discussions and in the introductory chapter on monocot classification by J. L. Reveal and J. C. Pires at the front of this volume. Traditionally, Pleea, Triantha
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family (N. D. Young et al. 1999; J. R. McNeal et al. 2013); holoparasitism has arisen independently three times from the hemiparasitic condition (J. R. Bennett
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E. and J. L. Panero. 1996. Relationships in Heliantheae subtribe Helianthinae based on chloroplast DNA restriction site analysis. In: D. J. N. Hind et
24 KB (1,707 words) - 21:07, 5 November 2020
Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 1–45. 1903.] Britton, N. L. and J. N. Rose. 1905. Crassulaceae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora
16 KB (1,377 words) - 23:42, 5 November 2020
adnate to the caryopses; anthers (2)3. x = 7. Conn., Mass., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Calif., Del., N.C., Va., W.Va., Vt., D.C, Wis., Colo., Kans., Nebr., Okla.
12 KB (1,255 words) - 17:22, 11 May 2021
interruptus group. J. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 62:19-38 Campbell, J.J.N. and A. Haines. 2002. Corrections and additions to: Campbell, J.J.N. 2000. Notes on North
40 KB (2,632 words) - 17:23, 11 May 2021
(Poaceae) based on matK sequences. Syst. Bot. 26:386-405 Hsiao, C, S.W.L. Jacobs, N.J. Chatterton, and K.H. Asay. 1999. A molecular phylogeny of the grass family
11 KB (1,291 words) - 18:58, 11 May 2021
Phylogen. Evol. 51: 157–168. Palmer, E. J. 1925. Synopsis of North American Crataegi. J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 5–128. Palmer, E. J. 1950. Crataegus. In: M. L. Fernald
21 KB (2,479 words) - 16:24, 9 December 2021
San Francisco. Hind, D. J. N., C. Jeffrey, and G. V. Pope, eds. 1995. Advances in Compositae Systematics. Kew. Hind, D. J. N., H. J. Beentje, P. D. S. Caligari
270 KB (5,940 words) - 20:46, 31 January 2022
consensus regarding relationships within the family. Pollen types (J. W. Nowicke and J. J. Skvarla 1977) and chromosome numbers (Brandbyge) are diverse. Multiple
12 KB (1,495 words) - 20:20, 17 May 2021
umbellatum, Eriogonum ursinum, Eriogonum wootonii Nuttall J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, n. s. 1: 166. 1848. James L. Reveal Treatment appears in FNA
18 KB (535 words) - 20:40, 22 September 2022
1991; J. L. Dowe and N. W. Uhl 1989; J. Dransfield 1989, 1991; J. Dransfield and H. J. Beentje 1995, 1995b; A. Henderson and M. J. Balick 1991; N. W. Uhl
12 KB (1,128 words) - 21:30, 5 November 2020
Minn., Mont., N.Dak., Nebr., N.Mex., Nev., Oreg., Pa., S.C., Vt., Alaska, Mass., N.H., R.I., Fla., Wyo., Kans., Tex., La., Miss., Tenn., N.C., S.Dak., Utah
45 KB (2,833 words) - 17:24, 11 May 2021
southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 50: 566–598. Carolin, R. C. 1987. A review of the family Portulacaceae. Austral. J. Bot. 35: 383–412. Carolin
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Anderson, L. C. and J. B. Creech. 1975. Comparative leaf anatomy of Solidago and related Asteraceae. Amer. J. Bot. 62: 486–493. Beck, J. B. et al. 2004. Is
74 KB (1,788 words) - 20:57, 5 November 2020
Z. Wang, Z. Zhu, N. Xia, L. Jia, G. Zhu, Z. Guo, G. Yang, W. Chen, X. Chen, S.M. Phillips, C. Stapleton, R.J. Soreng, S.G. Aiken, N.N. Tzvelev [Tsvelev]
28 KB (1,872 words) - 17:21, 11 May 2021
Beattie, A. J. and N. Lyons. 1975. Seed dispersal in Viola (Violaceae): Adaptations and strategies. Amer. J. Bot. 62: 714–722. Fabijan, D. M., J. G. Packer
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reductions from n = 9 or 10 to n = 6, followed by polyploidy to produce the array of numbers in Epilobium (n = 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 30) and Boisduvalia (n = 9, 10
5 KB (601 words) - 11:31, 9 May 2022
165–170. Hall, J. C., K. J. Sytsma, and H. H. Iltis. 2002. Phylogeny of Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 89: 1826–1842
95 KB (3,708 words) - 23:32, 5 November 2020
8: 1-22. Taylor, R. J. 1960. The genus Delphinium in Wyoming. Univ. Wyoming Publ. 24: 9-21. Warnock, M. J. 1993. Delphinium. In: J. C. Hickman, ed. 1993
5 KB (569 words) - 22:49, 5 November 2020
