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introduced especially in tropical, subtropical, and warm-temperate regions almost worldwide. Genera 16, species ca. 350 (5 genera, 66 species in the flora)

x = 13. Widespread, especially in subtropical, tropical, and warm-temperate North America and South America. Species 150–250+ (25 in the flora). Within

Worldwide, especially tropics and subtropics. Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burman f.) Pichi-Sermolli, native to the Old World, is a rare escape in southern

does not appear to have become naturalized in the flora area, it could become adventive in subtropical areas. In the key below, S. haematospermum would come

having a relatively high number of species native in subtropical and tropical Old World, especially Africa. Distinctions among some genera (e.g., Bidens

species, especially P. angustifolius and P. epiphyllanthus Linnaeus, are grown as ornamental shrubs in tropical and subtropical areas (and in hothouses

mostly in warm-temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions at mid and upper elevations. Species 1000+ (55 in the flora). The concept of Senecio in traditional

perhaps in the arid regions of southern North America. Boerhavia also shows considerable diversity in Australia; Commicarpus is particularly diverse in Africa

Nearly worldwide, mostly tropical and subtropical regions. Species ca. 60 (4 in the flora). Cryphaea occurs in thin or dense colonies, with slender, often

tropical and subtropical, North America, ca. 250 in Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America. Circumscription of genera is unsettled and in some cases

America, introduced in temperate to subtropical areas nearly worldwide. Species ca. 150 (93 in the flora). Oenothera is distributed widely in temperate to subtropical

to 1/4 blade length), margins entire; abaxial fine veins not raised (especially in dried specimens), abaxial nectaries absent. Floral bracts absent. Flowers:

coroniform or 0. Mostly subtropical, tropical, and warm-temperate, especially arid New World. Genera 22, species 225 (9 genera, 38 species in the flora). Circumscription

at base; cupule absent. x = 12. Tropical and subtropical regions, Western Hemisphere. Species ca. 150 (3 in the flora). Persea americana Miller, the avocado

Morphologic terminology in Amaranthus, as used in different floristic and taxonomic treatments, is rather confusing, especially regarding the terms applied

per areole, arranged in true inflorescence only in subfam. Pereskioideae, or chains of fruits proliferating from fruit areoles (in Cylindropuntia fulgida)

and subtropical regions in the New World from central Mexico and the West Indies southward to northern Argentina. Genus 1, species 17 (2 species in the

coroniform, rarely of awns or 0. Mostly subtropical and warm-temperate North America, especially arid areas, also in the Old World. Genera 75, species 600

naturalized, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Species 6+ (1 in the flora). Abelmoschus is a segregate of Hibiscus; it is unique in calyx characters

Phenology: Flowering and fruiting year-round, especially at end of summer/rainy season. Habitat: Dry subtropical forests and scrub. Elevation: 0–10 m. Generated

temperate, and subtropical regions. Species ca. 250 (62 in the flora). Many species of Atriplex are halophytic, others occupy soils low in dissolved particulates

with apex ending in a stout spine in fruit, inner 3 erect, tuberculate; styles 3, erect, distinct; stigmas penicillate. Achenes included in indurate perianth

greenish white, orbiculate, 1–1.3 mm, apex rounded to obtuse, pubescent (especially marginally); stamens 10, ± included; nectary disc atop ovary, pubescent;

habitats, especially in maritime areas. Elevation: 0–10 m. Generated Map Legacy Map Introduced; Fla., Ga., La., s Africa, introduced also in Mexico, West

Antarctica. Species ca. 50 (7 in the flora). Species of sect. Gemmabryum are strongly represented in temperate, subtropical, and tropical montane regions

or hooked. Mostly tropical and subtropical worldwide, especially tropical America and s Asia. Species ca. 1000 (7 in the flora). Many species of Peperomia

and subtropical parts of southern Africa and southern Asia, was reported as introduced in Florida by R. K. Godfrey (1961). In habit and especially inflorescence

except Antarctica, tropical, subtropical, temperate to boreal regions, rare in arctic-alpine climates. Species ca. 40 (6 in the flora). Species of Imbribryum

tropical and subtropical regions, primarily paleotropical. Species ca. 30 (2 in the flora). Typical Brachymenium consists of subtropical-tropical epiphytes

sometimes short-lived perennial in tropics and subtropics, glabrous. Stems erect, simple or with lateral branches (especially distally), 0.2–1 m. Leaves: petiole

Australia. Species 12 (2 in the flora). Diphyscium is the most widespread genus in the family and is mainly temperate to subtropical. It is sufficiently distinctive

sterile, although they may persist in cultivation. The seeds of Canna indica are used as beads (especially for rosaries) and in gourds to form rattles. The rhizomes

Islands, Australia, tropical and subtropical areas, especially southern temperate regions. Genera 8, species ca. 40 (1 in the flora). Rhizogoniaceae is distinguished

