discussions and in the introductory chapter on monocot classification by J. L. Reveal and J. C. Pires at the front of this volume. Traditionally, Pleea, Triantha
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family (N. D. Young et al. 1999; J. R. McNeal et al. 2013); holoparasitism has arisen independently three times from the hemiparasitic condition (J. R. Bennett
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adnate to the caryopses; anthers (2)3. x = 7. Conn., Mass., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Calif., Del., N.C., Va., W.Va., Vt., D.C, Wis., Colo., Kans., Nebr., Okla.
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interruptus group. J. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 62:19-38 Campbell, J.J.N. and A. Haines. 2002. Corrections and additions to: Campbell, J.J.N. 2000. Notes on North
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E. and J. L. Panero. 1996. Relationships in Heliantheae subtribe Helianthinae based on chloroplast DNA restriction site analysis. In: D. J. N. Hind et
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Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 1–45. 1903.] Britton, N. L. and J. N. Rose. 1905. Crassulaceae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora
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umbellatum, Eriogonum ursinum, Eriogonum wootonii Nuttall J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, n. s. 1: 166. 1848. James L. Reveal Treatment appears in FNA
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(Poaceae) based on matK sequences. Syst. Bot. 26:386-405 Hsiao, C, S.W.L. Jacobs, N.J. Chatterton, and K.H. Asay. 1999. A molecular phylogeny of the grass family
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Phylogen. Evol. 51: 157–168. Palmer, E. J. 1925. Synopsis of North American Crataegi. J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 5–128. Palmer, E. J. 1950. Crataegus. In: M. L. Fernald
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1991; J. L. Dowe and N. W. Uhl 1989; J. Dransfield 1989, 1991; J. Dransfield and H. J. Beentje 1995, 1995b; A. Henderson and M. J. Balick 1991; N. W. Uhl
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reductions from n = 9 or 10 to n = 6, followed by polyploidy to produce the array of numbers in Epilobium (n = 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 30) and Boisduvalia (n = 9, 10
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Minn., Mont., N.Dak., Nebr., N.Mex., Nev., Oreg., Pa., S.C., Vt., Alaska, Mass., N.H., R.I., Fla., Wyo., Kans., Tex., La., Miss., Tenn., N.C., S.Dak., Utah
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southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 50: 566–598. Carolin, R. C. 1987. A review of the family Portulacaceae. Austral. J. Bot. 35: 383–412. Carolin
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consensus regarding relationships within the family. Pollen types (J. W. Nowicke and J. J. Skvarla 1977) and chromosome numbers (Brandbyge) are diverse. Multiple
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Beattie, A. J. and N. Lyons. 1975. Seed dispersal in Viola (Violaceae): Adaptations and strategies. Amer. J. Bot. 62: 714–722. Fabijan, D. M., J. G. Packer
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Show Lower Taxa Fallugia, Geum, Sieversia, Waldsteinia Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al., N. Amer. Fl. 22: 240. 1908. Luc Brouillet Treatment appears in FNA
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tripartita (Rydberg) McArthur Amer. J. Bot. 68: 590. 1981. Leila M. Shultz Basionym: Tridentatae Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al., N. Amer. Fl. 34: 282. 1916 Treatment
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San Francisco. Hind, D. J. N., C. Jeffrey, and G. V. Pope, eds. 1995. Advances in Compositae Systematics. Kew. Hind, D. J. N., H. J. Beentje, P. D. S. Caligari
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8: 1-22. Taylor, R. J. 1960. The genus Delphinium in Wyoming. Univ. Wyoming Publ. 24: 9-21. Warnock, M. J. 1993. Delphinium. In: J. C. Hickman, ed. 1993
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phylogenetic analysis, J. R. McDill et al. (2009) concluded that Linaceae is a monophyletic group, as is Linoideae. According to J. R. McDill (2009), Cliococca
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