its allies. Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 2: 1–60. Ling, Y. R. 1995. The New World Artemisia L. In: D. J. N. Hind et al., eds. 1995. Advances
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sometimes 10, with polyploid and dysploid derivatives. Conn., N.H., R.I., N.C., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Ala., Fla., W.Va., Mich., Del., D.C, Wis., Iowa, Pacific
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phylogenetic analysis, J. R. McDill et al. (2009) concluded that Linaceae is a monophyletic group, as is Linoideae. According to J. R. McDill (2009), Cliococca
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mostly descending dysploid series with chromosome numbers ranging from n = 18 to n = 10. Very few instances of polyploidy are known among New World Cirsium
56 KB (1,993 words) - 20:52, 5 November 2020
Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Va., Del., Oreg., Wis., Colo., D.C, Utah, W.Va., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Kans., N.Dak., Nebr., S.Dak., Mass., Maine, N.H., R
19 KB (1,368 words) - 17:22, 11 May 2021
tripartita (Rydberg) McArthur Amer. J. Bot. 68: 590. 1981. Leila M. Shultz Basionym: Tridentatae Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al., N. Amer. Fl. 34: 282. 1916 Treatment
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Show Lower Taxa Fallugia, Geum, Sieversia, Waldsteinia Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al., N. Amer. Fl. 22: 240. 1908. Luc Brouillet Treatment appears in FNA
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and Wen J. 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of the grape family (Vitaceae) based on three chloroplast markers. Amer. J. Bot. 93: 278-287. Wen, J. 2007. Vitaceae
6 KB (550 words) - 20:15, 5 November 2020
335–423. Luteyn, J. L. et al. 1996. Ericaceae of the southeastern United States. Castanea 61: 101–144. Small, J. K. 1914. Ericaceae. In: N. L. Britton et
29 KB (1,652 words) - 23:45, 5 November 2020
ellipsoid, x = 9. N.C., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Va., Del., D.C, Wis., W.Va., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Md., Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I
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to a flabellate scale, x = 10. Conn., N.J., N.Y., W.Va., Mich., Alta., B.C., Man., Ont., Sask., D.C, Wis., Ariz., N.Mex., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Idaho
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herbarium sheets. Pinkava, D. J. 2002. On the evolution of the continental North American Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). In: D. R. Hunt and N. P. Taylor, eds. 2002
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subfamilies and 14 tribes. That arrangement differs somewhat from that of J. Bruhl (1995). With one minor exception the arrangement of the family here
20 KB (923 words) - 21:37, 5 November 2020
87: 503–515. Howell, J. T. 1959. Distributional data on weedy thistles in western North America. Leafl. W. Bot. 9: 17–32. Moore, R. J. and C. Frankton. 1974
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or oval, x = 9. Minn., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Ala., Mich., N.C., Pa., Puerto Rico, S.C., W.Va., Ark., Iowa, Kans., Mo., N.Dak., Nebr., Okla., S.Dak.,
20 KB (884 words) - 15:13, 23 September 2022
through which the primary root of the seedling grows. Barber, J.C., S.A. Aliscioni, L.M. Giussani, J.D. Noll, M.R. Duvall, and E.A. Kellogg. 2002. Combined analyses
17 KB (785 words) - 18:55, 11 May 2021
26:757-768 Tsvelev, N.N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR. Nauka, Leningrad [St. Petersburg], Russia. 788 pp. Tsvelev, N.N. 1995. Leymus. Pp. 300-306 in J.G. Packer (ed.,
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some might be edaphically restricted (J. B. Glad 1976; H. J. Thompson and A. M. Powell 1981; C. M. Christy 1997; N. H. Holmgren and P. K. Holmgren 2002;
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the genus (N. H. Holmgren 1971; Heckard and Chuang). Hybrid swarms are observed in some regions, complicating identification (M. Ownbey 1959; J. M. Egger
