Difference between revisions of "Scleranthus"

Linnaeus

Sp. Pl. 1: 406. 1753 (as Schleranthus).

,

Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 190. 1754.

Common names: Knawel scléranthe
Etymology: Greek skleros, hard, and anthos, flower, alluding to the indurate hypanthium
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 149. Mentioned on page 4, 6, 50.
imported>Volume Importer
 
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|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
 
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
 
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
 
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=in M. Napier, Encycl. Brit. ed.
+
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=7, 5: 99. 1832
+
|place=1: 406. 1753 (as Schleranthus)
|year=1832
+
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
 +
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
 +
|place=5, 190. 1754
 +
|year=1754
 
}}
 
}}
 +
|common_names=Knawel;scléranthe
 
|basionyms=
 
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
+
|synonyms=
|name=Caryophyllaceae subfam. Silenoideae
+
|hierarchy=Caryophyllaceae;Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae;Scleranthus
|authority=Fenzl
+
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Caryophyllaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Scleranthus]]</div></div>
|rank=subfamily
+
|etymology=Greek skleros, hard, and anthos, flower, alluding to the indurate hypanthium
}}
 
|hierarchy=Caryophyllaceae;Caryophyllaceae subfam. Caryophylloideae;Scleranthus
 
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Caryophyllaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Caryophyllaceae subfam. Caryophylloideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Scleranthus]]</div></div>
 
 
|volume=Volume 5
 
|volume=Volume 5
|mention_page=page 4, 6
+
|mention_page=page 4, 6, 50
|treatment_page=page 152
+
|treatment_page=page 149
}}
+
}}<!--
<!--
 
  
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> annual, biennial, or perennial; taprooted or rhizomatous, sometimes stoloniferous. <b>Stems</b> erect or ascending, seldom sprawling, decumbent, or prostrate, simple or branched. <b>Leaves</b> opposite, rarely whorled, connate proximally, petiolate (basal leaves) or often sessile, not stipulate; blade linear or subulate to ovate, not succulent or rarely so (<i>Silene</i>). <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal cymes, thyrses, fascicles, or capitula, or flowers solitary, axillary; bracts foliaceous, scarious, or absent; involucel bracteoles present or often absent. <b>Pedicels</b> present or rarely flowers sessile or subsessile. <b>Flowers</b> bisexual or seldom unisexual (the species then often dioecious), often conspicuous; perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals 5, connate (1/4–)1/2+ their lengths into cup or tube, (1–)5–40(–62) mm, apex not hooded or awned; petals absent or 5, often showy, white to pink or red, usually clawed, auricles absent or sometimes present, coronal appendages sometimes present, blade apex entire or emarginate to 2-fid, sometimes dentate to lacinate; stamens (5 or) 10 (absent in pistillate flowers), in 1 or 2 whorls, arising from base of ovary; staminodes absent or rarely 1–10; ovary 1-locular, sometimes 2-locular proximally (<i>Vaccaria</i>), or 3–5-locular (some <i>Silene</i>); styles 2–3(–5) (absent in staminate flowers), distinct; stigmas 2–3(–5) (absent in staminate flowers). <b>Fruits</b> capsules, opening by 4–6(–10) valves or teeth; carpophore usually present. <b>Seeds</b> 4–150(–500+), reddish to gray or often brown or black, usually reniform and laterally compressed to globose, sometimes oblong or shield-shaped and dorsiventrally compressed; embryo peripheral and curved, or central and straight. <b>x</b> = 7, 10, 12, [13?,] 14, 15, 17, [18].</span><!--
+
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> annual, biennial, or perennial. <b>Taproots</b> slender. <b>Stems</b> erect to prostrate, branched, terete. <b>Leaves</b> connate proximally, sessile; blade 1-veined, subulate to linear, not succulent, apex acute or obtuse. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal or axillary, lax to dense cymes; bracts paired, foliaceous. <b>Flowers</b> sessile to subsessile; perianth and androecium perigynous; hypanthium urceolate, abruptly expanded distally; sepals 5, distinct, greenish, lanceolate to awl-shaped, 1.5–4 mm, herbaceous, margins whitish, scarious, apex acute to blunt or obtuse; petals absent; nectariferous disc at base of stamens; stamens 2–10, arising from hypanthium rim; filaments distinct; staminodes absent or 5–8, arising from hypanthium rim, filiform; styles 2, capitate, 0.8–1 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas 2, terminal, minutely papillate (50×). <b>Utricles</b> ovoid, enclosed in persistent, indurate, shallowly or strongly furrowed, sepal-crowned hypanthium and falling with it, the whole constituting the indehiscent “fruit”; carpophore present. <b>Seeds</b> 1, yellowish, globose, not compressed, smooth, marginal wing absent, appendage absent. <b>x</b> = 11 [12].</span><!--
  
