solitary pistillate flower surrounded by (0–)1–80 staminate flowers, entire structure termed the cyathium), in monochasia, dichasia, pleiochasia, cymose clusters
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Amer. J. Bot. 89: 1478–1484. Iketani, H. and H. Ohashi. 1991. Anatomical structure of fruits and evolution of the tribe Sorbeae in the subfamily Maloideae
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linear to oblanceolate or ovate. Flowers (1–)2–30(–100) per involucral structure, occasionally with stipelike base distal to articulations (Eriogonum);
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sometimes winged; lodicules 2, fleshy, usually connate into a single structure, without a membranous wing, truncate, not ciliate, not or scarcely veined;
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some Polygala), often whitish pubescent, usually arillate (the aril-like structure from integuments, not funiculus, thus called an arillode by some, a caruncle
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spikelet would be. Inflorescence Structure Further complexity is introduced to the Andropogoneae inflorescence structure by the manner in which the spikelet
26 KB (2,165 words) - 18:57, 11 May 2021
species. Spikelets with 1-7 bisexual florets, terminating in a sterile structure, the rudiment, composed of 1-4 sterile florets; rudiments sometimes morphologically
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including habit, leaf structure and arrangement, trichome morphology, wood anatomy, inflorescence morphology, ovary and ovule structure, pollen morphology
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a whorl of leaflike bracts about midlength; not treated as a distinct structure here). Involucres 1 per node, rarely 2–3 per cluster, not appressed to
18 KB (535 words) - 20:40, 22 September 2022
occasionally corrugate near base; inner leaves 1–10, rolled into fusiform structure, unmodified, or shortened and oriented at 90° angles to outer leaves. Leaves
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Dicranaceae; both families have similar peristomes but differ principally in leaf structure. None. Fissidens window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[];
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recognized both sections based on differences in stem morphology, petiole structure, and pollen morphology. J. C. Hickman (1984) described sect. Monticola
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unbranched or 2-fid. Seeds: caruncle absent (except for a carunclelike structure in E. carunculata). North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central
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sometimes extended proximally as cylindric syrinx (tubular or ringlike structure at juncture of tube and utricle, projecting into utricle cavity) and distally
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petal-like; anthers 2-locular; 2 connate staminodes forming petal-like structure (lip) opposite fertile stamen, sometimes also with 2 petal-like or rudimentary
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Beilschmied, and Helicteroideae Meisner. Malvaceae range widely in inflorescence structure; all members share a basic repeating bicolor unit (a terminal flower and
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Megaspore spheric, 0.2–0.6 mm, topped with dark, conic, slightly narrower structure (indusium) covering 3 [9] floats and a blue-green algal colony. Microsporocarps
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very few archegonia. Antheridial plants reduced to a 1-stratose, 2-lipped structure enclosing a single spherical antheridium, arising from a short branch of
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margins usually toothed with 1–15 teeth per side, teeth similar in size and structure to those of blades; blade linear, 1-veined, sometimes armed with prickles
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variable in length, absent or nearly so to short-excurrent, variable in structure (bryoides-type, oblongifolius-type, taxifolius-type); laminal cells usually
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(sometimes absent) and fused with the glabrous callus to form a cuplike structure; upper glumes lanceolate to ovate, glabrous or variously pubescent, 3-9-veined
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or less conspicuous peltate indusium (W. L. Wagner et al. 2007). This structure, long known in Gaura and Stenosiphon because it is conspicuous throughout
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holoparasitic, lacking a rhizomelike or cormlike underground vegetative structure; roots short, sometimes coralloid. Stems erect, white or yellow, rarely
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perennial; achlorophyllous, holoparasitic, with rhizomelike vegetative structure, surfaces tessellate or with irregular scaly plates, roots absent. Stems
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achlorophyllous, holoparasitic, roots coralloid, from among scales of cormlike structure. Stems absent. Leaves absent. Inflorescences terminal, open panicles of
