(fixes to the key. to match keybase for now, no access to print copy at home)
(further key fixes)
(2 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 52: Line 52:
 
|Basal leaf blades similar in shape to those of the lower cauline leaves, usually erect to ascending, clustered at the base, sometimes small or vestigial; culms branching from near the base in the fall, with 2-4 leaves, only the upper 2-4 internodes elongated.
 
|Basal leaf blades similar in shape to those of the lower cauline leaves, usually erect to ascending, clustered at the base, sometimes small or vestigial; culms branching from near the base in the fall, with 2-4 leaves, only the upper 2-4 internodes elongated.
 
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
 
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
 
|1
 
|Basal leaf blades usually well-differentiated from the cauline blades, ovate to lanceolate, spreading, forming a rosette, or basal blades absent; culms usually branching from the midculm nodes in the fall, with 3-14 leaves, usually all internodes elongated.
 
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
 
 
|-id=key-0-2
 
|-id=key-0-2
 
|2
 
|2
 
|Blades soft, 3-12 mm wide, usually ciliate; upper blades less than 20 times as long as wide; fall phase with short panicle-bearing branches, without sterile shoots (sect. Strigosa).
 
|Blades soft, 3-12 mm wide, usually ciliate; upper blades less than 20 times as long as wide; fall phase with short panicle-bearing branches, without sterile shoots (sect. Strigosa).
 
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
 
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
 
|2
 
|Blades stiff, 1-5 mm wide, not ciliate; most upper blades at least 20 times as long as wide; fall phase with basal panicles and sterile shoots (sect. Linearifolia).
 
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
 
 
|-id=key-0-3
 
|-id=key-0-3
 
|3
 
|3
Line 72: Line 64:
 
|Leaf sheaths glabrous or with ascending hairs; upper blades 1.5-6 cm long, less than 3/4 as long as the basal blades; blade margins with papillose-based cilia; spikelets glabrous or pubescent, hairs not papillose-based
 
|Leaf sheaths glabrous or with ascending hairs; upper blades 1.5-6 cm long, less than 3/4 as long as the basal blades; blade margins with papillose-based cilia; spikelets glabrous or pubescent, hairs not papillose-based
 
|[[Dichanthelium strigosum|Dichanthelium strigosum]]
 
|[[Dichanthelium strigosum|Dichanthelium strigosum]]
 +
|-id=key-0-2
 +
|2
 +
|Blades stiff, 1-5 mm wide, not ciliate; most upper blades at least 20 times as long as wide; fall phase with basal panicles and sterile shoots (sect. Linearifolia).
 +
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
 
|-id=key-0-4
 
|-id=key-0-4
 
|4
 
|4
Line 96: Line 92:
 
|Panicles 2-6 cm wide, with spreading branches and pedicels; spikelets not turgid, 2-3.2 mm long, 0 8-1.4 mm wide, upper florets ellipsoid
 
|Panicles 2-6 cm wide, with spreading branches and pedicels; spikelets not turgid, 2-3.2 mm long, 0 8-1.4 mm wide, upper florets ellipsoid
 
|[[Dichanthelium linearifolium|Dichanthelium linearifolium]]
 
|[[Dichanthelium linearifolium|Dichanthelium linearifolium]]
 +
|-id=key-0-1
 +
|1
 +
|Basal leaf blades usually well-differentiated from the cauline blades, ovate to lanceolate, spreading, forming a rosette, or basal blades absent; culms usually branching from the midculm nodes in the fall, with 3-14 leaves, usually all internodes elongated.
 +
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
 
|-id=key-0-7
 
|-id=key-0-7
 
|7
 
|7
 
|Bases of the culms hard, cormlike; basal rosettes absent; spikelets with papillose-based hairs and attenuate basally (sect. Pedicellata).
 
|Bases of the culms hard, cormlike; basal rosettes absent; spikelets with papillose-based hairs and attenuate basally (sect. Pedicellata).
 
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
 
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-7
 
|7
 
|Bases of the culms not cormlike; basal rosettes usually present; spikelets not both with papillose-based hairs and attenuate basally.
 
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
 
 
|-id=key-0-8
 
|-id=key-0-8
 
|8
 
|8
Line 112: Line 108:
 
|Culms decumbent to ascending in the spring; cauline leaves 8-14, with thick, firm, puberulent blades that are parallel-sided distal to the rounded to truncate bases; lower glumes almost to completely encircling the pedicels, attached about 0.2 mm below the upper glumes
 
|Culms decumbent to ascending in the spring; cauline leaves 8-14, with thick, firm, puberulent blades that are parallel-sided distal to the rounded to truncate bases; lower glumes almost to completely encircling the pedicels, attached about 0.2 mm below the upper glumes
 
|[[Dichanthelium nodatum|Dichanthelium nodatum]]
 
|[[Dichanthelium nodatum|Dichanthelium nodatum]]
 +
|-id=key-0-7
 +
|7
 +
|Bases of the culms not cormlike; basal rosettes usually present; spikelets not both with papillose-based hairs and attenuate basally.
 +
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
 
|-id=key-0-9
 
|-id=key-0-9
 
|9
 
|9
 
|Blades cordate, thick, with white, cartilaginous margins; spikelets usually spherical to broadly obovoid or broadly ellipsoid, 1-1.8 mm long (sect. Sphaerocarpa).
 
|Blades cordate, thick, with white, cartilaginous margins; spikelets usually spherical to broadly obovoid or broadly ellipsoid, 1-1.8 mm long (sect. Sphaerocarpa).
 
