Stereid Substereid C Cell-wall Cell-wall architecture Cell-wall course Cell-wall orientation Cell-wall prominence C cont. Cell-wall shape Cell-wall size or width
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the distal laminal cells, solid or occasionally hollow, usually 2-fid but occasionally simple, sometimes flattened or compound, cell walls mostly evenly
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fusoid and arm cells usually absent; midribs usually simple; adaxial bulliform cells present; stomates with parallel-sided subsidiary cells; epidermes usually
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commissures or rarely on cell lumen, convex surface typically with more pores per cell than concave surface; chlorophyllous cells may be enclosed on both
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magnification; greater magnification (30–40/x) is needed to see seed coat cell papillae in species with numerous small papillae. Schenk, J. J. and L. Hufford
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triangular or dome-shaped subsidiary cells; bicellular microhairs usually present, with a long, narrow distal cell; papillae absent or present. Inflorescences
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present; fusoid cells absent; arm cells absent; Kranz anatomy present; midrib simple; adaxial bulliform cells present; stomatal subsidary cells dome-shaped
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many, erect or ascending, simple or 2-fid; outer cell walls thick, central strand absent, inner cells uniform, walls thin. Leaves erect-appressed, crowded
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to robust. Stem, except for initial stages, growing from a 2-sided apical cell. Leaves distichous, equitant, complex in form, consisting of two vaginant
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tabular mesophyll cells and surrounded by a double sheath, cells of the inner sheath thick-walled, cells of the outer sheath with thinner cell walls and usually
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papillose only over lumina, papillae 1–4 per cell, conic or 2-fid; marginal cells gradually shorter than basal. Sexual condition gonioautoicous or cladautoicous
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foliose, cells papillose; pseudoparaphyllia foliose; axillary hairs usually basal cell 1, short, brown, distal cells elongate, hyaline (all cells brown in
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laminal cells smooth or sometimes distal cells mammillose or papillose on one or both sides, papillae rarely forked, or toothed by projecting cell ends,
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or capsules with 3–5 cells, rarely berries (in Malvaviscus), carpels sometimes with internal protrusion dividing carpel into 2 cells, dehiscence loculicidal
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elongate, smooth. Capsule inclined or erect, cylindric or ovoid; exothecial cell walls usually collenchymatous, irregularly thickened; operculum usually rostrate;
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wider than styles. Fruits capsules, usually 5-celled and dehiscing into 5 segments, sometimes each cell partially divided by incomplete or nearly complete
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groups differ in the size of their seed coat cells, which can be distinguished early in seed development: cells of the “Affines” clade are small and barely
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distal laminal cells ca. 15–19 µm wide, 1:1–2, papillae mostly hollow, simple or 2-fid, 4–6 per lumen, occasionally on conic salients, cell walls thin, seldom
17 KB (1,218 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
necessary to observe cell features of the costa and laminal cells. The costa stereid and guide cells, the adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells, the number of
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multicellular, formed by layers of cells decreasing in cell number distally, terminated by large, sharp-tipped cell, or teeth unicellular. Inflorescences:
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with a neck; exothecial cells thick- to thin-walled; stomata restricted to neck, consisting of a slit in a rounded guard cell, superficial or immersed
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distinct apiculus of a single cell; costa sometimes poorly differentiated, sometimes not reaching the leaf insertion; laminal cells with thick longitudinal walls
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smooth or roughened; axillary hairs usually 5 cells, basal cells 1 or 2, short, walls brown, apical cell elongate, hyaline. Leaves radially arranged or
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surface protrudes slightly outward. A mammillose cell can be difficult to distinguish from a 1-papillose cell; both have a single hollow protuberance, but
26 KB (1,714 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
enlarged, thin-walled cells; cells in outer layer aporose or with single round to elliptical wall thinning adjacent to the distal cell wall, visible only
