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| − | --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="shrub position;shrub some measurement;shrub growth form or orientation;rootstock size or width"><b>Shrubs,</b> low, to 0.4 m, creeping from clumps, sometimes from thickened rootstocks.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem segment fusion;stem segment coloration;stem segment coloration;stem segment coloration;stem segment coloration;stem segment coloration;stem segment relief;stem segment shape;stem segment shape;stem segment shape;stem segment shape;stem segment length;stem segment width;stem segment relief;stem segment reflectance;stem segment pubescence"><b>Stem </b>segments not easily detached, pale green to deep green, graying with age, wrinkled when stressed, flattened, broadly obovate to ovate, 6.5–15 × 4–10 cm, tuberculate, glossy, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="areole count;areole shape;areole shape;areole shape;areole shape;areole shape;areole length;areole width">areoles 6–9 per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval, obovate, or subcircular, 2.5–5 × 1.5–4 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="wool coloration;wool life cycle;wool coloration">wool tan, aging brown.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="spine count;spine coloration;spine coloration;spine coloration;spine coloration;tip coloration"><b>Spines </b>1–9 on most areoles to only on distal 1/2 of stem segment, white to gray with pale-brown tips and bases, sometimes brown throughout;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="central spine count;central spine orientation;central spine count;central spine orientation;central spine orientation;central spine shape;central spine shape;central spine architecture;central spine some measurement">central spines 1–3, all deflexed or 1–2 porrect or ascending, terete or flattened, occasionally spirally twisted, 25–70 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="spine size;spine atypical count;spine atypical count;spine count;spine orientation;spine size;spine architecture;spine some measurement">small spines (2–) 3–6 (–8) strongly deflexed, usually slender, even bristlelike, 5–15 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="glochid coloration;glochid coloration;glochid coloration;glochid some measurement;adaxial tuft development"><b>Glochids </b>forming a well developed adaxial tuft, yellow to brownish white, to 6 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="inner tepal coloration;inner tepal coloration;inner tepal coloration;inner tepal coloration;inner tepal coloration;inner tepal coloration;inner tepal coloration;inner tepal coloration;inner tepal coloration;inner tepal coloration;inner tepal shape;inner tepal some measurement;inner tepal architecture or shape"><b>Flowers:</b> inner tepals yellow to gold, commonly darker to red near base, broadly spatulate, 30–40 mm, apiculate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="filament coloration">filaments usually pale-yellow;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="anther coloration">anthers yellow;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="style coloration;style coloration;style coloration">style whitish to pale green;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stigma lobe coloration">stigma lobes greenish.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="fruit coloration;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;base shape;base length;base width;base texture;base shape;base pubescence;base architecture;base architecture"><b>Fruits </b>purple-red, oval to broadly ovate, subspheric or short ovoid, bases not narrowed, 30 × 20–25 mm, fleshy, base not narrowed, glabrous, spineless or nearly so;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="umbilicus depth">umbilicus deep;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="areole count">areoles 18–30.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="seed coloration;seed coloration;seed coloration;seed shape;seed shape;seed length;seed width"><b>Seeds </b>whitish to tan, irregularly shaped, flattened, 4–6 × 3–4 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="girdle prominence;girdle some measurement;2n chromosome count;2n chromosome count">girdle protruding 1–2 mm. <b>2n</b> = 44, 66.