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
 
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
 
|9
 
|Blades not cordate or the spikelets not both spherical and less than 1.9 mm long; blade margins usually not white and cartilaginous.
 
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
 
 
|-id=key-0-10
 
|-id=key-0-10
 
|10
 
|10
Line 136: Line 132:
 
|Cauline blades 3-4(6), 1.5-10 cm long, 5-14 mm wide, with obscure veins; culms decumbent or ascending; panicles more than 1/2 as wide as long
 
|Cauline blades 3-4(6), 1.5-10 cm long, 5-14 mm wide, with obscure veins; culms decumbent or ascending; panicles more than 1/2 as wide as long
 
|[[Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon|Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon]]
 
|[[Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon|Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon]]
 +
|-id=key-0-9
 +
|9
 +
|Blades not cordate or the spikelets not both spherical and less than 1.9 mm long; blade margins usually not white and cartilaginous.
 +
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
 
|-id=key-0-12
 
|-id=key-0-12
 
|12
 
|12
 
|Lower glumes thinner and more weakly veined than the upper glumes, attached about 0.2 mm below the upper glumes, the bases clasping the pedicels; spikelets attenuate basally.
 
|Lower glumes thinner and more weakly veined than the upper glumes, attached about 0.2 mm below the upper glumes, the bases clasping the pedicels; spikelets attenuate basally.
 
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
 
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-12
 
|12
 
|Lower glumes similar in texture and vein prominence to the upper glumes, attached immediately below the upper glumes, the bases not clasping the pedicels; spikelets usually not attenuate basally.
 
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
 
 
|-id=key-0-13
 
|-id=key-0-13
 
|13
 
|13
Line 160: Line 156:
 
|Culms glabrous, puberulent, or pilose with papillose-based hairs; nodes glabrous, puberulent to lightly bearded; spikelets glabrous or pubescent
 
|Culms glabrous, puberulent, or pilose with papillose-based hairs; nodes glabrous, puberulent to lightly bearded; spikelets glabrous or pubescent
 
|[[Dichanthelium aciculare|Dichanthelium aciculare]]
 
|[[Dichanthelium aciculare|Dichanthelium aciculare]]
 +
|-id=key-0-12
 +
|12
 +
|Lower glumes similar in texture and vein prominence to the upper glumes, attached immediately below the upper glumes, the bases not clasping the pedicels; spikelets usually not attenuate basally.
 +
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
 
|-id=key-0-15
 
|-id=key-0-15
 
|15
 
|15
 
|Culms arising from rhizomes 3-5 mm thick, with (5)7-14 cauline blades; sheaths strongly hispid or viscid, mottled with pale spots, constricted at the top (sect. Clandestina).
 
|Culms arising from rhizomes 3-5 mm thick, with (5)7-14 cauline blades; sheaths strongly hispid or viscid, mottled with pale spots, constricted at the top (sect. Clandestina).
|[[#key-0-32| > 32]]
 
|-id=key-0-15
 
|15
 
|Culms arising from caudices or from rhizomes to 2 mm thick, with 3-7(9) cauline blades; sheaths not viscid, rarely hispid, not mottled with pale spots or constricted at the top.
 
 
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
 
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
 
|-id=key-0-16
 
|-id=key-0-16
 
|16
 
|16
|Ligules with a membranous base, ciliate distally; culms usually arising from slender rhizomes; lower florets often staminate; cauline blades 5-40 mm wide, often with a cordate base (sect. Macrocarpa).
+
|Nodes densely bearded above a viscid glabrous ring, often swollen; blades densely soft pubescent
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium scoparium|Dichanthelium scoparium]]
 
|-id=key-0-16
 
|-id=key-0-16
 
|16
 
|16
|Ligules of hairs (except for D. nudicaule); culms arising from caudices; lower florets sterile; cauline blades 1-18 mm wide, bases usually tapered, rounded, or truncate at the base, sometimes cordate.
+
|Nodes glabrous or sparsely pubescent, not swollen; blades glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
+
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
 
|-id=key-0-17
 
|-id=key-0-17
 
|17
 
|17
|Spikelets ellipsoid, not turgid, with pointed apices; cauline blades 4-6, cordate at the base; sheaths without papillose-based hairs.
+
|Cauline blades 7-15 mm wide, apices involute, long tapering; spikelets glabrous or sparsely puberulent
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium scabriusculum|Dichanthelium scabriusculum]]
 
|-id=key-0-17
 
|-id=key-0-17
 
|17
 
|17
|Spikelets obovoid, turgid, with rounded apices; cauline blades 3-4, tapered, rounded or truncate to cordate at the base; sheaths with papillose-based hairs.
+
|Cauline blades 15-30 mm wide, apices flat, acuminate; spikelets sparsely pubescent
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium clandestinum|Dichanthelium clandestinum]]
 +
|-id=key-0-15
 +
|15
 +
|Culms arising from caudices or from rhizomes to 2 mm thick, with 3-7(9) cauline blades; sheaths not viscid, rarely hispid, not mottled with pale spots or constricted at the top.
 +
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
 
|-id=key-0-18
 
|-id=key-0-18
 
|18
 
|18
|Spikelets 2.2-3.2 mm long; ligules about 0.3 mm long; blades 5-25 mm wide; lower floret sterile
+
|Ligules with a membranous base, ciliate distally; culms usually arising from slender rhizomes; lower florets often staminate; cauline blades 5-40 mm wide, often with a cordate base (sect. Macrocarpa).
|[[Dichanthelium commutatum|Dichanthelium commutatum]]
 
|-id=key-0-18
 
|18
 
|Spikelets 2.9-5.2 mm long; ligules 0.4-0.9 mm long; blades 15-40 mm wide; at least some lower florets staminate.
 
