Carex vacillans represents the apparently stabilized hybrid between C. nigra and C. paleacea. It occurs frequently within the common range of the two
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C. recta × C. aquatilis subsp. minor are C. aquatilis × C. recta; Carex nigra × C. recta (= C. ×super-goodenoughii (Kükenthal) Lepage) is C. vacillans
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subspathacea × C. bigelowii), C. ×reducta S. Drejer (= C. subspathacea × C. nigra), C. ×dumanii E. Lepage (= C. subspathacea × C. paleacea), C. ×kenaica E
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C. bigelowii), C. ×saxenii M. Raymond (= C. paleacea × C. recta). Carex nigra × C. paleacea (= C. ×subnigra E. Lepage) is C. vacillans, and C. paleacea
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reportedly hybridizes with Q. marilandica (= Q. ×smallii Trelease) and Q. nigra, although D. M. Hunt (1989) has questioned the validity of the former report
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between two Eurasian species, P. laurifolia Ledebour (sect. Tacamahaca) and P. nigra Linnaeus (sect. Aigeiros). It has an upright growth habit and leaves similar
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The species is an allotetraploid derived from hybridization between B. nigra (n = 8) and B. rapa (n = 10). Its center of origin is uncertain but is most
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arkansana, Q. hemisphaerica, Q. inopina, Q. laurifolia, Q. marilandica, Q. nigra, and Q. pumila (Hunt suggested that the last may give rise to occasional
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1948) and with Q. imbricaria (= Q. ×exacta Trelease), Q. marilandica, Q. nigra, Q. phellos (= Q. ×schochiana Dieck), Q. rubra, Q. shumardii, and Q. velutina
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(= Q. ×egglestoni Trelease), Q. laevis, Q. laurifolia, Q. marilandica, Q. nigra, Q. palustris (= Q. ×mutabilis E. J. Palmer & Steyermark), Q. phellos (=
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imbricaria [= Q. ×tridentata (A. de Candolle) Engelmann], Q. incana, Q. nigra, Q. phellos (Q. ×rudkini Britton), and Q. velutina (= Q. ×bushii Sargent)
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hemisphaerica, Q. incana, and Q. marilandica (C. S. Sargent 1918); with Q. nigra; and with Q. arkansana, Q. coccinea, Q. myrtifolia, Q. phellos, Q. shumardii
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Palmer [1948] challenged the validity of this claim), Q. marilandica, Q. nigra, Q. palustris (= Q. ×vaga E. J. Palmer & Steyermark), Q. phellos (= Q. ×filialis
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Engelmann], and Q. marilandica (E. J. Palmer 1948; D. M. Hunt 1989); with Q. nigra (D. M. Hunt 1989); and with Q. palustris (= Q. ×columnaris Laughlin), Q.
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pollen. The hybrid plants are often misidentified as S. “fragilis” or as S. nigra. In the flora area, reproduction of the hybrid seems to be mainly by stem
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D. M. Hunt (1989) have suggested hybridization with Q. shumardii and Q. nigra, respectively. See L. J. Dorr and K. C. Nixon (1985) for an explanation of
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commercial scale are cottonwood (Populus spp.) and black walnut (Juglans nigra). Much of the farmland in the southeastern United States is now devoted to
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Woodwardia, andThelypteris. The cooccurrence in swamps of black ash (Fraxinus nigra), red maple (Acer rubrum), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), as well
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of the year. Dominant trees include Quercus michauxii, Q. falcata, and Q. nigra on fine-textured soils, and Quercus virginiana on sandy sites. Understory
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