 
-->{{Treatment/Body
 
-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North-temperate regions;Europe (esp. Mediterranean region);Asia (esp. Mediterranean region e to c Asia);Africa (Mediterranean region;Republic of South Africa).
+
|distribution=temperate Europe (including Mediterranean region);Asia;Africa;Australia;widely naturalized elsewhere.
|discussion=<p>Genera 20 or 26, species ca. 1500 (8 genera, 89 species in the flora).</p><!--
+
|introduced=true
--><p>Caryophylloideae can be characterized by the presence of sepals connate into a cup or (usually) long tube, clawed petals (often with appendages and auricles), and a lack of stipules. The largest genera in the family [<i>Silene</i> (incl. Lychnis), about 700 species; <i>Dianthus</i>, about 320 species] are in the Caryophylloideae; together with <i>Gypsophila</i> (about 150 species), these three genera include about three-quarters of the species found in the family. Three tribes are often differentiated on calyx venation and number of styles, with two, Caryophylleae and Sileneae, incorporating nearly all of the genera.</p><!--
+
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 10 (2 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Caryophylloideae share the caryophyllad type of embryogeny with Alsinoideae and, as postulated by V. Bittrich (1993), the two may form a monophyletic group. Results from preliminary molecular studies by M. Nepokroeff et al. (2002) and R. D. Smissen et al. (2002) reinforce that hypothesis, but the relationships among members of the two subfamilies remain unclear.</p><!--
+
--><p>In spite of their small size, most <i>Scleranthus</i> flowers secrete nectar and are visited by insects, including small flies and ants. Pollination in species within the flora area varies from chiefly protandrous outcrossing (<i>S. perennis</i>) to chiefly autogamous (<i>S. annuus</i>). L. Svensson (1988) reported that these two species hybridize regularly in Europe, producing flowers with ten reduced, sterile stamens.</p><!--
--><p>Most of the molecular work within the subfamily has focused on Sileneae and more specifically on trying to determine whether or not <i>Silene</i> is monophyletic.</p>
+
--><p>The common name “knawel” apparently refers to the glomerules of flowers (German Knäuel).</p>
 
|tables=
 
|tables=
 
|references={{Treatment/Reference
 
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=maguire1950a
+
|id=smissen2002a
|text=Maguire, B. 1950. Studies in the Caryophyllaceae. IV. A synopsis of the North American species of the subfamily Silenoideae. Rhodora 52: 233–245.
+
|text=Smissen, R. D. and P. J. Garnock-Jones. 2002. Relationships, classification and evolution of Scleranthus (Caryophyllaceae) as inferred from analysis of morphological characters. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 140: 15–29.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
 
|id=oxelman2000a
 
|text=Oxelman, B., M. Lidén, R. K. Rabeler, and M. Popp. 2000. A revised generic classification of the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 21: 743–748.
 
 
}}
 
}}
 
}}<!--
 
}}<!--
  
--><!--
+
--><div class="treatment-key">
 +
==Key==
 +
<div class="treatment-key-group">
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
 +
|-id=key-0-1
 +
|1
 +
|Sepals with acute apices, spreading to erect in fruit, not overlapping, margins 0.1 mm or less wide; flowers usually equaling or shorter than bracts
 +
|[[Scleranthus annuus|Scleranthus annuus]]
 +
|-id=key-0-1
 +
|1
 +
|Sepals with blunt or rounded apices, usually bending together in fruit, overlapping, margins 0.3-0.5 mm wide; flowers usually longer than bracts
 +
|[[Scleranthus perennis|Scleranthus perennis]]
 +
|}
 +
</div></div><!--
  