 
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
 
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
 
|-id=key-0-19
 
|-id=key-0-19
 
|19
 
|19
|Nodes glabrous or slightly bearded; spikelets 2.9-3.9 mm long
+
|Spikelets ellipsoid, not turgid, with pointed apices; cauline blades 4-6, cordate at the base; sheaths without papillose-based hairs.
|[[Dichanthelium latifolium|Dichanthelium latifolium]]
+
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-19
 
|19
 
|Nodes densely retrorsely bearded; spikelets 3.8-5.2 mm long
 
|[[Dichanthelium boscii|Dichanthelium boscii]]
 
 
|-id=key-0-20
 
|-id=key-0-20
 
|20
 
|20
|Blades and spikelets with papillose-based hairs; panicles usually slightly longer than wide, with spreading to ascending branches
+
|Spikelets 2.2-3.2 mm long; ligules about 0.3 mm long; blades 5-25 mm wide; lower floret sterile
|[[Dichanthelium leibergii|Dichanthelium leibergii]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium commutatum|Dichanthelium commutatum]]
 
|-id=key-0-20
 
|-id=key-0-20
 
|20
 
|20
|Blades glabrous; spikelets puberulent to almost glabrous; panicles usually more than twice as long as wide, with nearly erect branches
+
|Spikelets 2.9-5.2 mm long; ligules 0.4-0.9 mm long; blades 15-40 mm wide; at least some lower florets staminate.
|[[Dichanthelium ×anthophysum|Dichanthelium ×anthophysum]]
+
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
 
|-id=key-0-21
 
|-id=key-0-21
 
|21
 
|21
|Lower internodes short, upper nodes elongated; flag leaves distant and much reduced; culms rarely branching in the fall; branches, if present, few, developing from basal and subbasal nodes, erect (sect. Nudicaulia)
+
|Nodes glabrous or slightly bearded; spikelets 2.9-3.9 mm long
|[[Dichanthelium nudicaule|Dichanthelium nudicaule]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium latifolium|Dichanthelium latifolium]]
 
|-id=key-0-21
 
|-id=key-0-21
 
|21
 
|21
|Lower internodes about as long as the upper internodes; flag leaves usually not much reduced; culms branching in the fall; branches often many, developing from mid- or upper culm nodes, often spreading.
+
|Nodes densely retrorsely bearded; spikelets 3.8-5.2 mm long
 +
|[[Dichanthelium boscii|Dichanthelium boscii]]
 +
|-id=key-0-19
 +
|19
 +
|Spikelets obovoid, turgid, with rounded apices; cauline blades 3-4, tapered, rounded or truncate to cordate at the base; sheaths with papillose-based hairs.
 
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
 
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
 
|-id=key-0-22
 
|-id=key-0-22
 
|22
 
|22
|Spikelets 2.5-4.3 mm long, usually obovoid, turgid; upper glumes usually with an orange or purple spot at the base, the veins prominent (sect. Oligosantha).
+
|Blades and spikelets with papillose-based hairs; panicles usually slightly longer than wide, with spreading to ascending branches
|[[#key-0-23| > 23]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium leibergii|Dichanthelium leibergii]]
 
|-id=key-0-22
 
|-id=key-0-22
 
|22
 
|22
|Spikelets 0.8-3 mm long, ellipsoid or obovoid, not turgid; upper glumes lacking an orange or purple spot at the base and the veins not prominent.
+
|Blades glabrous; spikelets puberulent to almost glabrous; panicles usually more than twice as long as wide, with nearly erect branches
|[[#key-0-25| > 25]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium ×anthophysum|Dichanthelium ×anthophysum]]
 +
|-id=key-0-18
 +
|18
 +
|Ligules of hairs (except for D. nudicaule); culms arising from caudices; lower florets sterile; cauline blades 1-18 mm wide, bases usually tapered, rounded, or truncate at the base, sometimes cordate.
 +
|[[#key-0-23| > 23]]
 
|-id=key-0-23
 
|-id=key-0-23
 
|23
 
|23
|Nodes glabrous or sparsely pubescent; abaxial surfaces of the blades glabrous or pubescent, but not velvety pubescent
+
|Lower internodes short, upper nodes elongated; flag leaves distant and much reduced; culms rarely branching in the fall; branches, if present, few, developing from basal and subbasal nodes, erect (sect. Nudicaulia)
|[[Dichanthelium oligosanthes|Dichanthelium oligosanthes]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium nudicaule|Dichanthelium nudicaule]]
 
|-id=key-0-23
 
|-id=key-0-23
 
|23
 
|23
|Nodes bearded with spreading to retrorse hairs; abaxial surfaces of the blades softly velvety pubescent.
+
|Lower internodes about as long as the upper internodes; flag leaves usually not much reduced; culms branching in the fall; branches often many, developing from mid- or upper culm nodes, often spreading.
 
