View source for Zigadenus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Zigadenus
|accepted_authority=Michaux
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Fl. Bor.-Amer.
|place=1: 213, plate 22. 1803
|year=1803
}}
|common_names=Death camas;zigadène
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Anticlea
|authority=Kunth
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Chitonia
|authority=Salisbury
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Cyanotris
|authority=Rafinesque
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Oceanoros
|authority=Small
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Toxicoscordion
|authority=Rydberg
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Tracyanthus
|authority=Small
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Liliaceae;Zigadenus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Liliaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Zigadenus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek zygos, yoke, and aden, gland, referring to the pair of glands on each tepal of the type species
|volume=Volume 26
|mention_page=page 14, 53, 54, 82, 88, 90, 303
|treatment_page=page 81
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, subscapose, bulbous or rhizomatous, all parts containing toxic alkaloids; roots contractile. <b>Leaves</b> usually fewer than 10, mostly basal, alternate, simple, distal ones reduced and grading into floral bracts, sometimes completely sheathing at the base; blade with venation parallel, linear, glabrous, margins entire. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, racemose, corymbose, or paniculate, 5–125-flowered, glabrous. <b>Flowers</b> usually bisexual, but often staminate on branches in panicles, protandrous, pedicellate; perianth hypogynous or partly perigynous, white or cream colored to greenish or red tinged, actinomorphic, 0.5–2 cm diam.; tepals 6, often connate basally, each bearing 1 or 2, sometimes obscure to absent, yellow to green, adaxially basal nectary glands; stamens 6, anthers versatile, reniform, dehiscence transverse, extrorse or rarely introrse (<i>Z. glaberrimus</i>); ovary partly inferior; pistil 1, with 3 styles, tapering from ovary; stigmas 3, barely larger than diameter of style, rudimentary in staminate flowers; pedicel ascending to spreading, bracteate, bracts 2, green to red and foliaceous or white and membranous. <b>Fruits</b> capsular, with 3 ellipsoid, beaked sections; dehiscence septicidal, then adaxially loculicidal. <b>Seeds</b> 2–20 per capsule, elongate, twisted and flattened at ends. <b>x</b> = 8, 11, 26.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America including Mexico;Central America;e Asia (Japan;e Siberia).
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 18–22 (14 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The generic name was spelled <i>Zigadenus</i> by Michaux, but subsequently was often rendered as “Zygadenus,” presumably to reflect the Greek word roots more clearly. However, the original spelling has priority over that orthographic variant (W. B. Zomlefer 1997b).</p><!--
--><p>As broadly circumscribed here, <i>Zigadenus</i> is polyphyletic (W. B. Zomlefer 1997b; W. B. Zomlefer et al. 2001) and this complex has had a complicated taxonomic and nomenclatural history (R. R. Gates 1918; O. S. Walsh 1940; S. J. Preece 1956; F. C. Schwartz 1994; W. B. Zomlefer 1997b). Numerous, variously defined segregates have been recognized, including Anticlea, Chitonia, Cyanotris, Oceanoros, Toxicoscordion, and Tracyanthus. <i>Zigadenus</i> shows morphological similarities to both <i>Stenanthium</i> (including Stenanthella Rydberg) and <i>Amianthium</i>.</p><!--
--><p>The common name “death camas” is derived from the illness or death resulting from ingesting bulbs of <i>Zigadenus</i> that were mistaken for the edible ones of <i>Camassia</i>, an unrelated plant. Many alkaloids found in <i>Veratrum</i> have been isolated from most species of <i>Zigadenus</i> (W. B. Zomlefer 1997b; G. E. Burrows and R. J. Tyrl 2001), including zygadenine and zygacine (T. J. Gilbertson 1973; J. B. Harborne and H. Baxter 1993). All fresh parts of the plant (leaves, bulbs, flowers) are toxic. Dried parts (especially seeds and capsules) are even more potent, presumably because the alkaloids are more concentrated. Ingestion of <i>Zigadenus</i> by humans may result in severe illness and occasionally death even for adults. Livestock (sheep and cattle) poisoning is a serious problem in some rangeland areas of the western United States (C. D. Marsh and A. B. Clawson 1922; V. J. Tepidino 1982). Native Americans used these plants for their analgesic, antirheumatic, and emetic properties, as dermatological and orthopedic aids, and as a snake-bite remedy (D. E. Moerman 1986).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=frame1999b
|text=Frame, D. M. 1999. A conspectus of Mexican Melanthiaceae including a description of new taxa of Schoenocaulon and Zigadenus. Acta Bot. Mex. 48: 27–50.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hess1995a
|text=Hess, W. J. and R. C. Sivinski. 1995. A new species of Zigadenus (Liliaceae) from New Mexico, with additional comments on the section Anticlea. Sida 16: 389–400.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=preece1956a
|text=Preece, S. J. 1956. A Cytotaxonomic Study of the Genus Zigadenus (Liliaceae). Ph.D. dissertation. State College of Washington [Washington State University].