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slightly convex, deeply pitted (pits collectively forming honeycombed structure, each pit ± enveloping a disc floret, pit borders irregularly toothed to
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[10–]20–30. Pistillate flowers: ovary glabrous, subtended by calyxlike structure; styles connate 1/8–1/2 length, 2-fid apically. Seeds: caruncle absent
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fruit in Beta, 1-locular with single, basally attached ovule. Fruiting structures: bracteoles or fruiting bracts brown, black, or reddish brown, monomorphic
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appressed to the rachises, bases straight, seated in a ciliate, cuplike structure, sometimes with a 0.5-2 mm callus, calluses pilose, axes not extending
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achlorophyllous, holoparasitic, with perennial, tuberlike underground vegetative structure attached to host root, dark brown or black, with a sclerenchymatous, knobby
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5–)15–45(–54) cm, arising from underground, ovoid, vegetative, cormlike structure covered with imbricate scale leaves and short, coralloid, adventitious
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achlorophyllous, holoparasitic, with a tuberlike underground vegetative structure attached to host root, surface divided into polygonal plates, roots absent
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perianth absent; stigma 2-lobed. Fruiting structure: bracts forming flattened, samaralike fruiting structure around utricle, margins thickened, spongy
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spathe and the unique vasculature of the structure traditionally interpreted as a spathe (T. S. Ray 1987). The structure that has been called a spathe in Acorus
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South America (Hufford et al.). Brown, D. K. and R. B. Kaul. 1981. Floral structure and mechanism in Loasaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 68: 361–372. Carlquist, S. 1984
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usually ovoid to nearly globose, surface variable depending on orientation, structure, and relative connation of pistil apices. Seed usually 1 per pistil, ovoid
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tinged with purple, 4.5–13 cm; filaments connate proximally into collarlike structure, 3.2–12 mm, fleshy, pubescent; anthers 5–7 mm; pistil 4.5–8 × 0.7–1.2 cm
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elsewhere, soboles from ± woody caudices may be the most generalized type of structure, from which have evolved several other major types (R. C. Keating et al
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repeatedly branched, branches 2–20, 1–4 mm thick, and the whole ± stellate structure sometimes reaching 20 mm. Very scattered and local in tropics, North America
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[2- or]3–6-locular; placenta bilamelate, often protruding as a peltate structure; ovules 12–180 per locule, biseriate or multiseriate. Fruits berries, green
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modifications in Brothera, Campylopus, and Paraleucobryum and a peristome structure identical with that of Dicranum (M. R. Crosby and R. E. Magill 1977). Robinson
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burlike or nutlike, spiny or winged perygynia, or shed with accessory structures) fusiform, obovoid, prismatic, or pyriform, sometimes obcompressed and
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arising opposite next leaf axil, junction with pedicel abrupt or not, entire structure recurved. Flowers small, borne beneath leaves; perianth rotate or campanulate;
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Geraniaceae in the Geraniales because of the similarity of habit and floral structure, especially the fruits that separate into mericarps, as do those in Geraniaceae
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taken with little attention to the presence or absence of reproductive structures. Reproductive features are most important in separating species of Potamogeton
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corrugate, apex acute to apiculate; inner leaves rolled into hardened fusiform structure. Leaves submersed, ± spirally arranged, sessile, delicate; stipules persistent
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staminate terminal, spikelike thyrses, cymules densely crowded in conelike structure; pistillate axillary, solitary flowers; bisexual as in staminate with solitary
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present. Pistillate flowers: tepals 4, connate, forming persistent saclike structure covered with delicate, hooked hairs and completely enclosing mature, flattened
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polygamomonoecious; commonly with multicellular, stalked, caducous, spheric structures (pearl glands); tendrils usually present, rarely absent. Leaves alternate
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flowers lack nectar and are ephemeral, lasting only a few hours. Their structure is seldom preserved in dried specimens. In the absence of well-pressed