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]
 
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]
 
|-id=key-0-24
 
|-id=key-0-24
 
|24
 
|24
|Spikelets 3.7-4.3 mm long; culms 2-3 mm thick, stiffly erect; ligules 2-5 mm long, without pseudoligules; blades glabrous or sparsely pilose on the adaxial surfaces
+
|Spikelets 2.5-4.3 mm long, usually obovoid, turgid; upper glumes usually with an orange or purple spot at the base, the veins prominent (sect. Oligosantha).
|[[Dichanthelium ravenelii|Dichanthelium ravenelii]]
+
|[[#key-0-25| > 25]]
|-id=key-0-24
 
|24
 
|Spikelets 2.5-3.2 mm long; culms usually 1-2 mm thick, erect; ligules 0.5-1 mm long, with the adjacent pseudoligules 1-3 mm long; blades densely velvety pubescent on both surfaces
 
|[[Dichanthelium malacophyllum|Dichanthelium malacophyllum]]
 
 
|-id=key-0-25
 
|-id=key-0-25
 
|25
 
|25
|Ligules and adjacent pseudoligules 1-5 mm long, or the culms and sheaths with long hairs and also puberulent; spikelets variously pubescent to subglabrous (sect. Lanuginosa).
+
|Nodes glabrous or sparsely pubescent; abaxial surfaces of the blades glabrous or pubescent, but not velvety pubescent
|[[#key-0-30| > 30]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium oligosanthes|Dichanthelium oligosanthes]]
 
|-id=key-0-25
 
|-id=key-0-25
 
|25
 
|25
|Ligules absent or to 1.8 mm long, without adjacent pseudoligules; culms and at least the upper sheaths glabrous or sparsely pubescent with hairs of 1 length only; spikelets glabrous or pubescent.
+
|Nodes bearded with spreading to retrorse hairs; abaxial surfaces of the blades softly velvety pubescent.
 
|[[#key-0-26| > 26]]
 
|[[#key-0-26| > 26]]
 
|-id=key-0-26
 
|-id=key-0-26
 
|26
 
|26
|Culms (18)40-100 cm tall, rarely delicate, usually more than 1 mm thick; spikelets 1.5-2.7 mm long; blades 3.5-14 cm long, 5-14 mm wide (sect. Dichanthelium.).
+
|Spikelets 3.7-4.3 mm long; culms 2-3 mm thick, stiffly erect; ligules 2-5 mm long, without pseudoligules; blades glabrous or sparsely pilose on the adaxial surfaces
|[[#key-0-27| > 27]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium ravenelii|Dichanthelium ravenelii]]
 
|-id=key-0-26
 
|-id=key-0-26
 
|26
 
|26
|Culms 5-40(55) cm tall, delicate, usually less than 1 mm thick; spikelets 1.1-1.7 mm long; longest blades 1.5-6 cm long, 1.5-6 mm wide (sect. Ensifolia).
+
|Spikelets 2.5-3.2 mm long; culms usually 1-2 mm thick, erect; ligules 0.5-1 mm long, with the adjacent pseudoligules 1-3 mm long; blades densely velvety pubescent on both surfaces
|[[#key-0-28| > 28]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium malacophyllum|Dichanthelium malacophyllum]]
 +
|-id=key-0-24
 +
|24
 +
|Spikelets 0.8-3 mm long, ellipsoid or obovoid, not turgid; upper glumes lacking an orange or purple spot at the base and the veins not prominent.
 +
|[[#key-0-27| > 27]]
 
|-id=key-0-27
 
|-id=key-0-27
 
|27
 
|27
|Spikelets glabrous or, if pubescent, either the nodes bearded or the culms weak and prostrate; blade of the flag leaf usually spreading
+
|Ligules and adjacent pseudoligules 1-5 mm long, or the culms and sheaths with long hairs and also puberulent; spikelets variously pubescent to subglabrous (sect. Lanuginosa).
|[[Dichanthelium dichotomum|Dichanthelium dichotomum]]
+
|[[#key-0-28| > 28]]
|-id=key-0-27
 
|27
 
|Spikelets pubescent; nodes glabrous; culms erect or ascending; blade of the flag leaf erect or ascending
 
|[[Dichanthelium boreale|Dichanthelium boreale]]
 
 
|-id=key-0-28
 
|-id=key-0-28
 
|28
 
|28
|Culms reclining or weakly erect; cauline blades 4-9, usually without prominent white, cartilaginous margins; ligules often more than 1 mm long
+
|Spikelets 0.8-1.1 mm long, puberulent to subglabrous; culms delicate, 0.3-0.8 mm thick
|[[Dichanthelium ensifolium|Dichanthelium ensifolium]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium wrightianum|Dichanthelium wrightianum]]
 
|-id=key-0-28
 
|-id=key-0-28
 
|28
 
|28
|Culms erect, sometimes geniculate basally; cauline blades 3-5, with prominent white, cartilaginous margins; ligules 0.2-0.7 mm long.
+
|Spikelets 1.1-3 mm long, variously pubescent; culms not delicate, usually more than 1 mm thick.
 
