View source for Fallopia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Fallopia
|accepted_authority=Adanson
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Fam. Pl.
|place=2: 277, 557. 1763
|year=1763
}}
|common_names=False-buckwheat
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Bilderdykia
|authority=Dumortier
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Polygonaceae;Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae;Fallopia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Polygonaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Fallopia]]</div></div>
|etymology=for Gabriello Fallopio, 1532–1562, Italian anatomist
|volume=Volume 5
|mention_page=page 216, 218, 479, 480
|treatment_page=page 541
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Vines </b>or herbs, annual or perennial; roots fibrous or woody; sometimes rhizomatous. <b>Stems</b> erect to scandent, rarely procumbent, glabrous or pubescent. <b>Leaves</b> deciduous, cauline, alternate, petiolate; ocrea persistent or deciduous, chartaceous; petiole base articulated, extrafloral nectaries sometimes present; blade broadly ovate to triangular, margins entire or wavy. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal and spikelike, or terminal and axillary and paniclelike or racemelike, pedunculate or not. <b>Pedicels</b> present. <b>Flowers</b> bisexual, or bisexual and unisexual, some plants with bisexual flowers, other plants with only pistallate flowers 1–5 per ocreate fascicle, base stipelike; perianth usually accrescent in fruit, pale green or white to pink, campanulate, glabrous or, rarely, with blunt, hyaline hairs; tepals 5, connate nearly completely or only basally, petaloid, dimorphic, outer 3 winged or keeled, larger than inner 2; stamens 6–8; filaments distinct, free, glabrous or pubescent proximally; anthers yellow to pink or red, ovate to elliptic; styles 3, spreading, connate basally or nearly completely; stigmas capitate, fimbriate, or peltate. <b>Achenes</b> included or exserted, brown to dark brown or black, not winged, 3-gonous, glabrous. <b>Seeds</b>: embryo straight. <b>x</b> = 10, 11.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America (including Mexico);South America;Europe;Asia;Africa.
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 12 (8 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Chromosome number and habit traditionally have been used to separate <i>Fallopia</i> (x = 10; climbing or sprawling, fibrous-rooted annuals and perennials) from Reynoutria (x = 11; erect, rhizomatous perennials). J. P. Bailey and C. A. Stace (1992) presented evidence to the contrary. <i>Fallopia</i> often is included in a broader concept of <i>Polygonum</i> but is distinguished by a syndrome of anatomical and morphological characters (K. Haraldson 1978; Hong S. P. et al. 1998; L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd 1988; Ronse Decraene et al. 2000). Molecular data confirm its close relationship to <i>Polygonum</i> in the narrow sense (A. S. Lamb Frye and K. A. Kron 2003).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=bailey1992a
|text=Bailey, J. P. and C. A. Stace. 1992. Chromosome number, morphology, pairing, and DNA values of species and hybrids in the genus Fallopia (Polygonaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 180: 29–52.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kim2000a
|text=Kim, J. Y. and C. W. Park. 2000. Morphological and chromosomal variation in Fallopia section Reynoutria (Polygonaceae) in Korea. Brittonia 52: 34–48.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kim2000b
|text=Kim, M. H., J. H. Park, and C. W. Park. 2000. Flavonoid chemistry of Fallopia section Fallopia (Polygonaceae). Biochem. Syst. & Ecol. 28: 433–441.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kim2000c
|text=Kim, S. T., M. H. Kim, and C. W. Park. 2000. A systematic study on Fallopia section Fallopia (Polygonaceae). Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 30: 35–54.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Stigmas fimbriate; stems erect
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Stigmas capitate or peltate; stems usually trailing, twining, scandent, sprawling, or climbing, rarely erect
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf blades with hairs along veins on abaxial face distinctly multicellular, 0.2-0.6 mm, bases of blades cordate
|[[Fallopia sachalinensis|Fallopia sachalinensis]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf blades with hairs along veins on abaxial face unicellular or appearing so, shorter than 0.1 mm, or veins scabrous, bases of blades truncate to attenuate or cordate
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blades obscurely puberulent along some veins abaxially, tips of hairs acute, bases of blades truncate to cordate
|[[Fallopia ×bohemica|Fallopia ×bohemica]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blades obscurely scabrous along some veins abaxially, tips of hairs blunt, bases of blades truncate to attenuate
|[[Fallopia japonica|Fallopia japonica]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants perennial; stems woody, climbing
|[[Fallopia baldschuanica|Fallopia baldschuanica]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants annual or perennial; stems herbaceous, scandent or sprawling. [5. Shifted to left margin.—Ed.]
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Ocreae bases fringed with reflexed hairs and slender bristles
|[[Fallopia cilinodis|Fallopia cilinodis]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Ocreae bases glabrous or scabrid
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Achenes minutely granular-tuberculate, dull; fruiting perianths glabrous or with blunt, hyaline hairs, wings absent or, rarely, 0.4-0.9 mm wide; plants annual
|[[Fallopia convolvulus|Fallopia convolvulus]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Achenes smooth, shiny; fruiting perianths glabrous, wings (0.7-)1.5-2.1 mm wide; plants perennial or annual
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants perennial or annual; fruiting perianth wings decurrent on stipelike base, undulate or crinkled, rarely flat, margins wavy-crenulate to incised or lacerate, rarely entire
|[[Fallopia scandens|Fallopia scandens]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants annual; fruiting perianth wings usually truncate to attenuate-decurrent on stipelike base, flat or, less often, undulate or crinkled, margins entire or rarely undulate-crenate
|[[Fallopia dumetorum|Fallopia dumetorum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Fallopia
|author=Craig C. Freeman;Harold R. Hinds†
|authority=Adanson
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subfamily
|synonyms=Bilderdykia
|basionyms=
|family=Polygonaceae
|illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=North America (including Mexico);South America;Europe;Asia;Africa.
|reference=bailey1992a;kim2000a;kim2000b;kim2000c
|publication title=Fam. Pl.
|publication year=1763
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/bb6b7e3a7de7d3b7888a1ad48c7fd8f5c722d8d6/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V5/V5_1107.xml
|subfamily=Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae
|genus=Fallopia
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae]]