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Pennsylvania as non-persistent introductions. The plants are somewhat succulent, gland-dotted annuals with stems decumbent to procumbent, leaves oblanceolate to

glabrate or glabrous, usually resin-gland-dotted (sometimes ± pitted), adaxial faces ± scabrellous or glabrate, sometimes resin-gland-dotted (rarely pitted).

faces glabrous or hairy (not villous), often gland-dotted (pericarps sometimes with myxogenic cells, without resin sacs; embryo sac development monosporic);

structures have been called glands, glandular hairs, glandular trichomes, punctae, resin dots, and so on. Sometimes, the glands are embedded in epidermal

juvenile leaves linear, flattened, spreading; often with solitary abaxial resin gland; resin canal present. Pollen cones maturing and shed annually, solitary,

nerved, or ribbed (glabrous or hirsutulous to strigillose, sometimes resin-gland-dotted as well); pappi usually persistent, usually in 2 series (outer

apices sometimes green, faces glabrous or tomentose, sometimes gland-dotted, sometimes with resin pockets. Receptacles flat, pitted, epaleate. Disc florets

rounded, obtuse, or truncate teeth tipped by resin globules. Sporadically, individual plants may have some teeth resin-tipped and some teeth apiculate; such specimens

ribs 2–3 or 5–10, faces glabrous or gland-dotted (pericarps with myxogenic cells only in S. potentilloides, without resin sacs); pappi usually 0 (of 3–5 subulate

of the distal gland, long-stipitate-glandular to hairs with stalks clearly visible, 1–3-times longer than the diameter of the distal gland. Anderson, L

scalelike, rhomboid, free portion of long-shoot leaves to 4 mm; abaxial gland present or absent. Pollen cones with 4–10 pairs of sporophylls, each sporophyll

apices truncate, usually densely strigose and gland-dotted, each margin usually with an adaxial resin gland; receptacles plus paleae and florets = discs

require microscopic observation, such as the distribution of glands (sometimes referred to as “resin dots”) and the color of anther appendages; they still are

cordate, palmately lobed, sometimes unlobed; surfaces abaxially resin-dotted and×or gland-dotted. Inflorescences: staminate inflorescences axillary and terminal

(without resin sacs). Cypselae cylindro-obconic, ribs 5–8(–10), faces glabrous, usually gland-dotted (pericarps without myxogenic cells or resin sacs; embryo

sessile; margins entire or dentate to pinnatifid or palmatifid (faces often gland-dotted). Heads usually heterogamous (disciform or radiate), sometimes homogamous

serrate, sometimes ciliate, faces glabrous or scabrous, gland-dotted (sometimes in ± deep, resin-filled pits, sometimes sessile) or pustulate, often ± resinous

spreading to ascending or erect, green when young, highly branched, glabrous, gland-dotted (sometimes in pits), resinous. Leaves ascending-spreading; blades

tubes ± cylindric (not basally dilated, ± gland-dotted), throats campanulate, lobes 5, deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae dimorphic: outer (ray) 3-angled

(rarely entire), apices obtuse to acute, abaxial or both faces usually resin-gland-dotted. Heads ± discoid, sessile, not individually bracteate, in clusters

glabrous, adaxial faces sparsely scabrellous or glabrate, both usually resin-gland-dotted. Heads discoid (pedunculate, each subtended by 3–8+, ± foliaceous

outer shorter, all resin-nerved). Receptacles conic, paleate (paleae falling, linear, flattish or weakly conduplicate, scarious, resin-nerved). Ray florets

tubes ± cylindric (basally ± dilated, ± gland-dotted), throats funnelform, lobes 5, narrowly deltate (each with a resin sac). Cypselae dimorphic: outer (ray)

sometimes with weakly developed, non- or weakly spinulose projection, gland-dotted, without resin pockets or pockets small, weakly developed (var. decumbens and

margins entire or dentate (pinnately lobed or dissected), faces abaxially resin-gland-dotted, adaxially often tomentose. Heads discoid, in leafy-bracted racemiform

sometimes spinulose-aristate, usually not gland-dotted, usually with single, strongly developed, subepidermal resin pocket nearly as wide as bracts, sometimes

usually branched distally, hirtellous to pilosulous (hairs basifixed, some gland-tipped). Leaves mostly cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades obovate

dentate or entire, faces loosely tomentose or glabrate, puberulent and resin-gland-dotted. Heads discoid, in (leafy-bracted) corymbiform or paniculiform

sometimes reddish, tubes ± cylindric (± gland-dotted), throats campanulate, lobes 5, deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae ± columnar, ribs 7–12, faces

spinose-toothed; all with apices rounded to acute, faces glabrous or glabrate, resin-gland-dotted. Heads pseudo-radiant (see here at corollas), ± pedunculate, not

rounded to acute, abaxial faces ± hirtellous to densely piloso-strigillose, resin-gland-dotted, adaxial faces ± scabrellous or glabrate. Heads discoid, ± pedunculate