|[[#key-0-29| > 29]]
 
|[[#key-0-29| > 29]]
 
|-id=key-0-29
 
|-id=key-0-29
 
|29
 
|29
|Culms few per clump; the fall phase branching sparingly; cauline blades flat, the bases rounded; blades of the flag leaves much shorter than those of the lower leaves
+
|Spikelets 1.1-2.1 mm long; sheaths glabrous or pubescent with hairs no more than 3 mm long
|[[Dichanthelium tenue|Dichanthelium tenue]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium acuminatum|Dichanthelium acuminatum]]
 
|-id=key-0-29
 
|-id=key-0-29
 
|29
 
|29
|Culms many per clump; the fall phase branching extensively; cauline blades often involute, the bases subcordate; blades of the flag leaves only slightly shorter than those of the lower leaves
+
|Spikelets 1.8-3 mm long; sheaths with hairs to 4 mm long
|[[Dichanthelium chamaelonche|Dichanthelium chamaelonche]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium ovale|Dichanthelium ovale]]
 +
|-id=key-0-27
 +
|27
 +
|Ligules absent or to 1.8 mm long, without adjacent pseudoligules; culms and at least the upper sheaths glabrous or sparsely pubescent with hairs of 1 length only; spikelets glabrous or pubescent.
 +
|[[#key-0-30| > 30]]
 
|-id=key-0-30
 
|-id=key-0-30
 
|30
 
|30
|Spikelets 0.8-1.1 mm long, puberulent to subglabrous; culms delicate, 0.3-0.8 mm thick
+
|Culms (18)40-100 cm tall, rarely delicate, usually more than 1 mm thick; spikelets 1.5-2.7 mm long; blades 3.5-14 cm long, 5-14 mm wide (sect. Dichanthelium.).
|[[Dichanthelium wrightianum|Dichanthelium wrightianum]]
 
|-id=key-0-30
 
|30
 
|Spikelets 1.1-3 mm long, variously pubescent; culms not delicate, usually more than 1 mm thick.
 
 
|[[#key-0-31| > 31]]
 
|[[#key-0-31| > 31]]
 
|-id=key-0-31
 
|-id=key-0-31
 
|31
 
|31
|Spikelets 1.1-2.1 mm long; sheaths glabrous or pubescent with hairs no more than 3 mm long
+
|Spikelets glabrous or, if pubescent, either the nodes bearded or the culms weak and prostrate; blade of the flag leaf usually spreading
|[[Dichanthelium acuminatum|Dichanthelium acuminatum]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium dichotomum|Dichanthelium dichotomum]]
 
|-id=key-0-31
 
|-id=key-0-31
 
|31
 
|31
|Spikelets 1.8-3 mm long; sheaths with hairs to 4 mm long
+
|Spikelets pubescent; nodes glabrous; culms erect or ascending; blade of the flag leaf erect or ascending
|[[Dichanthelium ovale|Dichanthelium ovale]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium boreale|Dichanthelium boreale]]
 +
|-id=key-0-30
 +
|30
 +
|Culms 5-40(55) cm tall, delicate, usually less than 1 mm thick; spikelets 1.1-1.7 mm long; longest blades 1.5-6 cm long, 1.5-6 mm wide (sect. Ensifolia).
 +
|[[#key-0-32| > 32]]
 
|-id=key-0-32
 
|-id=key-0-32
 
|32
 
|32
|Nodes densely bearded above a viscid glabrous ring, often swollen; blades densely soft pubescent
+
|Culms reclining or weakly erect; cauline blades 4-9, usually without prominent white, cartilaginous margins; ligules often more than 1 mm long
|[[Dichanthelium scoparium|Dichanthelium scoparium]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium ensifolium|Dichanthelium ensifolium]]
 
|-id=key-0-32
 
|-id=key-0-32
 
|32
 
|32
|Nodes glabrous or sparsely pubescent, not swollen; blades glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
+
|Culms erect, sometimes geniculate basally; cauline blades 3-5, with prominent white, cartilaginous margins; ligules 0.2-0.7 mm long.
 
|[[#key-0-33| > 33]]
 
|[[#key-0-33| > 33]]
 
|-id=key-0-33
 
|-id=key-0-33
 
|33
 
|33
|Cauline blades 7-15 mm wide, apices involute, long tapering; spikelets glabrous or sparsely puberulent
+
|Culms few per clump; the fall phase branching sparingly; cauline blades flat, the bases rounded; blades of the flag leaves much shorter than those of the lower leaves
|[[Dichanthelium scabriusculum|Dichanthelium scabriusculum]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium tenue|Dichanthelium tenue]]
 
|-id=key-0-33
 
|-id=key-0-33
 
|33
 
|33
|Cauline blades 15-30 mm wide, apices flat, acuminate; spikelets sparsely pubescent
+
|Culms many per clump; the fall phase branching extensively; cauline blades often involute, the bases subcordate; blades of the flag leaves only slightly shorter than those of the lower leaves
|[[Dichanthelium clandestinum|Dichanthelium clandestinum]]
+
|[[Dichanthelium chamaelonche|Dichanthelium chamaelonche]]
 
|}
 
|}
 
</div></div><!--
 
</div></div><!--
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|publication year=
 
|publication year=
 
|special status=
 
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/bb6b7e3a7de7d3b7888a1ad48c7fd8f5c722d8d6/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1129.xml
+
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1129.xml
 
