Gard. 22: 51–152. Stuessy, T. F. 1977[1978]. Heliantheae—systematic review. In: V. H. Heywood et al., eds. 1977[1978]. The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae
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Rudbeckiinae Show Lower Taxa Ratibida, Rudbeckia H. Robinson Phytologia 41: 43. 1978. Theodore M. Barkley†, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother Treatment appears
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variously into subfamilies (S. A. Graham and C. E. Wood Jr. 1965; K. Haraldson 1978; J. Brandbyge 1993); two often are recognized based on morphological evidence:
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34: 49–58. Nordenstam, B. 1977[1978]. Senecioneae and Liabeae—systematic review. In: V. H. Heywood et al., eds. 1977[1978]. The Biology and Chemistry of
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ca. 850 (16 genera, 160 species in the flora). Morphological (K. Haraldson 1978; L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd 1988; Ronse Decraene et al. 2000;
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S. Elias 1972; W. E. Manning 1978). The morphology and classification of the family were discussed by W. E. Manning (1978). The female inflorescences and
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V. A. Funk (2002). Dittrich, M. 1977[1978]. Cynareae—systematic review. In: V. H. Heywood et al., eds. 1977[1978]. The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae
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Eupatorieae, as suggested by T. F. Stuessy (1977[1978]) and by B. L. Turner and A. M. Powell (1977[1978]). B. G. Baldwin and B. L. Wessa (2000) suggested
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medicine, and locally and commercially as soap (G. Blunden et al. 1978; S. E. Verhoek 1978; M. Wall et al. 1957). They provide fibers for cordage, baskets
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features are most important in separating species of Potamogeton (R. R. Haynes 1978), and we include the entire family here. The keys may not always utilize
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Juncus polycephalus, Juncus xiphioides (Snogerup) Snogerup Bot. Not. 131: 187. 1978. Ralph E. Brooks*, Steven E. Clemants* Basionym: Juncus sect. Ensifolii Snogerup
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species, although few reports of hybridization are documented (T. L. Wendt 1978; A. J. Lack 1995). The taxa represented here generally do not intergrade
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Clappiinae Show Lower Taxa Clappia, Pseudoclappia H. Robinson Phytologia 41: 39. 1978. Theodore M. Barkley†, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother Treatment appears
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genusIsoëtes speciesIsoëtes tegetiformans Rury Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 68: 100. 1978. W. Carl Taylor, Neil T. Luebke, Donald M. Britton, R. James Hickey, Daniel
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flavonoid chemistry (D. E. Giannasi and K. J. Niklas 1977; D. E. Giannasi 1978), pollen morphology (M. Zavada 1983), and some anatomic structures (E. M
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Appalachians. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 54: 271–296. Ihara, H. and K. Ihara. 1978. A biosystematic study on the pedicellate-flowered species of the North American
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Allowissadula lozanoi D. M. Bates Gentes Herbarum 11: 337, figs. 3 – 5. 1978. David M. Bates Etymology: Greek allo- , different, and genus Wissadula Treatment
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subtribe Polymniinae Show Lower Taxa Polymnia H. Robinson Phytologia 41: 43. 1978. Theodore M. Barkley†, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother Treatment appears
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Crassulaceae inferred from matK sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 76–91. Ohba, H. 1978. Generic and infrageneric classification of the Old World Crassulaceae. J
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(bare seeds protruding from the cone), caused by insect larvae (T. A. Zanoni 1978), is occasionally found in most junipers, particularly in the southwestern
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shed together with the enveloping calyx and corolla. H. H. Hauptli et al. (1978) identified eight distinct types and four subtypes of sculpturing on the
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Iwatsukiella leucotricha W. R. Buck & H. A. Crum J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 44: 351. 1978. Judith A. Harpel Etymology: For Zennoske Iwatsuki, b. 1929, Japanese bryologist
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Oenothera) ser. Allochroa W. Dietrich Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 443. 1978. Warren L. Wagner Treatment appears in FNA Volume 10. Herbs annual or biennial;
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(Rose ex Britton & A. Brown) W. Dietrich Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 612. 1978. Warren L. Wagner Basionym: Raimannia rose ex Britton & A. Brown Ill. Fl
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Turner & A. M. Powell in V. H. Heywood et al., Biol. Chem. Compositae 2: 719. 1978. Theodore M. Barkley†, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother Treatment appears
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subtribe Guardiolinae Show Lower Taxa Guardiola H. Robinson Phytologia 41: 41. 1978. Theodore M. Barkley†, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother Treatment appears
