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oblong-ovoid, or trapezoidal, shiny, wings absent. x = 12. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, n Eurasia, introduced in West Indies, Pacific Islands

narrow. × = 8. North America, Mexico, Central America (Guatemala). Species ca. 280 (239 in the flora). Penstemon is nearly endemic to North America, with three

torus. Seeds 1 or 2(–12+), not arillate. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Atlantic Islands, Indian

some members of the family do occur in neutral or alkaline soils in North America and elsewhere. Ericaceae are widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere

greatest generic diversity is perhaps in the arid regions of southern North America. Boerhavia also shows considerable diversity in Australia; Commicarpus

brown, gray, or black, angled to slightly rounded, 0.4–2(–3.5) mm. North America. Species 62 (62 in the flora). Elaborate subsectional classifications

flattened bilaterally, not winged. x = 7, 8, 9. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, e, se Asia, introduced in Europe, e Asia (Japan)

Names and types of perennial Atriplex Linnaeus (Chenopodiaceae) in North America selectively exclusive of Mexico. Great Basin Naturalist 55: 322–334.

Cotyledons distinct, rarely partially connate. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America (Colombia only). Cup dimensions in Quercus sect.

Seeds ca. 1000, fusiform, winged. x = 13. North America, Mexico, West Indies (Hispaniola), Central America, Eurasia. Species 5 (3 in the flora). Ethnobotanical

x = [8,] 9, [10,] 11, [12]. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa (Ethiopia), mostly north-temperate. Species ca. 500 (20

at base, these often rooting, stolonlike stems sometimes present. w North America, n Mexico. Some species of Sidalcea are cultivated for ornament. The

endosperm abundant or not. nearly worldwide except boreal and arctic North America and Asia, tropical Africa, Antarctica. Genera ca. 60, species ca. 1700

alveolate, alveolae formed by collapse of minute bulbous cells. x = 22. North America, n Mexico, e Asia (Russian Far East). Primula Linnaeus sect. Dodecatheon

papillose; embryo coiled around perisperm. North America (especially Calif.), West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, some

leaflike. Calyx lobes keeled, (2–)3 mm, margins scarious, especially medially, apex attenuate. Corollas 1–2 mm, usually 1/2–3/4 length of calyx lobes, lobe

Douglas, 1798–1834, Scottish botanist and collector in northwestern North America Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 263. Mentioned on

inner 5–10 mm). x = 9. North America. Species 10 (10 in the flora). Eucephalus, a relatively well-marked western North American group, has been treated

2–40, ellipsoid; testa reticulate. x = 12. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, n South America, Europe, Asia (including Malesia). Species

Treatment on page 385. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs to 1 m; branches glabrescent. Leaves deciduous, sessile;

Mentioned on page 372. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 5–80 cm, (without multicellular hairs); rootstocks

hollow near attachment to placenta, wings absent, rarely present. x = 7. North America, nw Mexico. Species 21 (21 in the flora). The flowers in Collinsia resemble

page 149, 168. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs [perennial herbs], not viviparous, [1–]7–10[–20] dm

Mentioned on page 19. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems much-branched from or near base, sometimes unbranched

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants widely branched, 1–2 m. Stems slender, stellate-hairy, hairs often stipitate (especially on younger growth)

winged. x = 19. North America, Mexico, Central America (Guatemala), Eurasia, circumboreal. Species 1: North America, Mexico, Central America (Guatemala),

wings present. x = 14. c, e North America. Species 4 (4 in the flora). Chelone is a member of Cheloneae, which in North America includes Chionophila, Collinsia

Mentioned on page 459. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems prostrate to ascending, 10–45 cm. Leaf blades ± ovate

dehiscence irregular. Seeds ovoid, not winged, with fleshy appendage. x = 13. North America, Eurasia. Species ca. 10 (6 in the flora). The species seem amply distinct

known to have persisted. North American scrophularias can become especially abundant in areas with human disturbance. Native American uses of Scrophularia

it, reniform-rounded, notched, glabrous. x = 21. North America, Mexico, Eurasia, n Africa (especially Mediterranean region), introduced nearly worldwide

usually obcompressed, wings present or absent. x = 19. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Asia, e Africa, Indian Ocean Islands (Comoro, Madagascar