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae
 
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae
 
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae
 
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae

Revision as of 17:18, 6 November 2020

Plants perennial; cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous, sometimes with hard, cormlike bases, often with basal winter rosettes of leaves having shortly ovate to lanceolate blades, these often sharply distinct from the blades of the cauline leaves. Culms 5-150 cm, herbaceous, hollow, usually erect or ascending, rarely sprawling, in the spring often spreading, sometimes decumbent in the fall, usually branching from the mid- or lower culm nodes in summer and fall; branches rebranching 1-4 times, terminating in small secondary panicles that are usually partly included in the sheaths. Cauline leaves 3-14, usually distinctly longer and narrower than the rosette blades; ligules of hairs, membranous, or membranous and ciliate, sometimes absent; pseudoligules of 1-5 mm hairs often present at the bases of the blades immediately behind the true ligules; blades usually distinctly longer and narrower than those of the basal rosette, cross sections with non-Kranz anatomy; photosynthesis C3. Inflorescences panicles, terminal on the culms and branches; sterile branches and bristles absent; disarticulation below the glumes. Primary panicles terminating the culms, developing April-June (July), sometimes also in late fall, usually at least partially chasmogamous, often with a lower seed set than the secondary pani¬cles; secondary panicles terminating the branches, produced from (May)June to fall, usually partially or totally cleistogamous. Spikelets 0.8-5.2 mm, not subtended by bristles, dorsally compressed, surfaces unequally convex, apices unawned. Glume apices not or only slightly gaping at maturity; lower glumes 1/5 – 3/4 as long as the spikelets, 1-5-veined, truncate, acute, or acuminate; upper glumes slightly shorter than the spikelets or exceeding the upper florets by up to 1 mm, 5-11-veined, not saccate, apices rounded to attenuate. Lower florets sterile or stami-nate; lower lemmas similar to the upper glumes; lower paleas sometimes present, thin, shorter than the lower lemmas; upper florets bisexual, sessile, plump, usually apiculate to mucronate, sometimes minutely so, or subacute to (rarely) acute; upper lemmas striate, chartaceous-indurate, shiny, usually glabrous, margins involute; upper paleas striate; lodicules 2; anthers 3. Caryopses smooth; pericarp thin; endosperm hard; hila round or oval, x = 9.

Distribution

Minn., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Ala., Mich., N.C., Pa., Puerto Rico, S.C., W.Va., Ark., Iowa, Kans., Mo., N.Dak., Nebr., Okla., S.Dak., Del., D.C, Wis., Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Md., Mass., Maine, N.H., R.I., Vt., Fla., Wyo., Miss., Ariz., N.Mex., Tex., La., Ga., Tenn., Calif., Nev., Colo., Ill., Ind., Va., Idaho, Ohio, Utah, Mont., Oreg., Ky.

Discussion

Dichanthelium is a genus of approximately 72 species, 34 of which are native to the Flora region. It is often included in Fanicum, the two taxa being similar in gross morphology. Recent molecular data reinforce the morphological arguments for recognizing Dichanthelium as a distinct genus.

When the branches of Dichanthelium develop, in late summer or fall, the culms acquire a very different aspect; comments about the 'fall phase' refer to the appearance of the plant or its culms following this branching. Unless stated otherwise, descriptions and measurements refer to structures of the culms and primary panicles, not those of the branches and secondary pani¬cles. Ligule measurements usually include the hairs of the pseudoligule, if present, because the two are often difficult to distinguish with less than 30x magnification.

