View source for Pinus balfouriana

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Pinus balfouriana
|accepted_authority=Greville & Balfour in A. Murray bis
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=in A. Murray bis,Bot. Exped. Oregon
|place=8: no. 618, plate 3, fig. 1. 1853
|year=1853
}}
|common_names=Foxtail pine
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Pinus balfouriana var. austrina
|authority=(R.Mastrogiuseppe & J.Mastrogiuseppe) Silba
}}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Pinus balfouriana subsp. austrina
|authority=R.Mastrogiuseppe & J.Mastrogiuseppe
}}
|hierarchy=Pinaceae;Pinus;Pinus balfouriana
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Pinaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Pinus]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Pinus balfouriana]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 2
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="tree some measurement"><b>Trees </b>to 22m;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="trunk diameter;trunk orientation;trunk orientation">trunk to 2.6m diam., erect or leaning;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="crown shape;crown architecture or course">crown broadly conic to irregular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="bark coloration;bark coloration;bark coloration;bark coloration;bark relief;bark relief;blocky architecture or course;plate architecture or course"><b>Bark </b>gray to salmon or cinnamon, platy or irregularly deep-fissured or with irregular blocky plates.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="branch arrangement or shape;branch orientation;branch orientation;branch orientation"><b>Branches </b>contorted, ascending to descending;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="twig coloration;twig life cycle;twig coloration;twig pubescence;twig pubescence;branch life cycle;branch length or size;branch shape;leaf duration">twigs redbrown, aging gray to drab yellow-gray, glabrous or puberulent, young branches resembling long bottlebrushes because of persistent leaves.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="bud shape;bud coloration;bud some measurement;bud coating"><b>Buds </b>ovoid-acuminate, redbrown, 0.8–1cm, resinous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="leaf count;leaf orientation;leaf duration;leaf count;leaf length;leaf width;leaf arrangement;leaf coloration;leaf coloration;leaf coloration;leaf coloration;leaf coloration;resin band count;resin band position;resin band prominence;adaxial surface coloration;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape"><b>Leaves </b>5 per fascicle, upcurved, persisting 10–30 years, 1.5–4cm × 1–1.4mm, mostly connivent, deep blue to deep yellow-green, abaxial surface without median groove but usually with 2 subepidermal but evident resin bands, adaxial surfaces conspicuously whitened by stomates, margins mostly entire to blunt, apex broadly acute to acuminate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="sheath some measurement">sheath 0.5–1cm, soon forming rosette, shed early.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="pollen cone shape;pollen cone some measurement;pollen cone coloration"><b>Pollen </b>cones ellipsoid, ca. 6–10mm, red.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="seed-cone life cycle;seed-cone life cycle;seed-cone orientation;seed-cone architecture or shape;seed-cone shape;seed-cone shape;seed-cone shape;seed-cone shape;seed-cone shape;seed-cone shape;seed-cone atypical distance;seed-cone distance;seed-cone coloration or density;seed-cone life cycle;seed-cone coloration;seed-cone architecture;year count;base shape"><b>Seed-</b>cones maturing in 2 years, shedding seeds and falling soon thereafter, spreading, symmetric, lance-cylindric with conic base before opening, broadly lanceovoid or ovoid to cylindric or ovoid-cylindric when open, 6–9 (–11) cm, purple, aging redbrown, nearly sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="apophysis size or width;apophysis shape;apophysis size">apophyses much thickened, rounded, larger toward cone base;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="umbo position;umbo shape">umbo central, usually depressed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="prickle count;prickle fragility;prickle some measurement">prickle absent or weak, to 1mm, resin exudates amber.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="seed shape;seed shape;seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>ellipsoid to narrowly obovoid;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="body some measurement;body coloration;body coloration">body to 10mm, pale-brown, mottled with deep red;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="">wing 10–12mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="wing some measurement;2n chromosome count">2n =24.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|habitat=Timberline and alpine meadows
|elevation=1500–3500m
|distribution=Calif.
|discussion=<p>Pinus balfouriana is the true "foxtail pine." In leaf character it is hardly, if at all, distinguishable from P. longaeva, but its strongly conic-based cones with distinctly shorter-prickled, sunken-centered umbos at once distinguish it from that species.</p><!--
--><p>Plants shown to be genetically distinct from the type (differences in chemistry, form, foliage, cone orientation, and seeds) have been called Pinus balfouriana subsp. austrina R.Mastrogiuseppe & J.Mastrogiuseppe. As in several other species or species complexes in Pinus, however, there is a problem with a character gradient involving related taxa. The evidence presented by D.K. Bailey (1970) and later by R.J. Mastrogiuseppe and J.D. Mastrogiuseppe (1980) could as well be used to indicate that P. balfouriana (with its two infraspecific taxa) and P. longaeva represent a single species of three subspecies or three varieties. The more conservative view of Bailey is followed here.</p><!--
--><p>Of conservation concern.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=mastrogiussepe1980a
|text=Mastrogiussepe, R.J. and J.D. Mastrogiuseppe. 1980. A study of Pinus balfouriana Grev. & Balf. (Pinaceae). Syst. Bot. 5: 86--104.
}}
}}<!--