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to other genera within the tribe (J. J. Zhang 1996; J. C. Semple et al. 1999; R. D. Noyes and L. H. Rieseberg 1999; J. B. Beck et al. 2004). Traditionally
13 KB (793 words) - 20:33, 8 December 2021
1999; V. J. Tepedino et al. 1999, 2006, 2007; J. D. Thomson et al. 2000; Paul Wilson et al. 2004), and reproductive biology (R. L. Nielson 1998; J. Chari
14 KB (1,771 words) - 19:59, 8 December 2021
Plata, Argentina. 62 pp. Tsvelev, N.N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR. Nauka, Leningrad [St. Petersburg], Russia. 788 pp. Tsvelev, N.N. 1977. [On the origin and evolution
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subjects. Gornall, R. J. and B. A. Bohm. 1980. The use of flavonoids in the taxonomy of Boykinia and allies (Saxifragaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 58: 1768–1779
24 KB (2,046 words) - 23:46, 5 November 2020
Cucurbitaceae. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 90: 332–335. Jeffrey, C. and W. J. J. O. De Wilde. 2006. A review of the subtribe Thladianthinae (Cucurbitaceae)
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palea at maturity. 2n = 14, 28, 42. Ariz., Miss., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Del., Utah, Va., Idaho, Maine, Oreg., Kans., Mont., N.Dak., Nebr., Okla., S
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L. Nesom 2000) or in Centipedinae within Athroismeae (J. L. Panero 2005). Arriagada, J. E. and N. G. Miller. 1997. The genera of Anthemideae (Compositae:
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Delphinium trolliifolium (N. I. Malyutin) M. J. Warnock Phytologia 78: 92. 1995. Michael J. Warnock Basionym: Delphinium sect. Grumosa N. I. Malyutin Bot. Zhurn
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caryopses. x = 7. N.C., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Va., W.Va., Del., Mass., Maine, N.H., R.I., Vt., Wis., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Wyo., Kans., N.Dak., Nebr., S
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the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 55: 303–332, 344–401, 611–662. Rydberg, P. A. 1908–1918. Rosaceae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+
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the caryopses. x = 7. Ill., Ind., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Ga., Wash., Utah, Alaska, Colo., Idaho, N.Mex., Nev., Maine, N.H., Vt., Del., D.C, Wis., Iowa, Mont.
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Senecio sensu lato and Cacalia sensu lato in Mexico and Central America. In: D. J. N. Hind et al., eds. 1996. Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference
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Stevens in N. L. Britton et al., N. Amer. Fl. 22(7): 8. 1959. Barbara Ertter, James L. Reveal Basionym: Setosae Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al., N. Amer. Fl
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Arundinoideae. Pl. Syst. Evol. 173:57-70 Hsiao, C, S.W.L. Jacobs, N.P. Barker, and N.J. Chatterton. 1998. A molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Arundinoideae
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in the flora; 2 genera, 3 species introduced). Alexander, E. J. 1937. Pontederiaceae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora…. 47+ vols
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Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Utah, W.Va., Mich., Del., D.C, Wis., Iowa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Md., Mass., Maine, N.H., R.I., Vt., Fla., Kans., N.Dak.,
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New York. Pridgeon, A. M., P. J. Cribb, and F. N. Rasmussen. 1999+. Genera Orchidacearum. 1+ vol. Oxford. Rasmussen, F. N. 1985. Orchids. In: R. M. T. Dahlgren
37 KB (2,535 words) - 22:11, 5 November 2020
plumose distally. x = 10. N.C., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., W.Va., Del., D.C, Wis., Ariz., N.Mex., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Mass., Maine, N.H., R.I., Vt., Fla
15 KB (1,188 words) - 17:25, 11 May 2021
Y.N., A.G. Vovk, O.A. Petrova, E.D. Ermolenko, and Y.V. Vernichenklo. 1977. Zlaki Ukrainy. Naukava Dumka, Kiev, Russia. 517 pp. Soreng, R.J. and J.I.
