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antheridia borne on lower surface, antheridia 3-celled. Worldwide, especially tropics and subtropics. Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burman f.) Pichi-Sermolli, native

sometimes short-lived perennial in tropics and subtropics, glabrous. Stems erect, simple or with lateral branches (especially distally), 0.2–1 m. Leaves: petiole

Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, widely naturalized in Old World tropics and subtropics. Genera 125–130, species ca. 1800 (34 genera, 189 species in the

of the tropics; Ricinus, the source of castor oil; and Vernicia (and its close relative Aleurites J. R. Forster & G. Forster), sources of tung and other

fleshy, common receptacle and accessible by apical opening (ostiole) closed by small scales. x = 13. Tropics and subtropics, chiefly Asian. Species ca

brownish, rugate or tuberculate, sometimes spiny. x = 41. Tropics and subtropics, mostly in e Asia and Pacific Islands, a few in Africa, ca. 4 in Mexico, Central

present. x = 7. Southeastern Asia, 1 species cultivated and escaping in the tropics and subtropics worldwide. Species in the genus Colocasia have received

black, blue, purple, red, or orange. x = 13–16. Worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, with extensions into temperate areas. Species ca. 350 (20 in the

cladode-producing species, especially P. angustifolius and P. epiphyllanthus Linnaeus, are grown as ornamental shrubs in tropical and subtropical areas (and in hothouses

Lowland tropics of Asia and Africa, mainly (80%) in American tropics, occasionally subtropics, s United States to n Argentina. Maranta arundinacea, and Thalia

New World (H. S. Paris et al. 2006), and since the 17th century they have spread over the tropics and subtropics and temperate regions. After its introduction

the flora). Species of Oxalis occur in the tropics and subtropics, mostly of North America, South America, and South Africa; they extend as well into temperate

minor uses in the tropics: banana leaves are used for wrapping and various other purposes, and the corms, the interior of the pseudostems, and the buds of staminate

native of the New World tropics that spread northward into subtropical and temperate regions (M. L. Fernald 1950; H. A. Gleason and A. Cronquist 1991). If

Trees are absent, and the flora consists primarily of low shrubs of Salix, Betula, and Ericaceae, and of herbaceous perennials, especially in the Brassicaceae

branches; in all lycopods and quillworts, they are solitary and borne in or just above the axils of microphylls; and in the horsetails and scouring rushes, 5--7