(proximally tapered), ribs 4, faces gland-dotted between ribs, especially adaxially (pericarps without myxogenic cells or resin sacs; embryo sac development monosporic);

sometimes glabrate or glabrous [sericeous] (hairs mostly medifixed) and gland-dotted. Leaves cauline [mostly basal]; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades

section), ribs (4–)5–10(–12+), faces usually gland-dotted, sometimes glabrous (pericarps without myxogenic cells or resin sacs, embryo sac development tetrasporic);

toothed (rarely entire), apices obtuse to acute, abaxial faces usually resin-gland-dotted. Heads ± discoid, sessile, not individually bracteate, in clusters

tubes ± cylindric (basally dilated, not gland-dotted), throats ± campanulate, lobes (2–)5, deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae mostly columnar to obovoid

cylindric (not basally dilated, usually gland-dotted), throats ± campanulate, lobes 5, deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae ± columnar, ribs 8–10 (not

0.5–1.3 mm diam. Leaves with conspicuous, pitlike, abaxial gland that produces drop of resin, slightly glaucous. Pollen cones 2–3 × 2–2.5 mm; pollen sacs

reddish brown to gray, glabrous or sparsely hairy, usually covered with resin-filled pits. Leaves (moderately crowded) ascending to spreading; blades linear

8–1.5 mm, inner lance-ovate, 1–5 × 0.8–1.5 mm. Paleae 3–4.3 × 1.5–3 mm, resin glands oval, 1–1.8 mm. Ray florets 4–14; corollas yellow, purplish yellow, or

young, becoming dark brown then gray, branched, twigs stipitate-glandular, resin coated. Leaves ascending; blades elliptic to obovate, 9–18 × 2.5–4 mm, midnerves

portion of phyllary midveins in many species with elongate, glutinous resin gland, usually milky in fresh material but dark brown to black when dry). Receptacles

Stems erect to ascending, green when young, fastigiately branched, glabrous, gland-dotted, resinous. Leaf blades ascending, sometimes spreading when older,

fibrous with age. Stems ascending, green becoming tan, glabrous or puberulent, resin-dotted to resinous. Leaves ascending to spreading; sessile; blades with faint

becoming whitish tan with age), simple, glabrous or scabridulous, often resin-coated. Leaves basal and cauline (stiffly erect to ascending); alternate;

0.5–1 mm diam. Leaves with conspicuous, pitlike, abaxial gland that produces drop of resin, sometimes glaucous. Pollen cones 2–3 × 2 mm; pollen sacs 3–5

ochroleucous, distally red to purple, tubes cylindric (stipitate-glandular or gland-dotted), throats funnelform, lobes 5, deltate. Cypselae dimorphic: outer

orbiculate to spatulate or linear), ultimate margins entire, faces ± villous and gland-dotted. Heads disciform, usually (2–12+) in ± leafy, racemiform to spiciform

oblong to ellipsoid, almost isodiametric, sometimes with amber or black gland on connective; staminode fascicles 0 [3]; ovary 2–5-merous; placentation

throats urceolate to campanulate, lobes 4–5 (spreading), deltate [with resin sacs]. Cypselae obconic, slightly compressed (usually asymmetric, apices oblique)

midnerves obscure, apices acute, often mucronate, faces glabrous or hairy, gland-dotted (in circular, deep pits), resinous; axillary fascicles of 2–12 leaves

apices acute often mucronate, faces glabrous or sparsely hairy, regularly gland-dotted (in circular, deep pits), resinous; axillary fascicles of 2–10 leaves

adaxially, (margins often undulate) apices acute, mucronate to cuspidate, faces gland-dotted to resinous; sometimes with axillary fascicles of 1–7 leaves. Heads

distinct, deltate-ovate to elliptic or obovate (sometimes each with central resin canal and/or keel), unequal, margins and apices (often hyaline, sometimes

adaxially, sparsely short-stipitate-glandular (hairs with yellow to orange, resin heads). Heads radiate, in ± loose corymbiform arrays or borne singly (nodding

their widths (1–2 supernumerary ribs sometimes present), abaxial-apical resin glands elongate (lengths 2+ times widths), abaxial faces transversely rugose

much-branched distally, finely tomentose, minutely resin-gland-dotted. Leaves finely tomentose, minutely resin-gland-dotted; basal and proximal cauline petiolate

