View source for Xyris

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Xyris
|accepted_authority=Gronovius
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=in C. Linnaeus, Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 42. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5; 25, 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Yellow-eyed-grass
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Jupica
|authority=Rafinesque
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Kotsjiletti
|authority=Adanson
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Ramotha
|authority=Rafinesque
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Schizmaxon
|authority=Steudel
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Xuris
|authority=Adanson
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Xyroides
|authority=Thouars
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Xyridaceae;Xyris
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Xyridaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Xyris]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek xyron, razor, in reference to a plant with two-edged leaves
|volume=Volume 22
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, occasionally annual, rosulate. <b>Stems</b> simple, erect, sometimes caudiciform, short to branching, elongate. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, 2-ranked, equitant; blade mostly linear to filiform, flattened to nearly terete, margins smooth to variously papillate or scabrous. <b>Inflorescences</b>: scapes variously elongate; spike bracts imbricate, the proximal sterile, decussate, distal ones fertile, in spiral [decussate], bearing medially, usually subapically, a distinct and mostly differently textured and colored "dorsal area" or this indistinct or absent. <b>Flowers</b> solitary in bract axils; sepals 3, distinct, unequal, lateral (outer) sepals distinct [connate], chaffy, boat-shaped, chaffy, inner one membranous, capping corolla; keel papery, or scarious, variously winged, variously margined; petals 3, distinct [to connate], equal, strongly clawed; blade ephemeral, spreading, yellow to white; staminodes 3, distinct, strongly clawed, apically yoked, bearded with moniliform hairs (rarely reduced, beardless); stamens 3, epipetalous; anthers 2–4-locular; ovaries y thin-walled, placentation marginal to parietal [basal, free-central, axile]; styles elongate, tubular, 3-branched; stigmas 3, U-shaped or funnelform. <b>Capsules</b> 3-valved, usually thin, loculicidal. <b>Seeds</b> [1–]15–90 or more, mealy or translucent, ovoid to cylindric, 0.3–1(–4) mm, variously lined and cross-lined; endosperm starchy and proteinaceous; embryo basal-lateral, minute. <b>x</b> = 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa;South Pacific Islands.
|discussion=<p>Most species of <i>Xyris</i> occur in the Guiana Highlands, Amazonia, and Brazilia in South America, with other smaller centers of endemism in Africa and Australasia.</p><!--
--><p>The key below is constructed to work with healthy plants that are in flower and/or fruit. Identifications based on sterile material are doubtful at best, then attempted only after long experience with such plants.</p><!--
--><p>In the descriptions, scapes are described as linear if, 1 cm below the spike, they are 1 mm or more wide, or as filiform if, at that level, they are less than 1 mm wide. Petal color is assumed to be yellow, although <i>X. caroliniana</i> and <i>X. platylepis</i> have white-petaled forms. Leaf widths or thicknesses are measured at widest or thickest part of blade. Spike measurements are taken from mature spikes, those having at least some ripe fruit.</p><!--
--><p>Species more than 250 (21 in the flora).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=kral1966b
|text=Kral, R. 1966b. The genus Xyris (Xyridaceae) in the southeastern United States and Canada. Sida 2: 177--260.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kral1988a
|text=Kral, R. 1988. The genus Xyris (Xyridaceae) in Venezuela and contiguous northern South America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 522--722.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Keel of lateral sepals usually firm, papillate, ciliate, ciliolate, or fimbriate, or in various combinations of these.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Keel of lateral sepals scarious, lacerate to (rarely) nearly entire.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants mostly under 30 cm, annual or perennial; scapes narrowly linear; scape sheaths mostly equaling or exceeding principal leaves; keels of lateral sepals papillate or ciliate; seeds 0.3–0.5 mm.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants usually over 30 cm, perennial; scapes linear; scape sheaths exceeded by leaves; keels of lateral sepals ciliate, long-fimbriate, or lacerate; seeds 0.5 mm or longer.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Margins of fertile bracts scarious, lacerate, often squarrose with red inner band; spikes mostly as broad as long; lateral sepal keel reddish apically; plants annual.
|[[Xyris brevifolia|Xyris brevifolia]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Margins of fertile bracts entire or erose; spikes mostly longer than broad; lateral sepal keel not reddish apically, concolorous; plants annual or perennial.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Base of leaf sheaths with distinct chestnut brown patch; leaf blades olive green; plants perennial.
|[[Xyris drummondii|Xyris drummondii]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Base of leaf sheaths without chestnut brown patch; leaf blades strongly maroon-tinged; plants annual.