Key

1 Basal leaf blades similar in shape to those of the lower cauline leaves, usually erect to ascending, clustered at the base, sometimes small or vestigial; culms branching from near the base in the fall, with 2-4 leaves, only the upper 2-4 internodes elongated. > 2
2 Blades soft, 3-12 mm wide, usually ciliate; upper blades less than 20 times as long as wide; fall phase with short panicle-bearing branches, without sterile shoots (sect. Strigosa). > 3
3 Leaf sheaths with retrorse or spreading hairs; upper blades 4-17 cm long, at least 3/4 as long as the basal blades; blade margins usually finely short ciliate, the cilia not papillose-based; spikelets with papillose-based hairs Dichanthelium laxiflorum
3 Leaf sheaths glabrous or with ascending hairs; upper blades 1.5-6 cm long, less than 3/4 as long as the basal blades; blade margins with papillose-based cilia; spikelets glabrous or pubescent, hairs not papillose-based Dichanthelium strigosum
2 Blades stiff, 1-5 mm wide, not ciliate; most upper blades at least 20 times as long as wide; fall phase with basal panicles and sterile shoots (sect. Linearifolia). > 4
4 Upper glumes and lower lemmas forming a beak extending 0.2-1 mm beyond the upper florets; spikelets 3.2-4.3 mm long; primary panicles with 7-25 spikelets Dichanthelium depauperatum
4 Upper glumes and lower lemmas equaling or exceeding the upper florets by no more than 0.3 mm, not forming a beak; spikelets 2-3.4 mm long; primary panicles with 12-70 spikelets. > 5
5 Cauline blades 4-8 cm long, all alike; basal blades ascending to spreading Dichanthelium wilcoxianum
5 Uppermost cauline blades 10-20 cm long, distinctly longer than the lower blades; basal blades erect to ascending. > 6
6 Panicles 1-3 cm wide, with ascending branches and appressed pedicels; spikelets turgid, 2.6-3.4 mm long, 1-1.7 mm wide, upper florets obovoid Dichanthelium perlongum
6 Panicles 2-6 cm wide, with spreading branches and pedicels; spikelets not turgid, 2-3.2 mm long, 0 8-1.4 mm wide, upper florets ellipsoid Dichanthelium linearifolium
1 Basal leaf blades usually well-differentiated from the cauline blades, ovate to lanceolate, spreading, forming a rosette, or basal blades absent; culms usually branching from the midculm nodes in the fall, with 3-14 leaves, usually all internodes elongated. > 7
7 Bases of the culms hard, cormlike; basal rosettes absent; spikelets with papillose-based hairs and attenuate basally (sect. Pedicellata). > 8
8 Culms erect in the spring; cauline leaves 4-7, with thin, glabrous or sparsely hirsute blades that widen distal to the rounded to subcordate bases; lower glumes not encircling the pedicels, subadjacent to the upper glumes Dichanthelium pedicellatum
8 Culms decumbent to ascending in the spring; cauline leaves 8-14, with thick, firm, puberulent blades that are parallel-sided distal to the rounded to truncate bases; lower glumes almost to completely encircling the pedicels, attached about 0.2 mm below the upper glumes Dichanthelium nodatum
7 Bases of the culms not cormlike; basal rosettes usually present; spikelets not both with papillose-based hairs and attenuate basally. > 9
9 Blades cordate, thick, with white, cartilaginous margins; spikelets usually spherical to broadly obovoid or broadly ellipsoid, 1-1.8 mm long (sect. Sphaerocarpa). > 10
10 Spikelets 1-1.4 mm long; lower glumes 0.2-0.4 mm long; cauline blades 5-10 mm wide Dichanthelium erectifolium
10 Spikelets 1.3-1.8 mm long; lower glumes 0.4-0.8 mm long; cauline blades 5-25 mm wide. > 11
11 Cauline blades 4-7,10-25 cm long, 14-25 mm wide, with evident veins; culms nearly erect; panicles less than 1/2 as wide as long Dichanthelium polyanthes
11 Cauline blades 3-4(6), 1.5-10 cm long, 5-14 mm wide, with obscure veins; culms decumbent or ascending; panicles more than 1/2 as wide as long Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon
9 Blades not cordate or the spikelets not both spherical and less than 1.9 mm long; blade margins usually not white and cartilaginous. > 12
12 Lower glumes thinner and more weakly veined than the upper glumes, attached about 0.2 mm below the upper glumes, the bases clasping the pedicels; spikelets attenuate basally. > 13
13 Blades 2-7 cm long, about 10 times as long as wide, not or slightly involute, spreading, without raised veins, not longitudinally wrinkled; spikelets obovoid-obpyriform, planoconvex in side view (sect. Lancearia) Dichanthelium portoricense
13 Blades 4-16 cm long, more than 14 times as long as wide, or involute, stiffly erect or ascending, with prominently raised veins, the lower blades usually longitudinally wrinkled; spikelets ellipsoid to obovoid, biconvex in side view (sect. Angustifolia). > 14
14 Culms densely villous; nodes densely bearded; spikelets densely pubescent Dichanthelium consanguineum
14 Culms glabrous, puberulent, or pilose with papillose-based hairs; nodes glabrous, puberulent to lightly bearded; spikelets glabrous or pubescent Dichanthelium aciculare
12 Lower glumes similar in texture and vein prominence to the upper glumes, attached immediately below the upper glumes, the bases not clasping the pedicels; spikelets usually not attenuate basally. > 15
15 Culms arising from rhizomes 3-5 mm thick, with (5)7-14 cauline blades; sheaths strongly hispid or viscid, mottled with pale spots, constricted at the top (sect. Clandestina). > 16
16 Nodes densely bearded above a viscid glabrous ring, often swollen; blades densely soft pubescent Dichanthelium scoparium
16 Nodes glabrous or sparsely pubescent, not swollen; blades glabrous or sparsely pubescent. > 17
17 Cauline blades 7-15 mm wide, apices involute, long tapering; spikelets glabrous or sparsely puberulent Dichanthelium scabriusculum
17 Cauline blades 15-30 mm wide, apices flat, acuminate; spikelets sparsely pubescent Dichanthelium clandestinum
15 Culms arising from caudices or from rhizomes to 2 mm thick, with 3-7(9) cauline blades; sheaths not viscid, rarely hispid, not mottled with pale spots or constricted at the top. > 18
