View source for Scrophularia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Scrophularia
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 619. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|common_names=Figwort
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Scrophulariaceae;Scrophularia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Scrophulariaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Scrophularia]]</div></div>
|etymology=Association with the disease scrofula by the doctrine of signatures
|volume=Volume 17
|mention_page=page 5, 6, 12, 325, 340
|treatment_page=page 339
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Subshrubs </b>or herbs, annual or perennial; caudex herbaceous or woody; stolons absent. <b>Stems</b> erect, glabrous, glabrate, glandular-pubescent, puberulent, or villous. <b>Leaves</b> persistent, cauline, opposite, decussate; stipules absent; petiole present; blade not fleshy (fleshy in <i>S. desertorum</i>), not leathery, margins serrulate, serrate, dentate, or incised. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, panicles, sometimes axillary, cymes (<i>S. peregrina</i>); bracts present. <b>Pedicels</b> present; bracteoles present. <b>Flowers</b> bisexual; sepals 5, calyx radially symmetric, campanulate, lobes triangular-ovate to lanceolate; petals 5, corolla ± dark, often bicolored, red, black-red, brown-red, brick red, purple-red, cream, or green, often paler abaxially, bilaterally symmetric, proximally inflated, distally constricted, abaxial lobes 1, lateral 2, adaxial 2; stamens 4, adnate to corolla near base, subdidynamous, filaments glandular-puberulent, staminode (0 or)1, clavate to flabellate, sometimes rudimentary, scalelike or awnlike; ovary 2-locular, placentation axile; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. <b>Fruits</b> capsules, ± pear-shaped, dehiscence septicidal. <b>Seeds</b> 100–130+, black to brown, oblong-ovoid, rugose, wings absent.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;n Mexico;West Indies;Europe;Asia (sw China);n Africa.
|discussion=<p>Species 150+ (11 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Chromosome numbers of 2n = 18, 24, 26, 36, 40, 50, 52, 56, 58, 78, 80, 84, 86, 90, 92, and 96 have been reported for <i>Scrophularia</i>. Base chromosome numbers 7, 9, 10, 12, and 13 have been proposed for <i>Scrophularia</i> (see C. Carlbom 1969); a hypothesis for one distinct base number has yet to be presented.</p><!--
--><p><i>Scrophularia</i> nodosa Linnaeus, native to Europe, is discussed under 7. <i>S. marilandica</i>. European species <i>S. aquatica</i> Linnaeus (later referred to as S. umbrosa Dumortier), <i>S. auriculata</i> Linnaeus, and S. canina Linnaeus were reported on ballast in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania in the 1870s and 1880s and are not known to have persisted.</p><!--
--><p>North American scrophularias can become especially abundant in areas with human disturbance. Native American uses of <i>Scrophularia</i> were reported by D. E. Moerman (1998).</p><!--
--><p>Scrophularias are visited, and presumably pollinated, by bees, wasps, and other insects. <i>Scrophularia macrantha</i>, with relatively showy, large, red corollas, is often cited as hummingbird-visited, and other species are hummingbird-visited as well; <i>S. montana</i> is a major nectar resource for migrant Selasphorus hummingbirds (D. Heinemann 1992).</p><!--
--><p>Morphological plasticity in <i>Scrophularia</i> produces variation so wide as to make characters that have been used to define and separate some taxa of limited use. The most distinct species are of relatively narrow distribution.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=carlbom1969a
|text=Carlbom, C. 1969. Evolutionary relationships in the genus Scrophularia L. Hereditas (Lund) 61: 287–301.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=shaw1962a
|text=Shaw, R. J. 1962. The biosystematics of Scrophularia in western North America. Aliso 5: 147–178.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=stiefelhagen1910a
|text=Stiefelhagen, H. 1910. Systematische und pflanzengeographische Studien zur Kenntnis der Gattung Scrophularia. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44: 406–496.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescences axillary, cymes.
|[[Scrophularia peregrina|Scrophularia peregrina]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescences terminal, panicles.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Pedicels densely villous.
|[[Scrophularia villosa|Scrophularia villosa]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Pedicels glabrate or stipitate-glandular.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Corollas bright red, (10–)13–21 mm.
|[[Scrophularia macrantha|Scrophularia macrantha]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Corollas black-red, brown-red, brick red, red, purple-red, green, or cream, 5–12(–14) mm.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Corollas black-red, throats constricted.
|[[Scrophularia atrata|Scrophularia atrata]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Corollas brown-red, brick red, red, purple-red, green, or cream, throats open or narrow.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Herbage light gray-green (fresh leaves fleshy); corollas bicolored, sometimes unicolored, paler abaxially (abaxial lobe often cream to white).
|[[Scrophularia desertorum|Scrophularia desertorum]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Herbage light green to dark green (fresh leaves not fleshy); corollas unicolored or ± bicolored, paler abaxially.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blade margins regularly serrulate or serrate.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Pedicels relatively stout; petiole lengths 1/12–1/6 blades; blades 8.5–14 cm, lengths 3–4.5 times widths, bases truncate or cuneate, margins regularly serrulate.
|[[Scrophularia montana|Scrophularia montana]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Pedicels slender; petiole lengths 1/3–1/2 blades; blades 10–19(–25) cm, lengths 2–3 times widths, bases rounded to cordate, margins regularly serrate.
|[[Scrophularia marilandica|Scrophularia marilandica]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blade margins serrate, dentate, and/or incised.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Herbage puberulent or glabrate; leaf blades 4–7(–8) cm.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Herbage puberulent, more densely distally; petiole lengths 1/6–1/3 leaf blades.
|[[Scrophularia parviflora|Scrophularia parviflora]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Herbage glabrate; petiole lengths 1/3–1/2 leaf blades.
|[[Scrophularia laevis|Scrophularia laevis]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Herbage glandular-pubescent, rarely glabrate; leaf blades 8–17(–20) cm.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Staminodes yellow-green, sometimes green to brown-red, flabellate, lengths less than widths.
|[[Scrophularia lanceolata|Scrophularia lanceolata]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Staminodes red, brown-red, or green, clavate to obovate, lengths greater than widths.
|[[Scrophularia californica|Scrophularia californica]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Scrophularia
|author=Kim R. Kersh
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Scrophulariaceae
|distribution=North America;n Mexico;West Indies;Europe;Asia (sw China);n Africa.
|reference=carlbom1969a;shaw1962a;stiefelhagen1910a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V17/V17_36.xml
|genus=Scrophularia
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Scrophulariaceae]]