376, 497, 507. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, (sometimes with woody burl, resprouting

and adaxial clefts 4–24 mm, 35–70% of calyx length, deeper than laterals, lateral (1–)3–8(–12) mm, 5–30% of calyx length; lobes linear or narrowly lanceolate

Treatment on page 499. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants to 7 m. Stems terete, with chambered pith. Leaf blades

cochleate or cuneate; endosperm absent. x = 7–18+. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Asia, Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar),

Introduced; Europe (especially Mediterranean region), w Asia, n Africa, introduced also in temperate regions of s South America (Argentina), Pacific Islands

exserted from persistent calyx, brownish green, usually capped by marcescent corolla and style bases. x = 8, 9. Worldwide, especially from Mediterranean region

obovoid, prominently constricted near micropylar end; coma present. w North America, n Mexico. Species 2 (2 in the flora). Section Zauschneria, with its

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Trees, 10-18 m; crowns open. Bark light brown to gray with

embryo straight; endosperm copious, starchless. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia, mainly n temperate to arctic. Genera

Mentioned on page 181. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, 25–100 cm; indumentum of glandular and nonglandular

S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Va., Vt., W.Va., Wash., Wis., Wyo., North America, Eurasia, Africa, introduced in Australia. Varieties 3+ (2 in the flora)

appear in this treatment as well. Since all of our taxa are introduced to North America, further study of the species in their native environs is warranted before

worldwide, especially temperate areas, with the highest diversity in the Irano-Turanian region, Mediterranean area, and western North America. Genera ca

N. Vassiljev 1961). Empetrum in North America has been treated regionally, especially in northeastern North America, without consideration of the problems

Mentioned on page 338. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 1–5 m. Bark tan, smooth in young shoots, furrowed

Mentioned on page 569, 594, 617. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, annual or biennial, 1.2–5(–7) dm; with fibrous roots

coherent at apex. x = 7. Tropical and subtropical regions, North America, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa. species 12 (2 in the flora) Several

291, 292, 294, 295. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 5–15 cm, herbaceous; rhizomes thin, short; rosettes

page 371, 372, 375. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Subshrubs or shrubs [trees]. Stems erect, spreading, or creeping

Central America, w South America, e Asia. Species ca. 29 (5 in the flora). Hydrangea enjoys considerable esteem as an ornamental shrub, especially for its

eophyll undivided, linear-lanceolate. nx = 18. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America. Sabal flowers are bisexual and are pollinated

Mentioned on page 23. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 10–50 cm, branches spreading or ascending. Leaves:

6–12 mm, abaxial ca. 30% of calyx length, adaxial ca. 40% of calyx length, deeper than laterals, lateral 1–4 mm, ca. 15% of calyx length; lobes oblong or ovate

lobe apices acute or, especially on distal leaves, acuminate, surfaces simple- or stellate-hairy (especially abaxially). Flowers: calyx lobes 1.5–2 mm, shorter

on page 188, 231, 232. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs perennial, to 1.5 m. Stems erect, clustered, branched

(Chenopodiaceae) in North America. Amer. J. Bot. 84: 1198–1210. Hopkins, C. O. and W. H. Blackwell. 1977. Synopsis of Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in North America. Sida

mm, adaxial 6–12.1 mm, clefts 45–60% of calyx length, deeper than laterals, lateral 0.3–4(–7) mm, 2–40% of calyx length; lobes linear or triangular to ovoid