18 Ligules with a membranous base, ciliate distally; culms usually arising from slender rhizomes; lower florets often staminate; cauline blades 5-40 mm wide, often with a cordate base (sect. Macrocarpa). > 19
19 Spikelets ellipsoid, not turgid, with pointed apices; cauline blades 4-6, cordate at the base; sheaths without papillose-based hairs. > 20
20 Spikelets 2.2-3.2 mm long; ligules about 0.3 mm long; blades 5-25 mm wide; lower floret sterile Dichanthelium commutatum
20 Spikelets 2.9-5.2 mm long; ligules 0.4-0.9 mm long; blades 15-40 mm wide; at least some lower florets staminate. > 21
21 Nodes glabrous or slightly bearded; spikelets 2.9-3.9 mm long Dichanthelium latifolium
21 Nodes densely retrorsely bearded; spikelets 3.8-5.2 mm long Dichanthelium boscii
19 Spikelets obovoid, turgid, with rounded apices; cauline blades 3-4, tapered, rounded or truncate to cordate at the base; sheaths with papillose-based hairs. > 22
22 Blades and spikelets with papillose-based hairs; panicles usually slightly longer than wide, with spreading to ascending branches Dichanthelium leibergii
22 Blades glabrous; spikelets puberulent to almost glabrous; panicles usually more than twice as long as wide, with nearly erect branches Dichanthelium ×anthophysum
18 Ligules of hairs (except for D. nudicaule); culms arising from caudices; lower florets sterile; cauline blades 1-18 mm wide, bases usually tapered, rounded, or truncate at the base, sometimes cordate. > 23
23 Lower internodes short, upper nodes elongated; flag leaves distant and much reduced; culms rarely branching in the fall; branches, if present, few, developing from basal and subbasal nodes, erect (sect. Nudicaulia) Dichanthelium nudicaule
23 Lower internodes about as long as the upper internodes; flag leaves usually not much reduced; culms branching in the fall; branches often many, developing from mid- or upper culm nodes, often spreading. > 24
24 Spikelets 2.5-4.3 mm long, usually obovoid, turgid; upper glumes usually with an orange or purple spot at the base, the veins prominent (sect. Oligosantha). > 25
25 Nodes glabrous or sparsely pubescent; abaxial surfaces of the blades glabrous or pubescent, but not velvety pubescent Dichanthelium oligosanthes
25 Nodes bearded with spreading to retrorse hairs; abaxial surfaces of the blades softly velvety pubescent. > 26
26 Spikelets 3.7-4.3 mm long; culms 2-3 mm thick, stiffly erect; ligules 2-5 mm long, without pseudoligules; blades glabrous or sparsely pilose on the adaxial surfaces Dichanthelium ravenelii
26 Spikelets 2.5-3.2 mm long; culms usually 1-2 mm thick, erect; ligules 0.5-1 mm long, with the adjacent pseudoligules 1-3 mm long; blades densely velvety pubescent on both surfaces Dichanthelium malacophyllum
24 Spikelets 0.8-3 mm long, ellipsoid or obovoid, not turgid; upper glumes lacking an orange or purple spot at the base and the veins not prominent. > 27
27 Ligules and adjacent pseudoligules 1-5 mm long, or the culms and sheaths with long hairs and also puberulent; spikelets variously pubescent to subglabrous (sect. Lanuginosa). > 28
28 Spikelets 0.8-1.1 mm long, puberulent to subglabrous; culms delicate, 0.3-0.8 mm thick Dichanthelium wrightianum
28 Spikelets 1.1-3 mm long, variously pubescent; culms not delicate, usually more than 1 mm thick. > 29
29 Spikelets 1.1-2.1 mm long; sheaths glabrous or pubescent with hairs no more than 3 mm long Dichanthelium acuminatum
29 Spikelets 1.8-3 mm long; sheaths with hairs to 4 mm long Dichanthelium ovale
27 Ligules absent or to 1.8 mm long, without adjacent pseudoligules; culms and at least the upper sheaths glabrous or sparsely pubescent with hairs of 1 length only; spikelets glabrous or pubescent. > 30
30 Culms (18)40-100 cm tall, rarely delicate, usually more than 1 mm thick; spikelets 1.5-2.7 mm long; blades 3.5-14 cm long, 5-14 mm wide (sect. Dichanthelium.). > 31
31 Spikelets glabrous or, if pubescent, either the nodes bearded or the culms weak and prostrate; blade of the flag leaf usually spreading Dichanthelium dichotomum
31 Spikelets pubescent; nodes glabrous; culms erect or ascending; blade of the flag leaf erect or ascending Dichanthelium boreale
30 Culms 5-40(55) cm tall, delicate, usually less than 1 mm thick; spikelets 1.1-1.7 mm long; longest blades 1.5-6 cm long, 1.5-6 mm wide (sect. Ensifolia). > 32
32 Culms reclining or weakly erect; cauline blades 4-9, usually without prominent white, cartilaginous margins; ligules often more than 1 mm long Dichanthelium ensifolium
32 Culms erect, sometimes geniculate basally; cauline blades 3-5, with prominent white, cartilaginous margins; ligules 0.2-0.7 mm long. > 33
33 Culms few per clump; the fall phase branching sparingly; cauline blades flat, the bases rounded; blades of the flag leaves much shorter than those of the lower leaves Dichanthelium tenue
33 Culms many per clump; the fall phase branching extensively; cauline blades often involute, the bases subcordate; blades of the flag leaves only slightly shorter than those of the lower leaves Dichanthelium chamaelonche
... more about "Dichanthelium"
Mary E. Barkworth +
(Hitchc. & Chase) Gould +
Minn. +, Conn. +, N.J. +, N.Y. +, Wash. +, Ala. +, Mich. +, N.C. +, Pa. +, Puerto Rico +, S.C. +, W.Va. +, Ark. +, Iowa +, Kans. +, Mo. +, N.Dak. +, Nebr. +, Okla. +, S.Dak. +, Del. +, D.C +, Wis. +, Alta. +, B.C. +, Man. +, N.B. +, Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.) +, N.S. +, Ont. +, P.E.I. +, Que. +, Sask. +, Pacific Islands (Hawaii) +, Md. +, Mass. +, Maine +, N.H. +, R.I. +, Vt. +, Fla. +, Wyo. +, Miss. +, Ariz. +, N.Mex. +, Tex. +, La. +, Ga. +, Tenn. +, Calif. +, Nev. +, Colo. +, Ill. +, Ind. +, Va. +, Idaho +, Ohio +, Utah +, Mont. +, Oreg. +  and Ky. +
allred1978a +, gould1978a +, guissani2001a +, hitchcock1910a +, hitchcock1951d +, leblond2001a +  and zuloaga1993a +
Gramineae +
Dichanthelium +
Poaceae tribe Paniceae +