1–several, branches ascending, glabrous to ± hirsute. Leaves minutely hispid, resin-gland-dotted; basal and proximal cauline petiolate, blades 10–25 cm, margins

diam. Leaves often with inconspicuous, embedded, abaxial gland that does not produce drop of resin, not glaucous. Pollen cones 3–4 × 2 mm; pollen sacs 3–5

long-hairy. Winter buds greenish yellow, glabrous or stiffly hairy, resinous (resin yellow, moderately fragrant); terminal buds (6–)8–15(–21) mm; flowering buds

tomentose. Leaves hispidulous to loosely tomentose, ± glabrate, minutely resin-gland-dotted; proximal leaves petiolate, blades 10–20 cm, margins 1–2 times

branched distally, striate-angled, glabrous or minutely hairy, resinous and ± resin-varnished. Leaves present at flowering (abundant, well developed); sessile

proximal to heads. Leaves short-villous and thinly arachnoid, ± glabrate, resin-gland-dotted; basal and proximal cauline petiolate, blades oblanceolate to narrowly

densely hairy with jointed multicellular hairs and slender cobwebby hairs, resin-gland-dotted. Heads disciform, borne singly, sessile, each subtended by involucre-like

Leaves puberulent to loosely gray-tomentose, becoming ± glabrous, minutely resin-gland-dotted; proximal leaves petiolate, blades 10–20 cm, 1–3 times pinnately

with jointed multicellular hairs, sometimes minutely scabrous, minutely resin-gland-dotted. Stems 1–few, few–many branched distally. Leaves: basal and proximal

usually with inconspicuous, shallow, pitlike, abaxial gland that usually does not produce drop of resin, often glaucous. Pollen cones mostly 3–4 × 2 mm; pollen

mm diam. Leaves usually with conspicuous, pitlike, abaxial gland that produces drop of resin, often highly glaucous. Pollen cones 2–5 × 2 mm; pollen sacs

mm diam. Leaves without gland or sometimes with inconspicuous, shallow, pitlike, abaxial gland that does not produce drop of resin, not glaucous. Pollen

5 mm diam. Leaves without abaxial gland or sometimes with embedded abaxial gland that does not produce drop of resin, not glaucous. Pollen cones 3–4 ×

cm, blunt, resin-tipped), apices obtuse to acute, faces usually hirtellous and little, if at all, gland-dotted, sometimes glabrate (then gland-dotted). Heads

3–6, per cm, rounded to blunt, usually resin-tipped), apices obtuse to acute, faces glabrous, moderately gland-dotted. Heads in open, paniculiform arrays

per cm, rounded to obtuse or blunt, resin-tipped), apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous, little, if at all, gland-dotted. Heads borne singly or in open

abaxially scabrellous (hairs awl-shaped), resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scaberulous, glabrescent, resin-gland-dotted. Heads in ± corymbiform arrays. Peduncles

(hairs ± erect, ± curled), seldom glabrate, resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scabrellous, glabrescent, not resin-gland-dotted. Heads in corymbiform-scorpioid arrays

mm, inner lanceolate-ovate, 3–6 × 0.7–3 mm. Paleae 1.2–5 × 1–1.8 mm, resin glands linear to oblanceolate, 2–3.3 mm. Ray florets 6–15; corollas yellow,

lanceolate-ovate, 1.2–4 × 0.3–1.5 mm. Paleae oblong, 2–4 × 1.5–2.5 mm, resin glands linear to oblanceolate, 1–2 mm. Ray florets 5–10; corollas yellow or

inner lanceolate-ovate, 0.8–3 × 0.8–2 mm. Paleae 2.3–3.5 × 0.5–3 mm, resin glands oval-oblanceolate, 0.6–1.5 mm. Ray florets 4–12; corollas yellow, purplish

loosely tomentose. Leaves ± villous to hispid with septate hairs, minutely resin-gland- dotted; basal winged-petiolate, blades oblong to oblanceolate, 10–15

branches ascending. Leaves loosely gray-tomentose or becoming glabrous, resin-gland-dotted; basal and proximal cauline petiolate, blades 10–15 cm, margins