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=schwartz1994a
|text=Schwartz, F. C. 1994. Molecular Systematics of Zigadenus Section Chitonia (Liliaceae). Ph.D. dissertation. University of Washington.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=walsh1940a
|text=Walsh, O. S. 1940. A Systematic Study of the Genus Zigadenus Michx. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants rhizomatous; tepals with 2 glands.
|[[Zigadenus glaberrimus|Zigadenus glaberrimus]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants bulbose; tepals with 1, sometimes obscure, gland.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Perianth partly perigynous, tepal gland obcordate.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Perianth hypogynous, tepal gland obovate or obscure.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Perianth rotate to rotate-campanulate; pedicel erect or ascending at anthesis; tepals white or cream colored to greenish.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Perianth campanulate; pedicel recurved at anthesis; tepals greenish, sometimes tinged with purple.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Proximal stem with persistent leaf bases; tepals white.
|[[Zigadenus vaginatus|Zigadenus vaginatus]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Proximal stem without persistent leaf bases; tepals cream colored to greenish.
|[[Zigadenus elegans|Zigadenus elegans]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Tepals 4–6 mm.
|[[Zigadenus virescens|Zigadenus virescens]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Tepals 12–16 mm.
|[[Zigadenus mogollonensis|Zigadenus mogollonensis]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Tepal gland obscure; tepals narrowed at base but not sharply contracted.
|[[Zigadenus densus|Zigadenus densus]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Tepal gland prominent; inner and sometimes outer tepals strongly contracted at base into claw.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Bracts less than 1/2 length of corresponding pedicel; filaments thin and curved; capsules rounded, ca. 1/2 as wide as long.
|[[Zigadenus brevibracteatus|Zigadenus brevibracteatus]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Bracts 1/3–3 times length of corresponding pedicel; filaments thickened proximally and straight; capsules elongate, usually less than 1/2 as wide as long.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Bulbs often clumped; outer tepals often persistently reflexed below mature capsule; Sierra Nevada foothills.
|[[Zigadenus exaltatus|Zigadenus exaltatus]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Bulbs not clumped; outer tepals not persistently reflexed below mature capsule; elsewhere than Sierra Nevada foothills.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Inflorescences broad; perianth rotate.
|[[Zigadenus fremontii|Zigadenus fremontii]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Inflorescences narrow, often pyramidal in early anthesis; perianth ± campanulate.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Filaments shorter than tepals.
|[[Zigadenus fontanus|Zigadenus fontanus]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Filaments equaling or longer than tepals.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Distal margins of tepal gland obscure; outer tepals obtuse at apex.
|[[Zigadenus nuttallii|Zigadenus nuttallii]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Distal margins of tepal gland usually evident and often toothed; outer tepals often acute at apex.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Proximal branches of inflorescences diverging from main axis at 60°–90° when in fruit.
|[[Zigadenus micranthus|Zigadenus micranthus]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Proximal branches of inflorescences diverging from main axis at 10°–60° when in fruit.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Inflorescences paniculate; outer tepals usually not clawed.
|[[Zigadenus paniculatus|Zigadenus paniculatus]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Inflorescences racemose, or paniculate with only 1 or 2 branches; outer tepals often clawed.
|[[Zigadenus venenosus|Zigadenus venenosus]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Zigadenus
|author=Fayla C. Schwartz
|authority=Michaux
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Anticlea;Chitonia;Cyanotris;Oceanoros;Toxicoscordion;Tracyanthus
|basionyms=
|family=Liliaceae
|distribution=North America including Mexico;Central America;e Asia (Japan;e Siberia).
|reference=frame1999b;hess1995a;preece1956a;schwartz1994a;walsh1940a
|publication title=Fl. Bor.-Amer.
|publication year=1803
|special status=
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V26/V26_73.xml
|genus=Zigadenus
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Liliaceae]]