Mentioned on page 321. Illustrator: Marjorie C. Leggitt Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 9–20 dm. Leaves: blade 5–55 cm, leaflets 7–17, oblong-ovate

wild. This species served as an especially important source of food for native peoples throughout western North America, and the dried berries were used

smooth or minutely sculpted, estrophiolate. x = 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. w North America (including Mexico). Species 16 (16 in the flora). The number and circumscription

naturalized, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Species 6+ (1 in the flora). Abelmoschus is a segregate of Hibiscus; it is unique in calyx characters

nutlets, obovoid or subglobose, smooth, ridged, or tuberculate. x = 5. w North America. Species 7 (7 in the flora). Limnanthes was divided into two sections

372, 378, 383, 389. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Perennials, rhizomatous, densely cespitose, forming large

Crow, G. E. 1978. A taxonomic revision of Sagina (Caryophyllaceae) in North America. Rhodora 80: 1–91. Crow, G. E. 1979. The systematic significance of seed

Flora of North America Association Plants prostrate or creeping; branches spreading. Stems to 30(–50) cm. Twigs often hirsute-hispid, especially when young

Mentioned on page 468. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 5–30 dm. Branches never becoming thorn-tipped; twigs

Sanguisorba officinalis in eastern North America represent introductions from Eurasia; the species is native in western North America. Near the southern end of

flattened-ellipsoidal to fusiform, often tailed, ± winged; testa smooth. x = 13. North America, Europe, Asia, Australia. Anthodendron Reichenbach; Azaleastrum (Planchon

Mentioned on page 170. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants annual; taproot slender. Stems erect, simple or branched

page 178, 189. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Caudices simple, 0.1–20 × 2–8 cm, axillary branches absent

Flowers homostylous; calyx green or with purple stripes, campanulate, 4–6 mm; corolla lavender, tube 4–7 mm, length ± 1 times calyx, eglandular, limb 4–8

page 167, 170. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, mat- or cushion-forming, subglabrous; taproot

Treatment on page 498. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or vines, to 1 m, climbing to 10 m within fibrous

page 378, 391, 402. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Perennials, rhizomatous, rarely rooting at proximal nodes

theophrasti to North America was recounted by N. R. Spencer (1984). It can be abundant locally, thriving when rich cultivated soils are disturbed, especially in the

toxic to humans, its roots are relished by gophers. Widely planted in North America and elsewhere as an ornamental, roadside, and reclamation plant, with

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or small trees, to 6(-10.6) m, suckering, forming

blades glandular-pubescent, especially on margins and midrib, or glabrous. Pedicels glandular-pubescent distally. Flowers: calyx base glandular-pubescent

page 257, 260. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Perennials, sometimes annuals. Stems prostrate, 15–30 cm

affinities of wild populations of melon (Cucumis melo, Cucurbitaceae) in North America. Pl. Syst. Evol. 233: 183–197. Grebenscikov, I. 1953. Die Entwicklung

species of the genus in the southeast, and also the largest in North America (especially in peninsular Florida around the strands), with a massive root

a somewhat elevated calyx in fruit; their distribution is almost entirely south of Crataegus chrysocarpa in eastern North America, and they often have

southern border of the Amazon basin. Under this classification, all North American plants belong to subsp. esculenta. Allem, A. C. 1994. The origin of

fruit, shorter than calyx; involucellar bractlets distinct, not adnate to calyx, linear to filiform, (1–)2–3 × 0.3 mm, shorter than calyx, margins entire,

introduced in widely scattered locations in northeastern North America, and can be found especially in gravelly roadsides, walkways, and driveways. The plants

Treatment on page 474. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs, 0.5–3 m, ± spreading; older twigs with copper-colored

97. Mentioned on page 96. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 12–50 cm. Leaves: cauline 5–15 pairs (distal ones much-reduced)

Mentioned on page 131, 225. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 5–25(–40) cm. Leaves: cauline 2–4 pairs, 14–30(–35)

Mentioned on page 574, 605, 662. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, perennial, 0.8–4 dm; from a woody caudex; with a taproot

primary hosts of subsp. uniflora in temperate North America are perennial members of the Asteraceae, especially selected species of Eurybia, Rudbeckia, Solidago

shrubs, although naturalized populations in North America will eventually drop most leaves in late winter, especially where exposed. Several species are reported

