View source for Entosthodon

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Entosthodon
|accepted_authority=Schwägrichen
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Musc. Frond. Suppl.
|place=2(1,1): 44. 1823 ,
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Funariaceae;Entosthodon
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Funariaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Entosthodon]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek entosthi, within, and odon, tooth, alluding to position of teeth inside capsule
|volume=Volume 27
|mention_page=page 181, 183, 189
|treatment_page=page 182
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>small, tufted, green or yellowish. <b>Stems</b> short, erect, simple except for a reduced basal antheridial branch. <b>Leaves</b> larger distally, rosulate, crowded, erect-spreading, reduced in size proximally, oblong-ovate to obovate or spathulate, usually acute or acuminate, sometimes apiculate or piliferous, margins plane or erect, entire or serrulate beyond the middle, costa ending well before the apex to percurrent, distal and median cells mostly medium-sized, quadrate to hexagonal to oblong-hexagonal, rarely short-rhomboid, rather lax and thin-walled, sometimes linear at the margins forming a narrow border, proximal cells becoming oblong-rectangular, differentiated alar cells absent. <b>Sexual</b> condition autoicous or polygamous; antheridial branch basal, perigonial paraphyses clavate; perichaetia apparently absent paraphyses. <b>Seta</b> elongate, erect. <b>Capsule</b> exserted, erect or nearly so, narrowly pyriform to short-pyriform, symmetric, often smooth except at the neck when dry, annulus none, exothecial cells transverse, usually linear-oblong, incrassate with radial walls thicker toward the inner tangential wall than the surface wall; stomata present and formed from single cell; peristome absent to well developed, single or double, inserted proximal to the mouth, teeth papillose-striate, weakly trabeculate to appendiculate or absent these features, segments of the endostome, often evanescent and not seen, rarely more than 1/4 the length of the teeth or absent; operculum nearly plane to conic-convex or domed, cells usually in obliquely radial rows. <b>Calyptra</b> large, long-rostrate, cucullate and inflated. <b>Spores</b> smooth or weakly papillose to tuberculate or bacculate-insulate.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;Central America;South America;Europe;Asia;Africa;Pacific Islands.
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 20 (12 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p><i>Entosthodon</i> as it is defined here is mainly associated with Mediterranean, shrub-steppe, or desert climates with pronounced wet and dry seasons. The genus is almost certainly under-collected in dry and seasonally dry tropical and warm temperate climates because of the relatively short growth season. <i>Entosthodon</i> is a vexing genus because most species: (1) are short lived; (2) are small and, for the most part, form small, inconspicuous tufts; (3) are usually collected with clinging substrate and careful cleaning is needed; and (4) are frequently in admixture with other small mosses. Fortunately, sporophytes are usually present; otherwise they would probably escape notice. Only <i>E. drummondii</i> is reasonably abundant in herbaria; the other species are represented in collections so uncommonly that their geographic range can only be estimated. It is possible that species are too narrowly drawn in this treatment, but insufficient evidence is available to justify recognizing fewer taxa. Edwin Bartram once remarked (pers. comm.) that he disliked describing new species; he felt defeat when he could not find a proper name but was obliged to provide one or else the taxon would go unrecognized. <i>Entosthodon</i> could have been one of the genera he was talking about.</p><!--
--><p>Excluded Species:</p><!--
--><p><i>Entosthodon</i> spathulifolius Cardot & Thériot</p><!--
--><p>This entity from St. Paul Island collected by Trelease was considered by A. J. Grout (1928–1940, vol. 2) to be a <i>Tayloria</i> although he had not seen mature capsules.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves broadly acute to rounded-obtuse; capsules short-pyriform, 1-1.4 mm, peristome well developed
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves acute to acuminate, capsules pyriform, 1.5 mm or more long, peristome well developed, rudimentary, or absent
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves to 2 mm, rounded-obtuse; peristome double, exostome vertically striate throughout and sometimes perforate, endostome a low irregular papillose membrane; spores rounded, 27-36 µm.
|[[Entosthodon drummondii|Entosthodon drummondii]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves about 1 mm, broadly acute, often short-apiculate; peristome single, teeth finely papillose throughout to weakly striate-papillose basally, not perforate; spores angled, 17-19 µm.
|[[Entosthodon kochii|Entosthodon kochii]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Spores usually adherent in tetrads at maturity; peristome teeth bright red and often perforate basally, with endostome well developed from a pale basal membrane bearing irregular segments.
|[[Entosthodon wigginsii|Entosthodon wigginsii]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Spores separate at maturity; peristome various but absent the combination of characteristics given above, sometimes rudimentary or absent
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Peristome rudimentary or absent
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Peristome well developed
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Costa of distal leaves ending below the leaf tip; spores to 40 µm.
|[[Entosthodon tucsonii|Entosthodon tucsonii]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Costa of the distal leaves ending in or near the tip to excurrent; spores 24-35 µm
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Medial exothecial cells oblong; marginal laminal cells undifferentiated, alar regions not auriculate.
|[[Entosthodon rubiginosus|Entosthodon rubiginosus]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Medial exothecial cells irregular to hexagonal, little longer than broad; marginal laminal cells longer and narrower than medial cells, alar regions sometimes forming auricles.
|[[Entosthodon fascicularis|Entosthodon fascicularis]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaves bordered almost to the apex by at least two rows of often orangish, narrow cells
|[[Entosthodon attenuatus|Entosthodon attenuatus]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaves not bordered by rows of orangish, narrow cells
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaves entire or nearly so
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaves with distinctly serrate or serrulate margins distally
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaves with an acute tip that lacks a single long terminal cell, costa strong and ending just before the apex.
|[[Entosthodon californicus|Entosthodon californicus]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaves with an acuminate tip usually terminated by a single long cell, costa weak, reaching only 1/2-3/4 the leaf length.
|[[Entosthodon bolanderi|Entosthodon bolanderi]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Distal leaves acute to short-acuminate, marginal cells somewhat inflated.
|[[Entosthodon sonorae|Entosthodon sonorae]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Distal leaves filiform-acuminate or distinctly apiculate with a hair point, marginal cells not differentiated
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Operculum planoconvex; leaf apiculus about 250 µm; capsule ovoid-pyriform, yellowish to brownish.
|[[Entosthodon planoconvexus|Entosthodon planoconvexus]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Operculum conic-convex; leaf apiculus about 425 µm; capsule claviform, deep brownish red
|[[Entosthodon rubrisetus|Entosthodon rubrisetus]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Entosthodon
|author=Donna H. Miller;Harvey A. Miller
|authority=Schwägrichen
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Funariaceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;Central America;South America;Europe;Asia;Africa;Pacific Islands.
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Musc. Frond. Suppl.
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/8f726806613d60c220dc4493de13607dd3150896/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V27/V27_237.xml
|genus=Entosthodon
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Funariaceae]]