(hairs ± erect, ± curled), seldom glabrate, resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scabrellous, glabrescent, not resin-gland-dotted. Heads in corymbiform-scorpioid arrays

sometimes glabrescent, not or sparsely resin-gland-dotted, adaxially strigillose, glabrescent, not resin-gland-dotted. Heads in corymbiform-scorpioid arrays

abaxially scabrellous, tomentose, or pannose, resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scabrellous, often resin-gland-dotted. Heads in corymbiform to paniculiform

scabrellous (hairs appressed, awl-shaped), resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scabrellous, glabrescent, resin-gland-dotted. Heads in open, corymbiform to paniculiform

l/w = 5–7+, abaxially puberulous, not resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scabrellous, glabrescent, not resin-gland-dotted. Heads in paniculiform-scorpioid

mostly 3–6+ per cm, rounded to obtuse, resin-tipped), rarely entire, apices obtuse to acute, faces glabrous, strongly gland-dotted. Heads usually in open to

triangular, scarious margins pale to dark brown, 0.2–0.4 mm wide. Cypselae: resin gland lengths often much more than twice widths. 2n = 18, 36. Phenology: Flowering

yellowish to greenish yellow, not aristate, sparsely or not at all gland-dotted, without resin pockets. Florets 19–25; corollas 5–6.5 mm. Cypsela ribs slightly

property defining a single value. Structure: resin-gland A subproperty of gland A Type of gland G Gland-resin None.

larger glands at the tips than those of preformed leaves. These glands are connected to leaf venation and, in combination with basilaminar glands on the

branches possibly annual, arising from basal, woody branches), gland-dotted (in deep, resin-filled pits). Leaves erect to spreading, becoming deflexed, more

mostly obscure, apices acute to rounded (outer each tipped with subspheric resin-gland), abaxial faces resinous. Ray florets 0. Disc florets 5–7; corollas 5

yellowish, or if green, then margins scarious, not aristate, gland-dotted, without resin pockets. Florets (8–)11–17(–21); corollas 5–6 mm. Cypsela ribs

usually glabrous or glabrate, sometimes hirsutulous on veins, usually resin-gland-dotted, adaxially ± scabrellous or glabrate. Heads in loose, corymbiform

glabrate (pitted, with awl-shaped hairs in pits), adaxially scabrellous, resin-gland-dotted (sometimes pitted). Heads in congested, corymbiform arrays. Peduncles

yellowish (markedly thickened), not aristate, slightly or not gland-dotted, without resin pockets. Florets 12–15; corollas 4.5–6 mm. Cypsela ribs not forming

green to greenish yellow, not aristate, sparsely to prominently gland-dotted, without resin pockets. Florets 18–25; corollas 5–6 mm. Cypsela ribs not forming

Phyllary apices usually green, not aristate, usually strongly gland-dotted, without resin pockets. Florets (18–)22–34; corollas 5.8–7.5 mm. Cypsela ribs

area, not aristate, often distinctly thickened and approaching resin pockets, usually gland-dotted. Florets 8–12(–15); corollas 4.5–6 mm. Cypsela ribs not

present. Phyllaries 1.5–5.2 × 0.8–1.2 mm, midveins enlarged near apex, resin gland and surrounding tissue evident as green to brown patches. Ray laminae

triangular, scarious margins blackish brown, 0.4–1 mm wide. Cypselae: resin gland lengths usually little more than twice widths. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering

greenish, spinulose-aristate, densely and promently gland-dotted, glands often coalesced as small resin pockets. Florets 10–13; corollas 4–5 mm. Cypsela ribs

apices acute, thinly tomentose when young, glabrescent, abaxially minutely resin-gland-dotted; distal cauline sessile. Heads 1–15 in condensed subcapitate arrays;

petioles), both faces sparsely pilose or hirsute, often glabrescent, abaxial resin-gland-dotted. Bracts 15–45+ × 2–5+ mm. Inner phyllaries 9–12 mm, sparsely hispidulous

but for scattered hairs on midribs or scabrellous (hairs awl-shaped), resin-gland-dotted or not, adaxially scabrellous. Heads in ± corymbiform to paniculiform

5–6+ (bases rounded-truncate), abaxially scabrellous (hairs awl-shaped), resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scabrellous. Heads in ± corymbiform to paniculiform

30–45(–70+) mm, l/w = 2.5–3.5(–4), abaxially scabrellous (hairs awl-shaped), resin-gland-dotted or not, adaxially glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Heads in corymbiform