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genusAcourtia speciesAcourtia runcinata (D. Don) B. L. Turner Phytologia 38: 460. 1978. Beryl B. Simpson Common names: Featherleaf desertpeony desert paeonia Illustrated
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subtribe Dimeresiinae Show Lower Taxa Dimeresia H. Robinson Phytologia 41: 40. 1978. Theodore M. Barkley†, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother Treatment appears
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America, w South America, Europe, Asia. Species 8 (6 in the flora). Hauke, R.L. 1978. A taxonomic monograph of Equisetum subgenus Equisetum. Nova Hedwigia 30:
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Taxon 53: 637–655. Norlindh, N. T. 1977[1978]. Arctoteae—systematic review. In: V. H. Heywood et al., eds. 1977[1978]. The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae
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subtribe Zaluzaniinae Show Lower Taxa Zaluzania H. Robinson Phytologia 41: 44. 1978. Theodore M. Barkley†, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother Treatment appears
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known until 1978 as C. bottae, following examination and reinterpretation of the type of Godetia bottae Spach by P. H. Raven and D. R. Parnell (1978). They
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less fertile offspring (S. R. Seavey and P. H. Raven 1977, 1977b, 1977c, 1978). Natural hybridization occurs fairly frequently where two or more species
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genusKrapovickasia Show Lower Taxa Krapovickasia physaloides Fryxell Brittonia 30: 456. 1978. Paul A. Fryxell†, Steven R. Hill Introduced Etymology: For Antonio Krapovickas
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species in the flora). Bohm, B. A., S. W. Brim, R. J. Hebda, and P. F. Stevens. 1978. Generic limits in the tribe Cladothamneae (Ericaceae) and its position in
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W. Gould. 1978. Geographic variation in the Dichanthelium aticulare complex (Poaceae). Brittonia 30:497-504 Gould, F.W. and C.A. Clark. 1978. Dichanthelium
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dressii, Chrysopsis linearifolia subsp. linearifolia Semple Brittonia 30: 493. 1978. John C. Semple Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on
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Taxa Sinosenecio newcombei B. Nordenstam Opera Bot. 44: 48, figs. 22F-K, 23. 1978. John P. Janovec, Theodore M. Barkley† Etymology: Greek Sino- , pertaining
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polyploidization, and breeding system transitions (T. Karlsson 1974, 1986; P. F. Yeo 1978; G. C. French et al. 2008; R. A. Ennos et al. 2012). All North American species
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stricta (Fischer & C. A. Meyer) W. Dietrich Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 64: 489. 1978. Warren L. Wagner Basionym: Oenothera sect. Allochroa Fischer & C. A. Meyer
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Nipponanthemum nipponicum (Kitamura) Kitamura Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 29: 168. 1978. John L. Strother Etymology: Japanese Nippon, name of Japan, and Greek anthemon
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Agave deserti subsp. simplex Gentry Occas. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. 130: 22. 1978 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 26. Treatment on page 459. Mentioned on page
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speciesAllowissadula holosericea (Scheele) D. M. Bates Gentes Herbarum 11: 340. 1978. David M. Bates Illustrated Basionym: Abutilon holosericeum Scheele Linnaea
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genusBryobrittonia speciesBryobrittonia longipes Hedwig Brittonia 30: 19. 1978,. Robert E. Magill Basionym: Encalypta longipes Mitten J. Linn. Soc., Bot
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subspeciesOrobanche corymbosa subsp. mutabilis Heckard Canad. J. Bot. 56: 187. 1978. L. Turner Collins, Alison E. L. Colwell, George Yatskievych Endemic Synonyms:
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1985; G. A. Mulligan and D. B. Munro 1990; K. D. Perkins and W. W. Payne 1978). Despite the toxic effects of Araceae, species of several genera are cultivated
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in North America, belongs in Crossosomataceae (R. F. Thorne and R. Scogin 1978; V. Sosa and M. W. Chase 2003); see Flora of North America North of Mexico
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subspeciesArtemisia campestris subsp. canadensis (Michaux) Scoggan Fl. Canada 1: 52. 1978. Leila M. Shultz Common names: Armoise du Canada IllustratedEndemic Basionym:
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Show Lower Taxa Rhynchosida physocalyx Fryxell Brittonia 30: 458, fig. 4. 1978. Paul A. Fryxell†, Steven R. Hill Etymology: Greek rhynchos, beak, and generic
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sect. Duravia comprises species restricted to North America. K. Haraldson (1978) recognized both sections based on differences in stem morphology, petiole
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1997b; W. B. Zomlefer et al. 2001), is treated here as distinct (N. L. Bodkin 1978; B. Mathew 1989; M. N. Tamura 1998; S. Fuse and M. N. Tamura 2000). The eastern
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species have been cultivated in Europe since before the mid 1700s (W. L. Stern 1978). Besides the species treated here, popular ornamentals in North America
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sect. Quamoclidion speciesMirabilis alipes (S. Watson) Pilz Madroño 25: 120. 1978. Richard W. Spellenberg IllustratedEndemic Basionym: Hermidium alipes S.