106. Mentioned on page 98. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems erect, (5–)10–50 cm, glabrous or retrorsely hairy,

Mentioned on page 30, 31. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial (occasionally biennial), often matted; taproot

light, dark, or reddish brown, smooth. x = 17. North America, Eurasia, introduced widely, especially in temperate regions. Species 25–55 (10 in the flora)

Mentioned on page 577, 613. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, perennial, 1–5 dm; from a woody caudex; with a taproot

features such as leaf indumentum or bract size. On most vines, especially north of 50° north latitude, the leafy portion of the fertile shoot fails to develop

1/4 length of calyx; corolla inconspicuous, cream, purple tinged adaxially, dull orange abaxially, equaling or slightly longer than calyx, limb ovate, 1–3

Mentioned on page 312. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs or subshrubs, perennial, usually less than 0.5 m, freely

as separate. Reports of Ulmus minor Miller, in the strict sense, in North America are not confirmed. Hybrids of Ulmus procera and U. glabra are reported

Mentioned on page 381, 405. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Annuals, fibrous-rooted or filiform-taprooted. Stems erect

Treatment on page 451. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs erect, branching, often forming thickets, 1–2.5 m

obscurely veined, umbilicate calyx with its broad base constricted around the carpophore is unique among the North American members of the genus. Silene

throughout the flora area; it may be native in northeastern areas of North America. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus","name":"Veronica"

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems erect, 3–40(–44) cm, glaucous. Leaves glabrous or obscurely scabrous, especially along margins, glaucous;

Mentioned on page 213. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems (6–)15–55(–70) cm. Leaves: basal and proximal cauline

Mentioned on page 643, 646. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems: hairs spreading, ± wavy or curly, soft, (0.4–)0.8–1

in this taxon, with much overlap in expressions of the characters, especially north of Mexico. Henrickson, J. 1983. A revision of Samolus ebracteatus sensu

185, 192, 199, 202, 211. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs. Stems erect, (40–)60–120 cm, puberulent, at least

431, 436, 437. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, annual, herbage usually drying dark. Stems erect,

587, 598, 618, 627, 656. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, perennial, 1–4 dm; from a branching, woody caudex;

572, 575, 609, 613, 618. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or subshrubs, 3–10 dm; from a woody caudex; with thick

Mentioned on page 637. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs biennial or short-lived perennial. Stems glabrate or

Mentioned on page 576, 577, 643. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, perennial, 0.6–3(–4) dm; from a woody caudex; with

long. True G. perfoliata and G. pacifica, neither of which is known in North America outside of cultivation, differ from G. scorzonerifolia in having glabrous

Stellate hairs also occur on other diploid, tubular-flowered eastern North American species, including P. arkansanus, P. australis, P. brevisepalus, P.

abaxial ca. 70% of calyx length, adaxial ca. 20–25% of calyx length, deeper than laterals, lateral 1.5–5(–6) mm, 12–17% of calyx length; lobes curved

Wyo., Eurasia. Pyrola minor and P. asarifolia are broadly sympatric in North America. Scattered hybrids between these species have been reported, mostly from

Poland, southern Russia, and Turkey. It has become naturalized in North America, especially in temperate northern and coastal areas. It is widely cultivated

Mentioned on page 326. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants (0.3–)0.5–1(–1.2) m, with caudex or usually compact

639, 648, 651, 657, 663. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, perennial, (1.5–)2.5–5.5(–7) dm; from a woody caudex;

and V. Grant (1968) found in hummingbird-pollinated plants of western North America: open inflorescence; pendent flowers on long, slender pedicels; long

376, 414, 416, 419. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Annuals, fibrous-rooted. Stems erect, simple, sometimes many-branched

general system of classification of angiosperms used in the Flora of North America is the "integrated system" of A. Cronquist (1981, slightly modified in