</span><!-- | + | --><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Shrubs,</b> low, to 0.4 m, creeping from clumps, sometimes from thickened rootstocks. <b>Stem</b> segments not easily detached, pale green to deep green, graying with age, wrinkled when stressed, flattened, broadly obovate to ovate, 6.5–15 × 4–10 cm, tuberculate, glossy, glabrous; areoles 6–9 per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval, obovate, or subcircular, 2.5–5 × 1.5–4 mm; wool tan, aging brown. <b>Spines</b> 1–9 on most areoles to only on distal 1/2 of stem segment, white to gray with pale brown tips and bases, sometimes brown throughout; central spines 1–3, all deflexed or 1–2 porrect or ascending, terete or flattened, occasionally spirally twisted, 25–70 mm; small spines (2–)3–6(–8) strongly deflexed, usually slender, even bristlelike, 5–15 mm. <b>Glochids</b> forming a well developed adaxial tuft, yellow to brownish white, to 6 mm. <b>Flowers</b>: inner tepals yellow to gold, commonly darker to red near base, broadly spatulate, 30–40 mm, apiculate; filaments usually pale yellow; anthers yellow; style whitish to pale green; stigma lobes greenish. <b>Fruits</b> purple-red, oval to broadly ovate, subspheric or short ovoid, bases not narrowed, 30 × 20–25 mm, fleshy, base not narrowed, glabrous, spineless or nearly so; umbilicus deep; areoles 18–30. <b>Seeds</b> whitish to tan, irregularly shaped, flattened, 4–6 × 3–4 mm; girdle protruding 1–2 mm. <b>2n</b> = 44, 66.</span><!-- |
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| | -->{{Treatment/Body | | -->{{Treatment/Body |
| | + | |phenology=Flowering spring–early summer (Apr–Jul). |
| | |habitat=Grass-lands, pinyon-juniper-oak woodlands, sandy or shaley flats, rocky hills | | |habitat=Grass-lands, pinyon-juniper-oak woodlands, sandy or shaley flats, rocky hills |
| | |elevation=1400-1800 m | | |elevation=1400-1800 m |
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| | |basionyms= | | |basionyms= |
| | |family=Cactaceae | | |family=Cactaceae |
| | + | |phenology=Flowering spring–early summer (Apr–Jul). |
| | |habitat=Grass-lands, pinyon-juniper-oak woodlands, sandy or shaley flats, rocky hills | | |habitat=Grass-lands, pinyon-juniper-oak woodlands, sandy or shaley flats, rocky hills |
| | |elevation=1400-1800 m | | |elevation=1400-1800 m |
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| | |publication year=1856 | | |publication year=1856 |
| | |special status= | | |special status= |
| − | |source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V4/V4_247.xml | + | |source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/9216fc802291cd3df363fd52122300479582ede7/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V4/V4_247.xml |
| | |subfamily=Cactaceae subfam. Opuntioideae | | |subfamily=Cactaceae subfam. Opuntioideae |
| | |genus=Opuntia | | |genus=Opuntia |
| | |species=Opuntia tortispina | | |species=Opuntia tortispina |
| − | |2n chromosome count=66;44
| |
| − | |adaxial tuft development=developed
| |
| − | |anther coloration=yellow
| |
| − | |areole count=18;30
| |
| − | |areole length=2.5mm;5mm
| |
| − | |areole shape=subcircular;obovate;subcircular;obovate;oval
| |
| − | |areole width=1.5mm;4mm
| |
| − | |base architecture=nearly;spineless
| |
| − | |base length=30
| |
| − | |base pubescence=glabrous
| |
| − | |base shape=not narrowed;not narrowed
| |
| − | |base texture=fleshy
| |
| − | |base width=20mm;25mm
| |
| − | |central spine architecture=twisted
| |
| − | |central spine count=1;2
| |
| − | |central spine orientation=ascending;porrect;deflexed
| |
| − | |central spine shape=flattened;terete
| |
| − | |central spine some measurement=25mm;70mm
| |
| − | |filament coloration=pale-yellow
| |
| − | |fruit coloration=purple-red
| |
| − | |fruit shape=ovoid;short;subspheric;oval;broadly ovate
| |
| − | |girdle prominence=protruding
| |
| − | |girdle some measurement=1mm;2mm
| |
| − | |glochid coloration=yellow;brownish white
| |
| − | |glochid some measurement=0mm;6mm
| |
| − | |inner tepal architecture or shape=apiculate
| |
| − | |inner tepal coloration=yellow;gold commonly darker
| |
| − | |inner tepal shape=spatulate
| |
| − | |inner tepal some measurement=30mm;40mm
| |