Europe, Asia, Africa. Species 24 (4 in the flora). Leskea occurs in terrestrial habitats in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions. The leaves are

finely papillose. Worldwide except Antarctica, in subtropical to warm-temperate regions. Species 35 (6 in the flora). Superficially, species of Archidium

Tropics and subtropics, mostly in e Asia and Pacific Islands, a few in Africa, ca. 4 in Mexico, Central America, South America. Species ca. 50 (1 in the flora

(3 genera, 15 species in the flora). Species of Melastomataceae occur primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in South America. Miconia

from ovary walls). Mostly subtropical and warm-temperate New World. Genera 12, species 76 (11 genera, 45 species in the flora). In most genera of Ambrosiinae

attached to single short stipe. Fruits capsules. Tropical and subtropical regions, especially rich in Africa, s Fla., Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South

apex. x = 7. Tropical and subtropical regions, North America, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa. species 12 (2 in the flora) Several species

distributed in the Holarctic region, in the temperate regions of the southern hemisphere, and in higher mountains in tropical and subtropical areas. In the following

woody bamboos are tropical or subtropical in their distribution, but about 25 genera are found in temperate regions, mainly in eastern Asia. Two genera are

pie pumpkin, white cushaw) is currently grown in the United States and known to have been in cultivation in eastern North America since pre-Columbian times

very rapidly, because herbarium specimens exist from Ohio in 1828, Michigan in 1837, and Maine in 1837. J. Chapman et al. (1974) presented archaeological

worldwide, concentrated in the Southern Hemisphere, especially Africa, and in subtropical to tropical mountains. Species ca. 80 (13 in the flora). Rosulabryum

site for insects, especially species of mosquitoes in the genus Mansonia, and it is often an aquatic weed. Although a serious pest in some areas of the

fiber sources, especially M. textilis Née (abacá or Manila-hemp), and others are grown as ornamentals in subtropical and tropical regions. In addition, the

sometimes 0. x = 12. Tropical and subtropical America, especially Mexico, widely introduced elsewhere. Species ca. 26 (4 in the flora). Pandey, A. K., S. Chopra

EndemicConservation concern Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Trees to 25 m; crown generally broadly spreading, especially on exposed headlands, fairly sparse,

floral characters (especially of the American species, which are quite uniform) are exceedingly difficult to use or of little value in distinguishing species

straight. Nearly worldwide, especially rich in numbers of species and/or in numbers of plants in arid and semiarid regions of subtropical and lower to middle temperate

widely in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The enlarged storage roots of Manihot esculenta yield a starchy staple, now much consumed in tropical

cold winters; it may be blurred in subtropical and tropical areas. In all cases, fertile stems die after fruiting. In most Carex, the only aboveground

and naturalized in temperate and subtropical regions around the world. The evergreen pear, P. kawakamii, is widely cultivated, especially in California. This

indistinctly papillose especially on veins of leaf blades abaxially, with fusiform, vertical rootstock. Stems erect, often flexuous in inflorescence, branched

especially in tropical and subtropical regions. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"subsection","name":"Chenopodium subsect. Undata"

orange. x = 13–16. Worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, with extensions into temperate areas. Species ca. 350 (20 in the flora). The North American

broadly rounded to acute, not hyaline; costa percurrent in proximal leaves to long-excurrent in distal leaves, awn pigmented proximally, hyaline distally

1791). In the early 1900s, the U.S. Department of Agriculture attempted a campaign to introduce taro as a new root crop in frost-free zones in the southern

species are popular as house plants, especially the ubiquitous Maranta leuconeura, in conservatories, and as ornamentals in tropical gardening. The most significant

and is widely naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It appears to have been introduced into Florida in the 1920s and is continuing

Islands, Australia, introduced in Bermuda. Species ca. 700 (36 in the flora). Species of Oxalis occur in the tropics and subtropics, mostly of North America

species in one region represented closely related to species in the other. The fossil record indicates that in Tertiary times a widespread subtropical or warm

Va., Mexico, introduced in subtropical, tropical, and warm-temperate New World and Old World. In some places, especially in Old World, Parthenium hysterophorus

tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. It seems likely that it occurs at least as a waif in more areas than indicated in currently available

These play a role in colonization, especially in greenhouses, where plants are scattered from pot to pot by soil-borne gemmae. In certain species of prairie-inhabiting

and V. vitis-idaea, in varying combinations. In some locations Carex spp. and a diverse array of lichens and mosses are especially abundant. The relative

3-km uplift of the high plateaus in Tibet and in western North America in the Pliocene-Pleistocene were instrumental in provoking the late Tertiary trend

[Milankovic](1941) hypothesized that variations in the earth's orbit around the sun result in cyclic variation in the amount of solar radiation received by the

list of all works cited in volume 1. In the entries for articles, serial titles are cited by the abbreviated forms recommended in G.D.R. Bridson and E. R