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9. Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Va., W.Va., Del., D.C, Wis., Ariz., N.Mex., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Mich., N.Dak., Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., N.S., Ont.,
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various discussions of oak hybridization in the literature (e.g., E. J. Palmer 1948; J. W. Hardin 1975). Hunt, D. M. 1989. A Systematic Review of Quercus
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11, 12. Conn., D.C, Del., Ill., Ind., Mass., Md., Mo., Mont., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., Tex., Utah, Vt., Wyo., Ga., Wash., Va., W
19 KB (795 words) - 20:07, 22 September 2022
Pl. 1 : 804. 1867. John J. Schenk, Larry Hufford Common names: Western star Basionym: Mentzelia Bartonia Torrey & A. Gray Fl. N. Amer. 1: 534. 1840 Treatment
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Amer. J. Bot. 72:767-776 Baum, B.R., C. Yen, and J.-L. Yang. 1991. Roegneria: Its generic limits and justification for its recognition. Canad. J. Bot.
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godfreyi (n = 5) × gossypina ssp. cruiseana (n = 9) and C. godfreyi (n = 5) × linearifolia (n = 5). Canad. J. Bot. 58: 172–181. Semple, J. C. and C. C
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to regional keys noted below, keys exist for Texas (J. L. Reveal 1970b), the Pacific Northwest (J. L. Reveal 1973), and the Great Plains (R. Kaul 1986)
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E. Balfour 1965, anomalous nature of secondary wood; J. W. Nowicke 1970 and J. W. Nowicke and T. J. Luikart 1971, pollen morphology; A. D. Joshi and V.
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Thurston and N. R. Lersten 1969). E. L. Thurston (1969) was not able to find these compounds in Urtica chamaedryoides using analytic techniques, but J. M. Kingsbury
7 KB (600 words) - 22:53, 14 January 2021
x = 10. Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Va., W.Va., Del., D.C, Wis., N.Dak., S.Dak., Ariz., N.Mex., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Mass., Maine, N.H., R.I., Vt.,
38 KB (1,181 words) - 18:58, 11 May 2021
7. Conn., N.J., N.Y., N.Mex., Wash., Va., W.Va., Del., D.C, Wis., Ariz., Mont., Oreg., Wyo., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Md., Mass., Maine, N.H., R.I., Vt
26 KB (1,459 words) - 17:25, 11 May 2021
Mont., N.Dak., Nebr., N.Y., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Va., Vt., Wis., W.Va., Wyo., Wash., Idaho, N.H., R.I., Fla., N.J., N.Mex.
8 KB (636 words) - 20:51, 4 April 2024
Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Va., W.Va., Del., D.C, Wis., Fla., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Md., Mass., Maine, N.H., R.I., Vt., Wyo., N.Mex., Tex., La., N.C.,
15 KB (1,345 words) - 18:55, 11 May 2021
LAYOUT:treatment:TUOYAL familyCornaceae Show Lower Taxa Cornus Berchtold & J. Presl Zack E. Murrell, Derick B. Poindexter Common names: Dogwood Family Treatment
3 KB (271 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
(for example, B. Ertter 1993e; A. Cronquist and N. H. Holmgren 1997) and national floras (for example, H. J. Scoggan 1978–1979, vol. 1) or monographic treatments
17 KB (1,817 words) - 23:54, 5 November 2020
et al., Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1: 23. 1895. Alan T. Whittemore Basionym: Undefined subg. Cyrtorhyncha Nuttall in J. Torrey and A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 26. 1838
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chromosome numbers and rbcL sequences. [Abstract.] Amer. J. Bot. 82(6, suppl.): 136. McKinney, L. E. and N. H. Russell. 2002. Violaceae of the southeastern United
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Candolle, containing genera without tendrils that are shrubby or arborescent (W. J. J. O. de Wilde 1971). Paropsieae have been assigned to Flacourtiaceae or are
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species, and the keys to them, remain quite unsatisfactory. Bartel, J. A. 1993. Dudleya. In: J. C. Hickman, ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual. Higher Plants of California
10 KB (1,162 words) - 23:43, 5 November 2020
oils. Biochem. Syst. & Ecol. 11: 85--89. Fassett, N. C. 1945. Juniperus virginiana, J. horizontalis, and J. scopulorum. V. Taxonomic treatment. Bull. Torrey
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bigelovii, N. parryi, N. cismontana, and N. interrata. Dice, J. C. 1988. Systematic Studies in the Nolina bigelovii–N. parryi (Nolinaceae) Complex. M.S. thesis
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Hawaiian Islands. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 96: 235–283. Robertson, K. R. 1981. The genera of Amaranthaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 62:
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the convergence of morphologic (J. Soják 1985[1989], 2008) and molecular (T. Eriksson et al. 1998, 2003; C. Dobeš and J. Paule 2010; M. H. Töpel et al.