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unusual color of the sap in cells of the leaf base. These cells tend to be green, rarely evenly pink or red, but the cell sap is colored, often a bright
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weakly sinuate; alar cells transversely elongate, quadrate, or short-rectangular; proximal laminal cells similar to medial cells, usually shorter, 1–4:1
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length. Blade ovate or oblong to lanceolate, simple to decompound, usually 1 cell thick between veins (except Trichomanes membranaceum Linnaeus), entire or
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insertion on abaxial side; axillary hairs minute, 2–3 cells in length, basal cell small, apical cell enlarged, ± clavate; paraphyllia none; pseudoparaphyllia
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2-fid, usually solid, with 3–5 projections, occasionally absent or multiplex, cell walls thin to thick, lumens sometimes angular, occasionally trigonous (D
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abaxial stem surface, smooth [or papillose]; axillary hair basal cell 1, brown, apical cells 3–6, hyaline. Leaves erect to wide-spreading, usually imbricate
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multistratose apiculus; basal cells rectangular, with straight or sinuose and thin to thick cell walls; mid leaf and distal cells quadrate, rectangular, or
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rounded-obtuse; costa single, strong, usually ending before apex; distal laminal cells rounded-hexagonal to rectangular, smooth or mammillose. Seta slender, usually
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long, or double and usually short; alar cells differentiated or not, sometimes inflated; medial laminal cells linear or short-linear, rarely rectangular
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sclerodermis absent, central strand absent; axillary hairs to ca. 5 cells in length, proximal cell walls sometimes thickened. Stem leaves strongly appressed and
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smooth; basal cell walls with few pits or rarely pitted to mid leaf; medial and distal cells linear, linear-flexuose, or sometimes linear-rhomboidal, heavily
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[filamentous]; ± radiculose; axillary hairs of 2–several cells, basal cell small, brown, distal cell elongate, hyaline. Secondary stems spreading, suberect
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lacking wavy ridges (present only in D. purpusii), cells brick-shaped (less than 3 times longer than wide), cell margins undulate or straight. North America,
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2–6(–7)-celled. Stem leaves ovate; margins plane, reflexed, or revolute, papillose-serrulate proximally, often serrulate distally by projecting cell ends;
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rounded to insertion; margins often irregularly serrulate at apex; laminal cell abaxial and adaxial surfaces plane to somewhat domed, usually 1-papillose
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sometimes with pitted walls, rectangular to subquadrate; distal laminal cell walls incrassate, quadrate to short-rectangular, oblique, or oval to elongate
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usually papillose only over lumina, papillae 1 (or 2) per cell, conic, 2-fid, or clavate; marginal cells abruptly shorter than basal. Sexual condition autoicous
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non-ornamented, enlarged, thin-walled cells, with solitary uniporose retort cells (or in groups) with short necks, other aporose cells rectangular. Branch leaves
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hairy; mericarps 5, 2-celled, lower cell ± trapezoidal, 1-seeded, upper cell angular-orbiculate, collaterally 2-seeded, cells sometimes separated by endoglossum
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leaf length, sometimes to the apex, variously 1–2(–4)-stratose in 1–3(–6) cell rows; muticous or piliferous, awns erect or erect-recurved, not or slightly
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sap not present in cell lumina; limbidium distinct to indistinct, narrow, pale to green or yellow, 1-stratose throughout; subalar cells inflated, pink, on
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ridges (sometimes with prism-shaped structures in D. hansenii), cells ± brick-shaped, cell margins straight or undulate. Calif. Species 4 (4 in the flora)
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short-creeping, branched, covered with scales with conspicuously thickened, clathrate cell walls. Leaves simple, entire, petioles indistinct. Veins (visible in cleared
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tangential wall than the surface wall; stomata present and formed from single cell; peristome absent to well developed, single or double, inserted proximal
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almost always entirely of hyaline cells; leaf adaxially usually deeply grooved along the costa; distal laminal cell papillae rough, knobby, obscuring the
8 KB (681 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020