discussions and in the introductory chapter on monocot classification by J. L. Reveal and J. C. Pires at the front of this volume. Traditionally, Pleea, Triantha
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family (N. D. Young et al. 1999; J. R. McNeal et al. 2013); holoparasitism has arisen independently three times from the hemiparasitic condition (J. R. Bennett
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E. and J. L. Panero. 1996. Relationships in Heliantheae subtribe Helianthinae based on chloroplast DNA restriction site analysis. In: D. J. N. Hind et
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Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 1–45. 1903.] Britton, N. L. and J. N. Rose. 1905. Crassulaceae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora
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adnate to the caryopses; anthers (2)3. x = 7. Conn., Mass., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Calif., Del., N.C., Va., W.Va., Vt., D.C, Wis., Colo., Kans., Nebr., Okla.
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interruptus group. J. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 62:19-38 Campbell, J.J.N. and A. Haines. 2002. Corrections and additions to: Campbell, J.J.N. 2000. Notes on North
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(Poaceae) based on matK sequences. Syst. Bot. 26:386-405 Hsiao, C, S.W.L. Jacobs, N.J. Chatterton, and K.H. Asay. 1999. A molecular phylogeny of the grass family
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Phylogen. Evol. 51: 157–168. Palmer, E. J. 1925. Synopsis of North American Crataegi. J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 5–128. Palmer, E. J. 1950. Crataegus. In: M. L. Fernald
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San Francisco. Hind, D. J. N., C. Jeffrey, and G. V. Pope, eds. 1995. Advances in Compositae Systematics. Kew. Hind, D. J. N., H. J. Beentje, P. D. S. Caligari
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consensus regarding relationships within the family. Pollen types (J. W. Nowicke and J. J. Skvarla 1977) and chromosome numbers (Brandbyge) are diverse. Multiple
12 KB (1,495 words) - 20:20, 17 May 2021
umbellatum, Eriogonum ursinum, Eriogonum wootonii Nuttall J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, n. s. 1: 166. 1848. James L. Reveal Treatment appears in FNA
18 KB (535 words) - 20:40, 22 September 2022
1991; J. L. Dowe and N. W. Uhl 1989; J. Dransfield 1989, 1991; J. Dransfield and H. J. Beentje 1995, 1995b; A. Henderson and M. J. Balick 1991; N. W. Uhl
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Minn., Mont., N.Dak., Nebr., N.Mex., Nev., Oreg., Pa., S.C., Vt., Alaska, Mass., N.H., R.I., Fla., Wyo., Kans., Tex., La., Miss., Tenn., N.C., S.Dak., Utah
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southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 50: 566–598. Carolin, R. C. 1987. A review of the family Portulacaceae. Austral. J. Bot. 35: 383–412. Carolin
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Anderson, L. C. and J. B. Creech. 1975. Comparative leaf anatomy of Solidago and related Asteraceae. Amer. J. Bot. 62: 486–493. Beck, J. B. et al. 2004. Is
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Z. Wang, Z. Zhu, N. Xia, L. Jia, G. Zhu, Z. Guo, G. Yang, W. Chen, X. Chen, S.M. Phillips, C. Stapleton, R.J. Soreng, S.G. Aiken, N.N. Tzvelev [Tsvelev]
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Beattie, A. J. and N. Lyons. 1975. Seed dispersal in Viola (Violaceae): Adaptations and strategies. Amer. J. Bot. 62: 714–722. Fabijan, D. M., J. G. Packer
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reductions from n = 9 or 10 to n = 6, followed by polyploidy to produce the array of numbers in Epilobium (n = 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 30) and Boisduvalia (n = 9, 10
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165–170. Hall, J. C., K. J. Sytsma, and H. H. Iltis. 2002. Phylogeny of Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 89: 1826–1842
95 KB (3,708 words) - 23:32, 5 November 2020
8: 1-22. Taylor, R. J. 1960. The genus Delphinium in Wyoming. Univ. Wyoming Publ. 24: 9-21. Warnock, M. J. 1993. Delphinium. In: J. C. Hickman, ed. 1993
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its allies. Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 2: 1–60. Ling, Y. R. 1995. The New World Artemisia L. In: D. J. N. Hind et al., eds. 1995. Advances
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sometimes 10, with polyploid and dysploid derivatives. Conn., N.H., R.I., N.C., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Ala., Fla., W.Va., Mich., Del., D.C, Wis., Iowa, Pacific
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phylogenetic analysis, J. R. McDill et al. (2009) concluded that Linaceae is a monophyletic group, as is Linoideae. According to J. R. McDill (2009), Cliococca
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mostly descending dysploid series with chromosome numbers ranging from n = 18 to n = 10. Very few instances of polyploidy are known among New World Cirsium
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Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Va., Del., Oreg., Wis., Colo., D.C, Utah, W.Va., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Kans., N.Dak., Nebr., S.Dak., Mass., Maine, N.H., R
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tripartita (Rydberg) McArthur Amer. J. Bot. 68: 590. 1981. Leila M. Shultz Basionym: Tridentatae Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al., N. Amer. Fl. 34: 282. 1916 Treatment