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nectar and is buzz-pollinated. Copeland, H. F. 1947. Observations on the structure and classification of the Pyroleae. Madroño 9: 65-102. Wallace, G. D. 1975
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L. 1992. Floral structure of Besseya and Synthyris (Scrophulariaceae). Int. J. Pl. Sci. 153: 217–229. Hufford, L. 1992b. Leaf structure of Besseya and Synthyris
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1 Flowers and achenes partially to completely enclosed in scalelike structure (perigynium); perigynium in axil of scale; flowers unisexual (see Plate
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upright stems); abaxial groove absent; base decurrent, forming saclike structure with stem; margins with soft spiny projections, 0.1–0.2 mm; apex acuminate
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corrugate, apex subulate to obtuse; inner leaves rolled into hardened fusiform structure. Leaves submersed, ± spirally arranged, sessile, delicate to coarse; stipules
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in cross section, (2.8–)4.1–5.2 × 1.2–2(–3.4) mm, smooth; carunclelike structure linear, 0.4–0.5 × 0.1–0.2 mm. Phenology: Flowering and fruiting summer–fall
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Crocus cultivars and even some wild species. Arber, A. 1921. The leaf structure of the Iridaceae. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 35: 301–336. Goldblatt, P. 1975. Revision
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similarities in many characters, including secondary chemistry and salt gland structure. Cheng, Z. M., Pan H. X., and Yin L. K. 2000. Study on the phytochemistry
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distally 4-winged or ribbed, wings merging in pairs, forming pocketlike structure just distal to many leaf nodes and decussate with petioles of that node;
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pistillate inflorescences; rames distichous, similar in thickness and structure, axes disarticulating below the sessile spikelets after pollination, abscission
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is made up of bracts, while the cupule has been shown to be a complex structure that is interpreted as an indurated, condensed, partial inflorescence formed
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sporocarp wall allows the sporocarp contents to be hydrated. A gelatinous structure emerges from the sporocarp, breaking it into valves and carrying the sori
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perianth segments 5, connate to above middle; stamens 5; stigmas 3. Fruiting structure: connate perianth segments enclosing utricle, at maturity forming horizontal
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"one end of a transformation series embodied by the reduced gynoecial structure and indehiscent fruit of other Poales such as Flagellaria and Ecdeiocolea"
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short-columnar); thecae connate-fused into continuous, horizontal ring as a single structure (synanther), forming a head, dehiscing by continuous slit, connective broad;
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hairs. Urtica 3 Tepals of pistillate flowers connate, forming saclike structure tightly enclosing mature achene, covered with delicate, hooked hairs. Hesperocnide
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abaxial surfaces hairy, hairs to 0.5 mm; upper ligules 1-3 mm, similar in structure and pubescence; blades 1-3.5 mm wide, abaxial surfaces smooth or scabrous
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base not corrugate, apex rounded; inner leaves rolled into linear, terete structure, oriented parallel to outer leaves. Leaves submersed, ± spirally arranged
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indusium present, outer indusium fused with inner one to form cup or tubular structure containing sporangia. Dennstaedtia
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because relatively few macroscopic characters are provided by the simple structure characteristic of the genus (only two leaves, basal, without blades or
13 KB (1,284 words) - 21:44, 5 November 2020
minor differences in capsule shape, operculum development, and peristome structure. The two main subgenera of Ptychostomum reflect those species with relatively
6 KB (577 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
A Text property defining a single value. Structure: inflorescence A Top Level Property A Ament Anthela Axial glomerule architecture Axillary and terminal
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pistillate florets: corollas sometimes none (cypselae shed with accessory structures or within burs); staminate florets: anthers usually distinct (staminal
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temperate and boreal forests. Splachnaceae differs from Meesiaceae in the structure of the capsule, which in Splachnaceae is erect with a mitrate calyptra