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Taxa Zelometeorium patulum Manuel J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 43: 110, figs. 5 – 9. 1978. Michael S. Ignatov, William D. Reese† Etymology: Greek zelos, emulation
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subspeciesJuncus acutus subsp. leopoldii (Parlatore) Snogerup Bot. Not. 131: 187. 1978. Ralph E. Brooks*, Steven E. Clemants* Common names: Sharp rush Illustrated
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subspeciesGymnocarpium jessoense subsp. parvulum Sarvela Ann. Bot. Fenn. 15: 103. 1978. Kathleen M. Pryer Common names: Nahanni oak fern gymnocarpe du japon sous-espèce
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perennis, Sarcocornia utahensis A. J. Scott B ot. J. Linn. Soc. 75: 366. 1978. Peter W. Ball Common names: Samphire glasswort saltwort Etymology: Greek
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circumscribed Senecio (Tephroseris) atropurpureus (e.g., Barkley 1978; E. Hultén 1968; H. J. Scoggan 1978–1979, part 4; S. L. Welsh 1974); current thought is to
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Urochloa hrizantha (Poaceae: Paniceae) new to Texas. Sida 17:287-288 Hall, D.W. 1978. The Grasses of Florida. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville
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Acourtia for the leafy-stemmed North American species, and B. L. Turner (1978) added the scapiform species. Molecular evidence (H. G. Kim et al. 2002)
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to Korea, and T. chinensis ranging from western China to Japan (B. R. Baum 1978). DNA sequences indicate that the two species are genetically distinct, and
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America from Europe. In the treatment by N. J. Maihle and W. H. Blackwell (1978) only three species were reported for North America: Corispermum hyssopifolium
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Basionym: Eupatorium shastense D. W. Taylor & Stebbins Madroño 25: 218, fig. 1. 1978 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 552. Mentioned on page
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speciesAllowissadula lozanoi (Rose) D. M. Bates Gentes Herbarum 11: 347. 1978. David M. Bates Basionym: Wissadula lozanoi Rose Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb.
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genusKrapovickasia speciesKrapovickasia physaloides (C. Presl) Fryxell Brittonia 30: 457. 1978. Paul A. Fryxell†, Steven R. Hill IllustratedIntroduced Basionym: Sida physaloides C
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speciesSuaeda rolandii Bassett & Crompton Canad. J. Bot. 56: 588, figs. 5, 9, 13. 1978. Wayne R. Ferren Jr., H. Jochen Schenk Common names: Roland’s sea-blite Treatment
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familyXyridaceae genusXyris speciesXyris tennesseensis Kral Rhodora 80: 444, figs. a–e. 1978. Robert Kral IllustratedEndemicConservation concern Treatment appears in
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Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. arenarius L. C. Anderson Phytologia 38: 311, fig. 1. 1978 Synonyms: Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. arenarius (L. C. Anderson) S. L. Welsh
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Basionym: Sarracenia rubra subsp. wherryi D. E. Schnell Castanea 43: 261. 1978 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 355. Mentioned on page
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fever (G. V. Dahling 1978). Burge, D. O. 2011. Molecular phylogenetics of Garrya (Garryaceae). Madroño 58: 249–255. Dahling, G. V. 1978. Systematics and evolution
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Asia, Africa, and Australia. Species ca. 80 (9 in the flora). Mears, J. A. 1978. The nomenclature and type collections of the widespread taxa of Alternanthera
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1981) is narrower than traditional circumscriptions (e.g., T. F. Stuessy 1977[1978]), which included genera here treated in Ecliptinae, Galinsoginae, and Rudbeckiinae
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Spores sticky, elliptic. Circumboreal. Genus 1, species 1. Edwards, S. R. 1978. Protonemal gemmae in Schistostega pennata (Hedw.) Web. et Mohr. J. Bryol
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Didymodon vinealis var. vinealis (Bridel) R. H. Zander Phytologia 41: 25. 1978,. Richard H. Zander Basionym: Barbula vinealis Bridel Bryol. Univ. 1: 830
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the vicinity of Victoria (British Columbia and Washington) (M. F. Denton 1978; T. C. Brayshaw 1989). Those populations are small and introgress freely
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as a single larger genus including Alloispermum and Sabazia (J. M. Canne 1978; J. L. Panero et al. 1999). Canne, J. M. 1977. A revision of the genus Galinsoga
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follows that by R. C. Brown (1978). Psilostrophe mexicana R. C. Brown is known from Chihuahua and Durango. Brown, R. C. 1978. Biosystematics of Psilostrophe