Involucres 5–6 × 6–7 mm. Phyllary apices greenish, not aristate, gland-dotted, without resin pockets. Florets 19–28; corollas 4–5 mm. Cypsela ribs not forming

linear, ± entire or lobed, faces villous with septate hairs, minutely resin-gland-dotted. Heads 3–5 cm diam. Peduncles 5–15 cm, distally leafless, finely

obscure, apices acute, often mucronate, faces glabrous or moderately hairy, gland-dotted (in circular, deep pits), resinous; axillary fascicles of 4–10 leaves

or cordate, basilaminar glands 0, margins translucent, ciliate, apex short- to long-acuminate, surfaces yellowish green, resin stains not evident, glabrous

throats narrowly campanulate (cylindric or compressed), lobes 5, deltate (with resin sacs). Cypselae trigonous, ± compressed (apices truncate), ribs 3–5 (0–2

7 Phyllaries not stipitate-glandular; leaves not stipitate-glandular or resin-ous; distal cauline leaves sessile Solidago (sect. Solidago) subsect. Glomeruliflorae

relatively uncommon; it is not federally listed. Abundant subsessile glands (“resin dots”) on stems, leaves, phyllaries, and abaxial faces of ray laminae

abaxial faces hispid to villous, densely gland-dotted (at least toward apices). Paleae 9–11 mm, 3-toothed (gland-dotted). Ray florets 10–20; laminae (often

Structure: gland A Top Level Property A Abaxial resin-gland architecture or arrangement or growth form O Oil-gland P Pit-gland R Resin duct Resin pocket Resin-gland

Michaux Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 180. 1803. John J. Furlow Common names: Dwarf birch resin birch bouleau glanduleux EndemicIllustrated Treatment appears in FNA Volume

basilaminar glands 0 or 2(–5), round, margins not translucent, not ciliate, apex obtuse to acute, abaxial surface often with reddish orange resin stains, glaucous

usually densely hairy. Winter buds red, sparsely hairy or glabrous, resinous (resin red, abundant, very fragrant); terminal buds 8–15(–20) mm; flowering buds

subcordate, basilaminar glands (1 or) 2(–4), cup-shaped, margins not translucent, not ciliate, apex acute, abaxial surface greenish-white, resin stains absent,

crenulate (teeth 6–8 per cm, obtuse, resin-tipped), apices obtuse or acute, faces usually hirtellous and glandular (glands usually in pits, seldom sessile or

moderately to densely pubescent, not conspicuously resin-coated, without large, warty, resinous glands. Leaf blade obovate–reniform, with 2–3 pairs of lateral

crenate (teeth 5–10 per cm, blunt, resin-tipped), apices obtuse to acute, faces usually hirtellous and glandular (glands usually stipitate, sometimes sessile

(teeth 8–14 per cm, blunt, resin-tipped), apices obtuse to acute, faces usually hirtellous to scabridulous and glandular (glands usually in pits, sometimes

neoalaskana Sargent J. Arnold Arbor. 3: 206. 1922. John J. Furlow Common names: Resin birch paper birch Endemic Basionym: Betula alaskana Sargent Bot. Gaz. 31:

light green, ± rugose, tomentose, densely resinous-glandular, glands reddish brown, resin-scented, adaxial green, dull, tomentulose or glabrous, eglandular

and rachis without pricklets, pubescent, eglandular; leaflets (5–)7, glands resin-scented when crushed, terminal: petiolule 10–17 mm, blade elliptic to

diam., not coarse, glabrous. Winter buds reddish brown, glabrous, resinous (resin red, fragrant); terminal buds (3–)6–9(–13) mm; flowering buds clustered distally

basilaminar glands (0 or) 1 or 2, round, margins not translucent, not ciliate, apex acuminate to acute, abaxial surface whitish green, resin stains not

midveins) or glabrous, eglandular or glandular, with or without resinous glands, adaxial pale, light, or dark green, sometimes glaucous, lustrous to dull

United States, nw Mexico. Species 30 (30 in the flora). The often aromatic (resin-scented) ivesioid genera (Horkelia, Horkeliella, and Ivesia) have generally

caused by resin secreted by glands on the inner surfaces of the stipules. Surfaces of younger parts are resinous and sticky; the odoriferous resins give it

Cypselae pale brown, ribs separated by 1/3+ their widths, abaxial-apical resin glands ± circular, faces minutely roughened between ribs. 2n = 18, 36. Phenology:

apex acute, abaxial surfaces tomentose, usually resinous-glandular, glands resin-scented, adaxial pale or grayish green, dull, glabrous or pubescent.

pers. comm.), indicating that they can function as hydathodes as well as resin glands. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"section","name":"Salix

property defining a single value. Structure: gland-resin A subproperty of resin-gland A Type of resin-gland None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A subproperty of gland A Type of gland None. None.

Text property defining a single value. Structure: resin pocket A subproperty of gland A Type of gland None. None.

Text property defining a single value. Structure: resin duct A subproperty of gland A Type of gland None. None.