| − | |rootstock size or width=thickened
| |
| − | |seed coloration=whitish;tan
| |
| − | |seed length=4mm;6mm
| |
| − | |seed shape=flattened;irregularly-shaped
| |
| − | |seed width=3mm;4mm
| |
| − | |shrub growth form or orientation=creeping
| |
| − | |shrub position=low
| |
| − | |shrub some measurement=0m;0.4m
| |
| − | |spine architecture=bristlelike
| |
| − | |spine atypical count=6;8
| |
| − | |spine coloration=brown;white;gray
| |
| − | |spine count=3;6
| |
| − | |spine orientation=deflexed
| |
| − | |spine size=slender;small
| |
| − | |spine some measurement=5mm;15mm
| |
| − | |stem segment coloration=graying;pale green;deep green
| |
| − | |stem segment fusion=detached
| |
| − | |stem segment length=6.5cm;15cm
| |
| − | |stem segment pubescence=glabrous
| |
| − | |stem segment reflectance=glossy
| |
| − | |stem segment relief=tuberculate;wrinkled
| |
| − | |stem segment shape=broadly obovate;ovate
| |
| − | |stem segment width=4cm;10cm
| |
| − | |stigma lobe coloration=greenish
| |
| − | |style coloration=whitish;pale green
| |
| − | |tip coloration=pale-brown
| |
| − | |umbilicus depth=deep
| |
| − | |wool coloration=brown;tan
| |
| − | |wool life cycle=aging
| |
| | }}<!-- | | }}<!-- |
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| | -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Opuntia]] | | -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Opuntia]] |
Shrubs, low, to 0.4 m, creeping from clumps, sometimes from thickened rootstocks. Stem segments not easily detached, pale green to deep green, graying with age, wrinkled when stressed, flattened, broadly obovate to ovate, 6.5–15 × 4–10 cm, tuberculate, glossy, glabrous; areoles 6–9 per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval, obovate, or subcircular, 2.5–5 × 1.5–4 mm; wool tan, aging brown. Spines 1–9 on most areoles to only on distal 1/2 of stem segment, white to gray with pale brown tips and bases, sometimes brown throughout; central spines 1–3, all deflexed or 1–2 porrect or ascending, terete or flattened, occasionally spirally twisted, 25–70 mm; small spines (2–)3–6(–8) strongly deflexed, usually slender, even bristlelike, 5–15 mm. Glochids forming a well developed adaxial tuft, yellow to brownish white, to 6 mm. Flowers: inner tepals yellow to gold, commonly darker to red near base, broadly spatulate, 30–40 mm, apiculate; filaments usually pale yellow; anthers yellow; style whitish to pale green; stigma lobes greenish. Fruits purple-red, oval to broadly ovate, subspheric or short ovoid, bases not narrowed, 30 × 20–25 mm, fleshy, base not narrowed, glabrous, spineless or nearly so; umbilicus deep; areoles 18–30. Seeds whitish to tan, irregularly shaped, flattened, 4–6 × 3–4 mm; girdle protruding 1–2 mm. 2n = 44, 66.
Phenology: Flowering spring–early summer (Apr–Jul).
Habitat: Grass-lands, pinyon-juniper-oak woodlands, sandy or shaley flats, rocky hills
Elevation: 1400-1800 m
Distribution
Colo., Kans., Nebr., N.Mex., Okla., Tex., Wyo.
Discussion
Opuntia tortispina is apparently of hybrid origin. It has intermediate character states from its putative parents, O. macrorhiza (fleshy and spineless fruits) and O. polyacantha (areoles with basal deflexed spines and barrel-shaped fruits). The spirally twisted spines, which the specific epithet implies, are not at all characteristic for this species. When O. tortispina and O. cymochila are considered conspecific, the former has priority, as first selected by N. L. Britton and J. N. Rose (1919–1923, vol. 1).
One favored hypothesis as to the origins is that the O. humifusa-O. macrorhiza-O. pottsii complex spread across the United States from the east coast to Arizona. Opuntia polyacantha originated in north-central Mexico and spread northward. Tetraploid O. macrorhiza came into contact with the east flank of O. polyacantha and hybridized (probably repeatedly, even at present), producing the highly variable taxon referred to here as O. tortispina, which then spread eastward onto the plains. Opuntia tortispina has hexaploid members, presumably from unions of reduced and unreduced gametes. Those hexaploids apparently hybridize with hexaploid O. phaeacantha and add further to variation of O. tortispina. Many of these variations have been formally named or since treated as synonyms of O. macrorhiza.
Selected References
None.