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Show Lower Taxa Fallugia, Geum, Sieversia, Waldsteinia Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al., N. Amer. Fl. 22: 240. 1908. Luc Brouillet Treatment appears in FNA
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and Wen J. 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of the grape family (Vitaceae) based on three chloroplast markers. Amer. J. Bot. 93: 278-287. Wen, J. 2007. Vitaceae
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335–423. Luteyn, J. L. et al. 1996. Ericaceae of the southeastern United States. Castanea 61: 101–144. Small, J. K. 1914. Ericaceae. In: N. L. Britton et
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ellipsoid, x = 9. N.C., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Va., Del., D.C, Wis., W.Va., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Md., Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I
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to a flabellate scale, x = 10. Conn., N.J., N.Y., W.Va., Mich., Alta., B.C., Man., Ont., Sask., D.C, Wis., Ariz., N.Mex., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Idaho
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herbarium sheets. Pinkava, D. J. 2002. On the evolution of the continental North American Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). In: D. R. Hunt and N. P. Taylor, eds. 2002
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subfamilies and 14 tribes. That arrangement differs somewhat from that of J. Bruhl (1995). With one minor exception the arrangement of the family here
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87: 503–515. Howell, J. T. 1959. Distributional data on weedy thistles in western North America. Leafl. W. Bot. 9: 17–32. Moore, R. J. and C. Frankton. 1974
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or oval, x = 9. Minn., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Ala., Mich., N.C., Pa., Puerto Rico, S.C., W.Va., Ark., Iowa, Kans., Mo., N.Dak., Nebr., Okla., S.Dak.,
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through which the primary root of the seedling grows. Barber, J.C., S.A. Aliscioni, L.M. Giussani, J.D. Noll, M.R. Duvall, and E.A. Kellogg. 2002. Combined analyses
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26:757-768 Tsvelev, N.N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR. Nauka, Leningrad [St. Petersburg], Russia. 788 pp. Tsvelev, N.N. 1995. Leymus. Pp. 300-306 in J.G. Packer (ed.,
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some might be edaphically restricted (J. B. Glad 1976; H. J. Thompson and A. M. Powell 1981; C. M. Christy 1997; N. H. Holmgren and P. K. Holmgren 2002;
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the genus (N. H. Holmgren 1971; Heckard and Chuang). Hybrid swarms are observed in some regions, complicating identification (M. Ownbey 1959; J. M. Egger
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to other genera within the tribe (J. J. Zhang 1996; J. C. Semple et al. 1999; R. D. Noyes and L. H. Rieseberg 1999; J. B. Beck et al. 2004). Traditionally
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1999; V. J. Tepedino et al. 1999, 2006, 2007; J. D. Thomson et al. 2000; Paul Wilson et al. 2004), and reproductive biology (R. L. Nielson 1998; J. Chari
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Plata, Argentina. 62 pp. Tsvelev, N.N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR. Nauka, Leningrad [St. Petersburg], Russia. 788 pp. Tsvelev, N.N. 1977. [On the origin and evolution
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subjects. Gornall, R. J. and B. A. Bohm. 1980. The use of flavonoids in the taxonomy of Boykinia and allies (Saxifragaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 58: 1768–1779
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Cucurbitaceae. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 90: 332–335. Jeffrey, C. and W. J. J. O. De Wilde. 2006. A review of the subtribe Thladianthinae (Cucurbitaceae)
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palea at maturity. 2n = 14, 28, 42. Ariz., Miss., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Del., Utah, Va., Idaho, Maine, Oreg., Kans., Mont., N.Dak., Nebr., Okla., S
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L. Nesom 2000) or in Centipedinae within Athroismeae (J. L. Panero 2005). Arriagada, J. E. and N. G. Miller. 1997. The genera of Anthemideae (Compositae:
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Delphinium trolliifolium (N. I. Malyutin) M. J. Warnock Phytologia 78: 92. 1995. Michael J. Warnock Basionym: Delphinium sect. Grumosa N. I. Malyutin Bot. Zhurn
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caryopses. x = 7. N.C., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Va., W.Va., Del., Mass., Maine, N.H., R.I., Vt., Wis., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Wyo., Kans., N.Dak., Nebr., S
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the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 55: 303–332, 344–401, 611–662. Rydberg, P. A. 1908–1918. Rosaceae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+
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the caryopses. x = 7. Ill., Ind., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Ga., Wash., Utah, Alaska, Colo., Idaho, N.Mex., Nev., Maine, N.H., Vt., Del., D.C, Wis., Iowa, Mont.
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