--><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Pinus balfouriana
|author=
|authority=Greville & Balfour in A. Murray bis
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Pinus balfouriana var. austrina;Pinus balfouriana subsp. austrina
|basionyms=
|family=Pinaceae
|habitat=Timberline and alpine meadows
|elevation=1500–3500m
|distribution=Calif.
|reference=mastrogiussepe1980a
|publication title=in A. Murray bis,Bot. Exped. Oregon
|publication year=1853
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V2/V2_88.xml
|genus=Pinus
|species=Pinus balfouriana
|2n chromosome count=24
|adaxial surface coloration=whitened
|apex shape=broadly acute;acuminate
|apophysis shape=rounded
|apophysis size=larger
|apophysis size or width=thickened
|bark coloration=gray;salmon or cinnamon
|bark relief=with irregular blocky plates;deep-fissured
|base shape=conic
|blocky architecture or course=irregular
|body coloration=mottled;pale-brown
|body some measurement=0mm;10mm
|branch arrangement or shape=contorted
|branch length or size=long
|branch life cycle=young
|branch orientation=ascending;descending
|branch shape=bottlebrushes
|bud coating=resinous
|bud coloration=redbrown
|bud shape=ovoid-acuminate
|bud some measurement=0.8cm;1cm
|crown architecture or course=irregular
|crown shape=conic
|leaf arrangement=connivent
|leaf coloration=blue;deep yellow-green
|leaf count=10;30
|leaf duration=persisting;persistent
|leaf length=1.5cm;4cm
|leaf orientation=upcurved
|leaf width=1mm;1.4mm
|margin shape=mostly entire;blunt
|plate architecture or course=irregular
|pollen cone coloration=red
|pollen cone shape=ellipsoid
|pollen cone some measurement=6mm;10mm
|prickle count=absent
|prickle fragility=weak
|prickle some measurement=0mm;1mm
|resin band count=2
|resin band position=subepidermal
|resin band prominence=evident
|seed shape=ellipsoid;narrowly obovoid
|seed-cone architecture=sessile
|seed-cone architecture or shape=symmetric
|seed-cone atypical distance=9cm;11cm
|seed-cone coloration=redbrown
|seed-cone coloration or density=purple
|seed-cone distance=6cm;9cm
|seed-cone life cycle=aging;falling;maturing
|seed-cone orientation=spreading
|seed-cone shape=ovoid;cylindric or ovoid-cylindric
|sheath some measurement=0.5cm;1cm
|tree some measurement=0m;22m
|trunk diameter=0m;2.6m
|trunk orientation=leaning;erect
|twig coloration=gray to drab yellow-gray;redbrown
|twig life cycle=aging
|twig pubescence=puberulent;glabrous
|umbo position=central
|umbo shape=depressed
|wing some measurement=10mm;12mm
|year count=2
}}<!--

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