|[[Xyris flabelliformis|Xyris flabelliformis]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Lateral sepal tips exserted even on closed spikes; lateral sepal keels fimbriate or lacero-fimbriate.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Lateral sepal tips included; lateral sepal keels ciliate.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Lateral sepal keel apex lacero-fimbriate; fertile bracts with scarious, lacerate, often squarrose borders; seeds mostly 0.5–0.6 mm
|[[Xyris elliottii|Xyris elliottii]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Lateral sepal keel apex distinctly long-fimbriate; fertile bracts entire to erose; seeds 0.7–1 mm.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plant base deeply set; leaf base chestnut brown; spikes ellipsoid to lanceoloid or cylindric, acute; leaves not in fans, narrowly linear, twisted, fleshy; sepal fimbriae red; scape ribs smooth or somewhat scabrous.5
|[[Xyris caroliniana|Xyris caroliniana]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plant base shallowly set; leaf base dull, straw-colored, green, or pinkish; spikes ovoid to ellipsoid, blunt; leaves in fans, broadly linear, slightly twisted, flat; sepal fimbriae pale; scape ribs harsh.
|[[Xyris fimbriata|Xyris fimbriata]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaves in fans; blade flat or slightly twisted.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaves erect or ascending; blade twisted.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Seeds mealy; leaf base maroon; leaf blade deep green with strong maroon tints; petal blade obtriangular, 3–4 mm
|[[Xyris stricta|Xyris stricta]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Seeds translucent; leaf base tan, straw-colored, or pale pink, but not maroon; leaf blade usually pale or olive green; petal blade obovate, 10 mm.0 mm
|[[Xyris ambigua|Xyris ambigua]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Plant base abruptly bulbous; leaf blade elongate-linear, 2–5 mm wide.
|[[Xyris torta|Xyris torta]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Plant base not abruptly bulbous; leaf blade narrowly linear to filiform, to 1 mm wide
|[[Xyris isoetifolia|Xyris isoetifolia]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf sheaths or sheath base light green, straw-colored, or dull brown.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf sheaths or sheath base with red, pink, or purple tints, or glossy brown or red-brown.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Plants annual; leaves smooth; seeds translucent; scape ribs papillate.ate
|[[Xyris jupicai|Xyris jupicai]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Plants perennial; leaves papillate to rugose, minutely scabrous; seeds mealy; scape ribs minutely scabrous
|[[Xyris serotina|Xyris serotina]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaf sheaths firm, glossy red-brown to tan.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaf sheaths soft, pink, purple, or red.
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Staminodes beardless; seeds fusiform to cylindric, (0.7–)0.8–1 mm; leaf blade rarely to 1 mm wide.
|[[Xyris baldwiniana|Xyris baldwiniana]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Staminodes bearded; seeds ellipsoid, 0.5–0.6 mm; leaf blade rarely less than 1 mm wide.
|[[Xyris elliottii|Xyris elliottii]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Tips of lateral sepals exserted.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Tips of lateral sepals included.
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Apex of Llateral sepals apex firm, red; seeds narrowly ellipsoid, 0.7–0.9 mm; leaf sheaths papillate.
|[[Xyris montana|Xyris montana]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Apex of Llateral sepals apex thin, not red; seeds ellipsoid, 0.4–0.8 mm; leaf sheaths smooth.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Leaf blade 1–2(–3) mm wide; spikes 10–16 mm; fertile bracts 4–6 mm; seeds 0.4–0.6 mm.
|[[Xyris longisepala|Xyris longisepala]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Leaf blade 5–15 mm wide; spikes 10–20(–25) mm; fertile bracts 5–8 mm; seeds (0.6–)0.7(–0.8) mm
|[[Xyris smalliana|Xyris smalliana]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Seeds opaque or mealy.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Seeds translucent or mealy.
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Base of mature plant bulbous
|[[Xyris tennesseensis|Xyris tennesseensis]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Base of mature plant not bulbous.
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Leaf blade smooth, at least 10 mm wide; scape distally with 1–2 smooth ribs
|[[Xyris laxifolia var. iridifolia|Xyris laxifolia var. iridifolia]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Leaf blade papillate or somewhat scabrous, under 7 mm wide; scape distally with 3 or more somewhat scabrous ribs.
|[[Xyris difformis|Xyris difformis]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Base of plant not bulbous; leaves in fans; plants flowering in morning
|[[Xyris difformis|Xyris difformis]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Base of plant bulbous or nearly bulbous; principal leaves erect or ascending; plants flowering midday to afternoon.
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Seeds 0.5–0.6 mm
|[[Xyris platylepis|Xyris platylepis]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Seeds 0.6–1 mm
|[[Xyris scabrifolia|Xyris scabrifolia]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Xyris
|authority=Gronovius
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Jupica;Kotsjiletti;Ramotha;Schizmaxon;Xuris;Xyroides
|basionyms=
|family=Xyridaceae
|distribution=North America;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa;South Pacific Islands.
|reference=kral1966b;kral1988a
|publication title=in C. Linnaeus, Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V22/V22_395.xml
|genus=Xyris
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Xyridaceae]]