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in 1814. Its primary distinguishing features are the unusual spikelet structure combined with the indurate to coriaceous upper florets. Recent molecular
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Paulownia. J. Huazhong Agric. Univ. 16: 609–613. Millsaps, V. 1936. The structure and development of the seed of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. J. Elisha Mitchell
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Heliamphora is primitive in the family (B. Maguire 1978) because its pitcher structure is less complex. All three genera have specializations, and their pitcher
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Hook. & Am. Amer. J. Bot. 32:66-72 Harlan, J.R. 1945b. Natural breeding structure in the Bromus carinatus complex as determined by population analyses. Amer
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glands that may secrete water or calcium salts, or multicelled glandlike structures. Leaves often basal, alternate, spiralled; stipules absent; petiole present
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embryo, leaf, and inflorescence morphology, as well as the intermediate structure of the eastern Asian B. planiculmis. The similarities between Bolboschoenus
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16c, pp. 174–178. Nowicke, J. W. and J. J. Skvarla. 1982. Pollen fine structure and relationships of Achatocarpus Triana and Phaulothamnus A. Gray. Taxon
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similar to Thuidiaceae but had the sporophyte, especially the peristome structure, of Anomodon. Crum placed Thelia in Thuidiaceae by its differentiated stem
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Cypselae (black to brown) obflattened (± winged, shed alone without accessory structures); pappi 0, or persistent, of 2 awns (± confluent with cypsela shoulders
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shoots or pedicels usually with minute, scarious or hardened bractlike structures at base. Flowers bisexual, perianth and androecium perigynous; epicalyx
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present, pubescent, variable, resembling the second floret, a 3-awned structure with 2 membranous scales, or a prolongation of the rachilla. Caryopses
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: undefined None. None.
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: leaf A Top Level Property C Capitular leaf Cataphyll Cauline Central leaflet shape Comal-leaf Crozier
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without formal taxonomic standing. Among the fleshy-fruited genera, embryo structure has been taxonomically important. In the bony-seeded genera (Mosiera, Myrtus
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: flower A subproperty of inflorescence A Part of inflorescence C Capitulum Capitulum shape D Disc Disc
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type represents an analogous or homologous pattern. However, one type of structure (soboles) is found in at least some taxa of all perennial sections and
26 KB (1,416 words) - 17:40, 2 December 2022
petals [4–]5, proximal 2 distinct, modified into fleshy oil-secreting structures flanking ovary, distal [2–]3 distinct or connate basally, petaloid, forming
5 KB (541 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
pubescent with small glands and hairs, hairs with or without cystoliths (structures within cells with basal calcium carbonate concretions or crystals). Stems
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1500–3000 m Generated Map Legacy Map Alta., B.C., Sask., Mont., Utah. The leaf structure of Botrychium paradoxum is uniform and unique. Very rare teratological
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between the floral bract and fertile structures; the two nectaries may be distinct or connate into a cup-like structure. Staminate flowers usually have two
32 KB (4,205 words) - 23:31, 5 November 2020
but in the large forms of typical A. pennula the stem is not a solitary structure. Instead it resembles a compact, intergrown bush, made up of numerous tiny
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America. Species 1: w North America. Species 1 Copeland, H. F. 1938. The structure of Allotropa. Madroño 4: 137–153. Allotropa virgata window.propertiesF
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familial recognition. Shaw, A. J. 1984. A reinterpretation of peristome structure in Pseudoditrichum mirabile Steere and Iwatsuki (Pseudoditrichaceae). Bryologist
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controversial. D. L. Nickrent et al. (2010) and J. Kuijt (2013) argued that this structure is sepalar in origin, and that interpretation is followed here. The corolla
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usually difficult to discern, ending a few cells before apex, variable in structure, basically taxifolius-type; lamina cells 1- to 4-stratose at leaf margin
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compressed into tight rosettes, sometimes internodes extended and rosette structure lost. Leaf blades 0.4–1.4 cm, abaxial surface pilose to sericeous. Inflorescences
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