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x = 7. Conn., N.J., N.Y., N.Mex., Wash., Va., Del., D.C, Wis., Alaska, Ala., Ark., Calif., Ga., Mass., Md., Mich., Minn., N.C., N.Dak., N.H., Ohio, Okla
9 KB (788 words) - 17:25, 11 May 2021
diversification of sect. Trachyphytum (J. M. Brokaw 2009; Brokaw and L. Hufford 2010, 2010b). H. J. Thompson and H. Lewis (1953) and J. E. Zavortink (1966) reported
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Wis., Ariz., N.Mex., Conn., Mass., Maine, N.H., R.I., Vt., La., Okla., Wyo., Puerto Rico, N.J., N.C., N.Dak., Tenn., S.C., Pa., S.Dak., N.Y., Nev., Va
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Clusiaceae of the southeastern United States. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 89: 62–71. Gillett, J. M. and N. K. B. Robson. 1981. The St. John’s worts of
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systematic studies (N. Garcia-Jacas et al. 2000) provide additional evidence that it is nested within Centaurea. Excluded species: Centaurea bovina. J. T. Kartesz
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Gooseberries. Geneva, N.Y. [New York State Agric. Exp. Sta., Techn. Bull. 109.] Coville, F. V. and N. L. Britton. 1908. Grossulariaceae. In: N. L. Britton et
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than 10 mm. x = 10. Minn., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Fla., Pa., Wash., Va., W.Va., Del., D.C, Wis., Ariz., N.Mex., Kans., Mo., N.Dak., Nebr., Okla., S.Dak., Pacific
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neither of them found suitable for general planting. Bassett, I. J., C. W. Crompton, J. McNeill, and P. M. Taschereau. 1983. The Genus Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae)
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Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Va., Del., D.C, W.Va., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Fla., N.H., Puerto Rico, N.Mex., Tex., La., B.C., Md., Nebr., Tenn., N.C., S
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Schoenoplectus purshianus, Schoenoplectus smithii (Reichenbach) J. Raynal Adansonia, n.s. 16: 130. 1976. S. Galen Smith Basionym: Scirpus sect. Actaegeton Reichenbach
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Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wis., Del., D.C, Man., Ont., Que., Sask., W.Va., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Ark., Ariz., Calif., Ga., La., Md., Miss., N.C., N.Mex., Nev
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Pp. 363–365. Boetsch, J. R. 2002. The Aizoaceae and Molluginaceae of the southeastern United States. Castanea 67: 42–53. Brown, N. E., A. Tischer, and M
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Hickey, R. J. 1986. Isoëtes megaspore surface morphology: Nomenclature, variation, and systematic importance. Amer. Fern J. 76: 1--16. Hickey, R. J., W. C
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apparently does not reproduce (J. E. Weber and C. S. Campbell 1989). Hybrids of other taxa have reproduced and spawned hybrid swarms (J. E. Cruise 1964; Campbell
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Va., Del., Wis., N.Mex., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Maine, Vt., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Kans., N.Dak., Nebr., Okla., S.Dak., Wyo., N.C., N.H., La., Colo., Ala
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to gynophore carrying pistil Basionym: Pachypodium Nuttall in J. Torrey and A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 96. 1838, Synonyms: Pleurophragma Rydberg Stanleyella Rydberg
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convergence of morphologic (J. Soják 1985[1989]) and molecular (T. Eriksson et al. 1998; M. Lundberg et al. 2009; C. Dobeš and J. Paule 2010) evidence shows
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K. Chestnut 1902; J. Goodrich et al. 1980; J. C. Hellson 1974; E. V. Steedman 1930; N. J. Turner et al. 1980, 1990). Thompson, H. J. 1953. The biosystematics
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phylogeny and its implications for floral evolution. Amer. J. Bot. 91: 926–942. Mast, A. R. and J. L. Reveal. 2007. Transfer of Dodecatheon to Primula (Primulaceae)
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