obovoid; husks thin to thick, dehiscing partially or completely to base. > 6
6 Twigs stout; terminal buds 8–20 mm; leaflets (5–)7–9(–11), abaxially hirsute, with abundant unicellular, fasciculate, and multiradiate hairs; husks 4–13 mm thick; nuts strongly angled toward stylar end. > 7
6 Twigs slender; terminal buds 3–15 mm; leaflets 3–7(–9), abaxially glabrous except near midrib, occasionally hirsute with unicellular and fasciculate hairs, never with multiradiate hairs; husks 2–5 mm thick; nuts not strongly angled toward stylar end. > 8
7 Bark exfoliating in long strips or broad plates; petiole and rachis lightly pubescent; leaflets apically acuminate, tapering, abaxially hirsute with abundant unicellular and fasciculate hairs, occasional multiradiate hairs; husks minutely hirsute. Carya laciniosa
7 Bark ridged; petiole and rachis densely hirsute; leaflets apically acute, abaxially hirsute with low density of unicellular hairs and high density of fasciculate and multiradiate hairs; husks rough, glabrous. Carya tomentosa
8 Terminal buds 4–10 mm; leaflets (5–)7(–9), abaxially with dense covering of small 4-lobed, irregular, and round peltate scales in spring. > 9
8 Terminal buds 3–15 mm; leaflets 3–7(–9), abaxially with sparse to dense covering of small irregular and round peltate scales in spring, 4-lobed scales uncommon. > 10
9 Petiole and rachis hirsute with scattered fasciculate hairs and hairs concentrated adaxially near leaflet insertions; leaflets abaxially with inconspicuous scales, large silvery tan peltate scales dense; mainly e of Mississippi River. Carya pallida
9 Petiole and rachis with few hairs, hairs not concentrated adaxially near leaflet insertions; leaflets abaxially with conspicuous small rusty brown scales, large silvery tan peltate scales infrequent; mainly w of Mississippi River. Carya texana
10 Terminal buds 3–9 mm, densely scaly, golden brown to rusty; leaflets 3–7, margins coarsely serrate, surfaces abaxially without small round, dark brown peltate scales; fruits obovoid to oblong, bronze to dark brown; husks dehiscing to base; c Florida. Carya floridana
10 Terminal buds 5–15 mm, sparsely scaly, reddish brown to tan; leaflets (3–)5–7(–9), margins finely to coarsely serrate, surfaces abaxially with small round, dark brown peltate scales; fruits obovoid to spheric, tan to reddish brown; husks dehiscing to base or only partially dehiscent; throughout e United States. Carya glabra
... more about "Carya"
Donald E. Stone +
Nuttall +
Hickory +, caryer +  and hicorier +
e North America +, Mexico +  and e Asia. +
Greek káryon, nut, kernel +
Gen. N. Amer. Pl. +
hardin1984a +, manning1950a +, manning1973a +, sargent1933a +, stone1962a +, stone1969a +  and woodworth1930a +
Hicoria +
Juglandaceae +