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(http://www.life.umd.edu/emeritus/reveal/pbio/eriog/key.html). Reveal, J. L. 1978. Distribution and phylogeny of the Eriogonoideae (Polygonaceae). Great Basin
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here generally follows L.-P. Ronse Decraene et al. (2000) and K. Haraldson (1978), with five sections recognized in the flora. Aconogonon and Bistorta, which
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ultramontana (S. Watson) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde Canad. J. Bot. 56: 189. 1978. Walter H. Lewis, Barbara Ertter, Anne Bruneau Common names: Ultramontane
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robbinsorum (W. Earle) A. D. Zimmerman Cac t. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 50: 294. 1978. Allan D. Zimmerman, Bruce D. Parfitt Common names: Cochise pincushion cactus Cochise
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later morphological and molecular studies (M. S. Abdallah and H. C. D. de Wit 1978; S. Martín-Bravo et al. 2007). Apparently, the only species of the family
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past as infrageneric assemblages. A treatment of Senecio by T. M. Barkley (1978) reflected the traditional circumscription of the genus; a narrower circumscription
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Anderberg 2004). As typically described (e.g., A. Cronquist 1981; V. H. Heywood 1978), Primulaceae were clearly polyphyletic, closely related to Myrsinaceae and
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Ohba Basionym: Sedum laxum subsp. flavidum Denton Brittonia 30: 233, fig. 1. 1978 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 219. Mentioned on page
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tomentosa (Macoun) G. W. Douglas & Ruyle-Douglas Canad. J. Bot. 56: 1710. 1978. Steven J. Wolf Endemic Basionym: Arnica tomentosa J. M. Macoun Ottawa Naturalist
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leucotricha (Mitten) W. R. Buck & H. A. Crum J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 44: 352. 1978. Judith A. Harpel Illustrated Basionym: Heterocladium leucotrichum Mitten
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Basionym: Sedum obtusatum subsp. paradisum Denton Brittonia 30: 236, fig. 2. 1978 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 218. Mentioned on page
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subspeciesChrysopsis linearifolia subsp. dressii Semple Brittonia 30: 494. 1978. John C. Semple Common names: Dress’s goldenaster Endemic Treatment appears
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concentrations. Genus Genera 1, species ca. 10 (2 species in the flora). Haynes, R. R. 1978. The Potamogetonaceae in the Southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor
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for the evolution of entomophily. Amer. J. Bot. 91: 748–759. Koponen, A. 1978. The peristome and spores in Splachnaceae and their evolutionary and systematic
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remains unassigned. Relationships among sections are unresolved. Jones, A. G. 1978. The taxonomy of Aster section Multiflori (Asteraceae). I. Nomenclatural
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253–281. Scott, A. J. 1978. A revision of the Camphorosmioideae (Chenopodiaceae). Feddes Repert. 89: 101–119. Scott, A. J. 1978b. A review of the classification
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genusFritillaria speciesFritillaria eastwoodiae R. M. MacFarlane Madroño 25: 95. 1978. Bryan Ness Common names: Butte County fritillary Endemic Basionym: Fritillaria
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authors have suggested that Heliamphora is primitive in the family (B. Maguire 1978) because its pitcher structure is less complex. All three genera have specializations
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elsewhere in warm-temperate regions worldwide. Clark, C. and J. A. Jernstedt. 1978. Systematic studies of Eschscholzia (Papaveraceae). II. Seed coat microsculpturing
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Rzóska, eds. 1976. Aquatic Weeds in South East Asia. The Hague. Austin, D. 1978. Exotic plants and their effects in southeastern Florida. Environm. Conserv
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Xiphopteris, a name that is now treated as a synonym of Cochlidium (L. E. Bishop 1978). This group comprises perhaps 30 species and is defined by the following
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loculicidal. Seeds appendaged. x =15. North America. Species 1. F. H. Utech (1978, 1979) clearly demonstrated the relationship of Pleea to Tofieldia sensu
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(1889) regarded it as Boerhavia sect. Adenophorae Heimerl. F. R. Fosberg (1978) argued for its continued placement within Boerhavia, particularly for nonspecialists
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