 
-->{{#Taxon:
 
-->{{#Taxon:
 
name=Scleranthus
 
name=Scleranthus
|author=Richard K. Rabeler;Ronald L. Hartman
+
|author=John W. Thieret;Richard K. Rabeler
 
|authority=Linnaeus
 
|authority=Linnaeus
 
|rank=genus
 
|rank=genus
 
|parent rank=subfamily
 
|parent rank=subfamily
|synonyms=Caryophyllaceae subfam. Silenoideae
+
|synonyms=
 
|basionyms=
 
|basionyms=
 
|family=Caryophyllaceae
 
|family=Caryophyllaceae
|distribution=North-temperate regions;Europe (esp. Mediterranean region);Asia (esp. Mediterranean region e to c Asia);Africa (Mediterranean region;Republic of South Africa).
+
|illustrator=Barbara Alongi
|reference=maguire1950a;oxelman2000a
+
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|publication title=in M. Napier, Encycl. Brit. ed.
+
|distribution=temperate Europe (including Mediterranean region);Asia;Africa;Australia;widely naturalized elsewhere.
|publication year=1832
+
|introduced=true
 +
|reference=smissen2002a
 +
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
 +
|publication year=;1754
 
|special status=
 
|special status=
}}
+
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V5/V5_306.xml
 +
|subfamily=Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae
 +
|genus=Scleranthus
 +
}}<!--
 +
 
 +
-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae]]

Latest revision as of 22:10, 5 November 2020

Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial. Taproots slender. Stems erect to prostrate, branched, terete. Leaves connate proximally, sessile; blade 1-veined, subulate to linear, not succulent, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, lax to dense cymes; bracts paired, foliaceous. Flowers sessile to subsessile; perianth and androecium perigynous; hypanthium urceolate, abruptly expanded distally; sepals 5, distinct, greenish, lanceolate to awl-shaped, 1.5–4 mm, herbaceous, margins whitish, scarious, apex acute to blunt or obtuse; petals absent; nectariferous disc at base of stamens; stamens 2–10, arising from hypanthium rim; filaments distinct; staminodes absent or 5–8, arising from hypanthium rim, filiform; styles 2, capitate, 0.8–1 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas 2, terminal, minutely papillate (50×). Utricles ovoid, enclosed in persistent, indurate, shallowly or strongly furrowed, sepal-crowned hypanthium and falling with it, the whole constituting the indehiscent “fruit”; carpophore present. Seeds 1, yellowish, globose, not compressed, smooth, marginal wing absent, appendage absent. x = 11 [12].

Distribution

Introduced; temperate Europe (including Mediterranean region), Asia, Africa, Australia, widely naturalized elsewhere.

Discussion

Species ca. 10 (2 in the flora).

In spite of their small size, most Scleranthus flowers secrete nectar and are visited by insects, including small flies and ants. Pollination in species within the flora area varies from chiefly protandrous outcrossing (S. perennis) to chiefly autogamous (S. annuus). L. Svensson (1988) reported that these two species hybridize regularly in Europe, producing flowers with ten reduced, sterile stamens.

The common name “knawel” apparently refers to the glomerules of flowers (German Knäuel).

Key

1 Sepals with acute apices, spreading to erect in fruit, not overlapping, margins 0.1 mm or less wide; flowers usually equaling or shorter than bracts Scleranthus annuus
1 Sepals with blunt or rounded apices, usually bending together in fruit, overlapping, margins 0.3-0.5 mm wide; flowers usually longer than bracts Scleranthus perennis
... more about "Scleranthus"
John W. Thieret +  and Richard K. Rabeler +
Linnaeus +
Knawel +  and scléranthe +
temperate Europe (including Mediterranean region) +, Asia +, Africa +, Australia +  and widely naturalized elsewhere. +
Greek skleros, hard, and anthos, flower, alluding to the indurate hypanthium +
Sp. Pl. +  and Gen. Pl. ed. +
smissen2002a +
Scleranthus +
Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae +