solitary pistillate flower surrounded by (0–)1–80 staminate flowers, entire structure termed the cyathium), in monochasia, dichasia, pleiochasia, cymose clusters
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Amer. J. Bot. 89: 1478–1484. Iketani, H. and H. Ohashi. 1991. Anatomical structure of fruits and evolution of the tribe Sorbeae in the subfamily Maloideae
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linear to oblanceolate or ovate. Flowers (1–)2–30(–100) per involucral structure, occasionally with stipelike base distal to articulations (Eriogonum);
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sometimes winged; lodicules 2, fleshy, usually connate into a single structure, without a membranous wing, truncate, not ciliate, not or scarcely veined;
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some Polygala), often whitish pubescent, usually arillate (the aril-like structure from integuments, not funiculus, thus called an arillode by some, a caruncle
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spikelet would be. Inflorescence Structure Further complexity is introduced to the Andropogoneae inflorescence structure by the manner in which the spikelet
26 KB (2,165 words) - 18:57, 11 May 2021
species. Spikelets with 1-7 bisexual florets, terminating in a sterile structure, the rudiment, composed of 1-4 sterile florets; rudiments sometimes morphologically
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including habit, leaf structure and arrangement, trichome morphology, wood anatomy, inflorescence morphology, ovary and ovule structure, pollen morphology
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a whorl of leaflike bracts about midlength; not treated as a distinct structure here). Involucres 1 per node, rarely 2–3 per cluster, not appressed to
18 KB (535 words) - 20:40, 22 September 2022
occasionally corrugate near base; inner leaves 1–10, rolled into fusiform structure, unmodified, or shortened and oriented at 90° angles to outer leaves. Leaves
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Dicranaceae; both families have similar peristomes but differ principally in leaf structure. None. Fissidens window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[];
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recognized both sections based on differences in stem morphology, petiole structure, and pollen morphology. J. C. Hickman (1984) described sect. Monticola
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unbranched or 2-fid. Seeds: caruncle absent (except for a carunclelike structure in E. carunculata). North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central
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sometimes extended proximally as cylindric syrinx (tubular or ringlike structure at juncture of tube and utricle, projecting into utricle cavity) and distally
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petal-like; anthers 2-locular; 2 connate staminodes forming petal-like structure (lip) opposite fertile stamen, sometimes also with 2 petal-like or rudimentary
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Beilschmied, and Helicteroideae Meisner. Malvaceae range widely in inflorescence structure; all members share a basic repeating bicolor unit (a terminal flower and
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Megaspore spheric, 0.2–0.6 mm, topped with dark, conic, slightly narrower structure (indusium) covering 3 [9] floats and a blue-green algal colony. Microsporocarps
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very few archegonia. Antheridial plants reduced to a 1-stratose, 2-lipped structure enclosing a single spherical antheridium, arising from a short branch of
2 KB (167 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
margins usually toothed with 1–15 teeth per side, teeth similar in size and structure to those of blades; blade linear, 1-veined, sometimes armed with prickles
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variable in length, absent or nearly so to short-excurrent, variable in structure (bryoides-type, oblongifolius-type, taxifolius-type); laminal cells usually
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(sometimes absent) and fused with the glabrous callus to form a cuplike structure; upper glumes lanceolate to ovate, glabrous or variously pubescent, 3-9-veined
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or less conspicuous peltate indusium (W. L. Wagner et al. 2007). This structure, long known in Gaura and Stenosiphon because it is conspicuous throughout
18 KB (1,909 words) - 17:56, 2 December 2022
holoparasitic, lacking a rhizomelike or cormlike underground vegetative structure; roots short, sometimes coralloid. Stems erect, white or yellow, rarely
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perennial; achlorophyllous, holoparasitic, with rhizomelike vegetative structure, surfaces tessellate or with irregular scaly plates, roots absent. Stems
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achlorophyllous, holoparasitic, roots coralloid, from among scales of cormlike structure. Stems absent. Leaves absent. Inflorescences terminal, open panicles of
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slightly convex, deeply pitted (pits collectively forming honeycombed structure, each pit ± enveloping a disc floret, pit borders irregularly toothed to
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[10–]20–30. Pistillate flowers: ovary glabrous, subtended by calyxlike structure; styles connate 1/8–1/2 length, 2-fid apically. Seeds: caruncle absent
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fruit in Beta, 1-locular with single, basally attached ovule. Fruiting structures: bracteoles or fruiting bracts brown, black, or reddish brown, monomorphic
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appressed to the rachises, bases straight, seated in a ciliate, cuplike structure, sometimes with a 0.5-2 mm callus, calluses pilose, axes not extending
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achlorophyllous, holoparasitic, with perennial, tuberlike underground vegetative structure attached to host root, dark brown or black, with a sclerenchymatous, knobby
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5–)15–45(–54) cm, arising from underground, ovoid, vegetative, cormlike structure covered with imbricate scale leaves and short, coralloid, adventitious
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achlorophyllous, holoparasitic, with a tuberlike underground vegetative structure attached to host root, surface divided into polygonal plates, roots absent
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perianth absent; stigma 2-lobed. Fruiting structure: bracts forming flattened, samaralike fruiting structure around utricle, margins thickened, spongy
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spathe and the unique vasculature of the structure traditionally interpreted as a spathe (T. S. Ray 1987). The structure that has been called a spathe in Acorus
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South America (Hufford et al.). Brown, D. K. and R. B. Kaul. 1981. Floral structure and mechanism in Loasaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 68: 361–372. Carlquist, S. 1984
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usually ovoid to nearly globose, surface variable depending on orientation, structure, and relative connation of pistil apices. Seed usually 1 per pistil, ovoid
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tinged with purple, 4.5–13 cm; filaments connate proximally into collarlike structure, 3.2–12 mm, fleshy, pubescent; anthers 5–7 mm; pistil 4.5–8 × 0.7–1.2 cm
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elsewhere, soboles from ± woody caudices may be the most generalized type of structure, from which have evolved several other major types (R. C. Keating et al
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repeatedly branched, branches 2–20, 1–4 mm thick, and the whole ± stellate structure sometimes reaching 20 mm. Very scattered and local in tropics, North America
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[2- or]3–6-locular; placenta bilamelate, often protruding as a peltate structure; ovules 12–180 per locule, biseriate or multiseriate. Fruits berries, green
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modifications in Brothera, Campylopus, and Paraleucobryum and a peristome structure identical with that of Dicranum (M. R. Crosby and R. E. Magill 1977). Robinson
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burlike or nutlike, spiny or winged perygynia, or shed with accessory structures) fusiform, obovoid, prismatic, or pyriform, sometimes obcompressed and
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arising opposite next leaf axil, junction with pedicel abrupt or not, entire structure recurved. Flowers small, borne beneath leaves; perianth rotate or campanulate;
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Geraniaceae in the Geraniales because of the similarity of habit and floral structure, especially the fruits that separate into mericarps, as do those in Geraniaceae
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taken with little attention to the presence or absence of reproductive structures. Reproductive features are most important in separating species of Potamogeton
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corrugate, apex acute to apiculate; inner leaves rolled into hardened fusiform structure. Leaves submersed, ± spirally arranged, sessile, delicate; stipules persistent
4 KB (393 words) - 19:33, 6 November 2020
staminate terminal, spikelike thyrses, cymules densely crowded in conelike structure; pistillate axillary, solitary flowers; bisexual as in staminate with solitary
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present. Pistillate flowers: tepals 4, connate, forming persistent saclike structure covered with delicate, hooked hairs and completely enclosing mature, flattened
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polygamomonoecious; commonly with multicellular, stalked, caducous, spheric structures (pearl glands); tendrils usually present, rarely absent. Leaves alternate
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flowers lack nectar and are ephemeral, lasting only a few hours. Their structure is seldom preserved in dried specimens. In the absence of well-pressed
6 KB (457 words) - 21:30, 5 November 2020
nectar and is buzz-pollinated. Copeland, H. F. 1947. Observations on the structure and classification of the Pyroleae. Madroño 9: 65-102. Wallace, G. D. 1975
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L. 1992. Floral structure of Besseya and Synthyris (Scrophulariaceae). Int. J. Pl. Sci. 153: 217–229. Hufford, L. 1992b. Leaf structure of Besseya and Synthyris
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1 Flowers and achenes partially to completely enclosed in scalelike structure (perigynium); perigynium in axil of scale; flowers unisexual (see Plate
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upright stems); abaxial groove absent; base decurrent, forming saclike structure with stem; margins with soft spiny projections, 0.1–0.2 mm; apex acuminate
4 KB (384 words) - 23:53, 20 February 2024
corrugate, apex subulate to obtuse; inner leaves rolled into hardened fusiform structure. Leaves submersed, ± spirally arranged, sessile, delicate to coarse; stipules
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in cross section, (2.8–)4.1–5.2 × 1.2–2(–3.4) mm, smooth; carunclelike structure linear, 0.4–0.5 × 0.1–0.2 mm. Phenology: Flowering and fruiting summer–fall
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Crocus cultivars and even some wild species. Arber, A. 1921. The leaf structure of the Iridaceae. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 35: 301–336. Goldblatt, P. 1975. Revision
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similarities in many characters, including secondary chemistry and salt gland structure. Cheng, Z. M., Pan H. X., and Yin L. K. 2000. Study on the phytochemistry
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distally 4-winged or ribbed, wings merging in pairs, forming pocketlike structure just distal to many leaf nodes and decussate with petioles of that node;
3 KB (329 words) - 11:33, 9 May 2022
pistillate inflorescences; rames distichous, similar in thickness and structure, axes disarticulating below the sessile spikelets after pollination, abscission
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is made up of bracts, while the cupule has been shown to be a complex structure that is interpreted as an indurated, condensed, partial inflorescence formed
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sporocarp wall allows the sporocarp contents to be hydrated. A gelatinous structure emerges from the sporocarp, breaking it into valves and carrying the sori
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perianth segments 5, connate to above middle; stamens 5; stigmas 3. Fruiting structure: connate perianth segments enclosing utricle, at maturity forming horizontal
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"one end of a transformation series embodied by the reduced gynoecial structure and indehiscent fruit of other Poales such as Flagellaria and Ecdeiocolea"
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short-columnar); thecae connate-fused into continuous, horizontal ring as a single structure (synanther), forming a head, dehiscing by continuous slit, connective broad;
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hairs. Urtica 3 Tepals of pistillate flowers connate, forming saclike structure tightly enclosing mature achene, covered with delicate, hooked hairs. Hesperocnide
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abaxial surfaces hairy, hairs to 0.5 mm; upper ligules 1-3 mm, similar in structure and pubescence; blades 1-3.5 mm wide, abaxial surfaces smooth or scabrous
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base not corrugate, apex rounded; inner leaves rolled into linear, terete structure, oriented parallel to outer leaves. Leaves submersed, ± spirally arranged
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indusium present, outer indusium fused with inner one to form cup or tubular structure containing sporangia. Dennstaedtia
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because relatively few macroscopic characters are provided by the simple structure characteristic of the genus (only two leaves, basal, without blades or
13 KB (1,284 words) - 21:44, 5 November 2020
minor differences in capsule shape, operculum development, and peristome structure. The two main subgenera of Ptychostomum reflect those species with relatively
6 KB (577 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
A Text property defining a single value. Structure: inflorescence A Top Level Property A Ament Anthela Axial glomerule architecture Axillary and terminal
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pistillate florets: corollas sometimes none (cypselae shed with accessory structures or within burs); staminate florets: anthers usually distinct (staminal
24 KB (1,707 words) - 21:07, 5 November 2020
temperate and boreal forests. Splachnaceae differs from Meesiaceae in the structure of the capsule, which in Splachnaceae is erect with a mitrate calyptra
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in 1814. Its primary distinguishing features are the unusual spikelet structure combined with the indurate to coriaceous upper florets. Recent molecular
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Paulownia. J. Huazhong Agric. Univ. 16: 609–613. Millsaps, V. 1936. The structure and development of the seed of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. J. Elisha Mitchell
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Heliamphora is primitive in the family (B. Maguire 1978) because its pitcher structure is less complex. All three genera have specializations, and their pitcher
5 KB (538 words) - 23:45, 5 November 2020
Hook. & Am. Amer. J. Bot. 32:66-72 Harlan, J.R. 1945b. Natural breeding structure in the Bromus carinatus complex as determined by population analyses. Amer
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glands that may secrete water or calcium salts, or multicelled glandlike structures. Leaves often basal, alternate, spiralled; stipules absent; petiole present
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embryo, leaf, and inflorescence morphology, as well as the intermediate structure of the eastern Asian B. planiculmis. The similarities between Bolboschoenus
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16c, pp. 174–178. Nowicke, J. W. and J. J. Skvarla. 1982. Pollen fine structure and relationships of Achatocarpus Triana and Phaulothamnus A. Gray. Taxon
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similar to Thuidiaceae but had the sporophyte, especially the peristome structure, of Anomodon. Crum placed Thelia in Thuidiaceae by its differentiated stem
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Cypselae (black to brown) obflattened (± winged, shed alone without accessory structures); pappi 0, or persistent, of 2 awns (± confluent with cypsela shoulders
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shoots or pedicels usually with minute, scarious or hardened bractlike structures at base. Flowers bisexual, perianth and androecium perigynous; epicalyx
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present, pubescent, variable, resembling the second floret, a 3-awned structure with 2 membranous scales, or a prolongation of the rachilla. Caryopses
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: undefined None. None.
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: leaf A Top Level Property C Capitular leaf Cataphyll Cauline Central leaflet shape Comal-leaf Crozier
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without formal taxonomic standing. Among the fleshy-fruited genera, embryo structure has been taxonomically important. In the bony-seeded genera (Mosiera, Myrtus
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: flower A subproperty of inflorescence A Part of inflorescence C Capitulum Capitulum shape D Disc Disc
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type represents an analogous or homologous pattern. However, one type of structure (soboles) is found in at least some taxa of all perennial sections and
26 KB (1,416 words) - 17:40, 2 December 2022
petals [4–]5, proximal 2 distinct, modified into fleshy oil-secreting structures flanking ovary, distal [2–]3 distinct or connate basally, petaloid, forming
5 KB (541 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
pubescent with small glands and hairs, hairs with or without cystoliths (structures within cells with basal calcium carbonate concretions or crystals). Stems
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1500–3000 m Generated Map Legacy Map Alta., B.C., Sask., Mont., Utah. The leaf structure of Botrychium paradoxum is uniform and unique. Very rare teratological
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between the floral bract and fertile structures; the two nectaries may be distinct or connate into a cup-like structure. Staminate flowers usually have two
32 KB (4,205 words) - 23:31, 5 November 2020
but in the large forms of typical A. pennula the stem is not a solitary structure. Instead it resembles a compact, intergrown bush, made up of numerous tiny
3 KB (310 words) - 21:24, 5 November 2020
America. Species 1: w North America. Species 1 Copeland, H. F. 1938. The structure of Allotropa. Madroño 4: 137–153. Allotropa virgata window.propertiesF
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familial recognition. Shaw, A. J. 1984. A reinterpretation of peristome structure in Pseudoditrichum mirabile Steere and Iwatsuki (Pseudoditrichaceae). Bryologist
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controversial. D. L. Nickrent et al. (2010) and J. Kuijt (2013) argued that this structure is sepalar in origin, and that interpretation is followed here. The corolla
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usually difficult to discern, ending a few cells before apex, variable in structure, basically taxifolius-type; lamina cells 1- to 4-stratose at leaf margin
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compressed into tight rosettes, sometimes internodes extended and rosette structure lost. Leaf blades 0.4–1.4 cm, abaxial surface pilose to sericeous. Inflorescences
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the style and the five fertile stamens, forming a prominent arrow-shaped structure. The fruit is a many-seeded capsule. Genus Genera 1, species 225 (1 species
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Shaffer-Fehre, M. 1991. The endotegmen tuberculae: An account of little-known structures from the seed coat of the Hydrocharitoideae (Hydrocharitaceae) and Najas
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wing-margined; seed coats without wavy ridges (sometimes with prism-shaped structures in D. hansenii), cells ± brick-shaped, cell margins straight or undulate
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mericarps is important. Here, wing applies to a clearly differentiated structure arising from the exocarp of a mericarp. All species may have solitary flowers
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: fruit A Top Level Property A Achene Achene architecture Achene architecture or function or pubescence
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references are noted with the individual species. Camp, W. H. 1942. On the structure of populations in the genus Vaccinium. Brittonia 4: 189–204. Kloet, S.
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related genus of Fagaceae, native to Asia, with very different cupule structure (H.Hjelmquist 1948; L.L. Forman 1966). None. Chrysolepis chrysophylla,
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flora). See 26. Carex for a discussion of the inflorescence and flower structure of Kobresia. The inflorescences of Kobresia cannot be clearly divided into
4 KB (342 words) - 21:40, 5 November 2020
Potentilla, that is, condensed shoot structure at stolon nodes, enlarged 3-lobed epicalyx bractlets, and accessory fruit structure. Our infrageneric taxonomy follows
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a rather peculiar member of the Dicranaceae because of its unique leaf structure. In the leaf cross section there is an adaxial and abaxial layer of hyalocysts
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color. Leaves of sterile shoots distichous-complanate. Specialized asexual structures sometimes present, developing on the protonema. Sexual condition apparently
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Arnold Arbor. 50: 566–598. Nowicke, J. W. 1996. Pollen morphology, exine structure and the relationships of Basellaceae and Didiereaceae to Portulacaceae
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patches, leaves costate, protonematal flaps not persistent, stalked asexual structures often present. Tetraphis 1 Plants minute, bud-like, stems less than 0
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in the flora). Plagiobryoides is similar to Plagiobryum in gametophyte structure, but has more or less symmetric capsules with the endostome typically shorter
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divided into segregate genera based largely on placentation and fruit structure. “The mesembs have characteristic fruit capsules with locules (chambers
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stamens 1–5; ovary superior; styles 1–3, stigmas 1–3, filiform. Fruiting structures: achene often enclosed in perianth, pericarp adherent or nonadherent,
11 KB (777 words) - 22:58, 5 November 2020
D. Nautiyal, ed. 1984. Developmental and Comparative Aspects of Plant Structure and Function. Proceedings of the National Symposium. Allahabad. Pp. 55–70
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are only two cell-layers thick, are much used to demonstrate plant-cell structure and cytoplasmic streaming in introductory botany courses. None. None. window
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within which all radial surfaces of stones are connate, yielding a single structure, either globose or ellipsoid. With relatively few exceptions, fruits are
37 KB (1,900 words) - 21:25, 9 February 2021
to short-caulescent, scapose, from branched, woody caudices or bulblike structures; usually forming colonies with few to many rosettes. Stems to 25 dm. Leaves
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3–0.4 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length. Capsules subglobose subtended by calyxlike structure, 1.5–2 × 2.2–2.8 mm, glabrous; columella 1–1.5 mm. Seeds ashen, broadly
4 KB (375 words) - 20:14, 5 November 2020
A Text property defining a single value. Structure: stem A Top Level Property A Axillary shoot height or length or size Axillary shoot shape Axillary tuber
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roots notably fleshy or thickened. Leaves (excluding clasping, scalelike structures proximal to leaves proper) mostly 5–12 per shoot. Inflorescences: flowers
3 KB (234 words) - 23:42, 5 November 2020
pink-purple bracts. This variety differs from the other two varieties in the structure of the abaxial lip of the corolla. In addition, it is distinguished from
3 KB (339 words) - 20:24, 5 November 2020
distribution of fertile pinnae, the shape of the costal areoles, and the structure of the paraphyses. In parts of Florida, their distributions are contiguous
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: pistil A subproperty of gynoecium A Part of gynoecium C Carpel Carpel architecture Carpel atypical
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1-stratose to multistratose, specialized laminal and marginal chlorophyllose structures absent, muticous to long-awned but awns only rarely longer than lamina;
21 KB (541 words) - 19:03, 30 April 2021
Aulacomniaceae (V. F. Brotherus 1924), but peristome and gametophytic structure (S. P. Churchill and W. R. Buck 1982), as well as molecular evidence (N
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sometimes resemble Indusiella (Grimmiaceae) in habit and general leaf structure although no filaments are found on the leaves of the latter. Delgadillo
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of the Monocotyledons. 8+ vols. Oxford. Vol. 6. Bouman, F. 1995. Seed structure and systematics in Dioscoreales. In: P. J. Rudall et al., eds. 1995. Monocotyledons:
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petiolate, petiole or base of blade often with 2 circular to elliptic and flat structures or flask-shaped nectariferous cavities; blade papery to leathery, venation
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where it has also been placed and from which it differs markedly in leaf structure. A. Eddy (1988+, vol. 2) assigned the genus to its own monogeneric family
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(1996) in considering these structures to be staminodes that replace the inner whorl of stamens. When present, these structures alternate with the fertile
22 KB (1,113 words) - 23:09, 5 November 2020
the frond. Some species have turions (compact fronds reduced in size and structure, filled with starch grains, forming under unfavorable conditions). Easily
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: corolla A subproperty of flower A Part of flower None. A Adaxial lobe size Apical and lateral lobe
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: involucre A subproperty of inflorescence A Part of inflorescence C Cupule Cupule architecture Cupule
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: phyllary A subproperty of inflorescence A Part of inflorescence None. A Apex Apex architecture Apex
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intermediate, resembling Berberis proper in their dimorphic stems, inflorescence structure, and susceptibility to Puccinia, and Mahonia in their spineless stems and
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inflorescence, such as Piperaceae and Cyclanthaceae, either do not have a structure equivalent to a spathe (Piperaceae) or have early-deciduous bracts (Cyclanthaceae)
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10 (3 species in the flora). Grootjen, C. J. and F. Bouman. 1988. Seed structure in Cannaceae: Taxonomic and ecological implications. Ann. Bot. (Oxford)
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Ayenia or Byttneria, has not been included in molecular analyses. The structure of Ayenia flowers is complicated and the terminology applied to the various
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cytology, ecology, genetics. Intriguing questions about inflorescence structure, character homologies, and phylogenetic relationships with the rest of
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distortion of the flower in pressing makes it difficult to interpret calyx structure. In particular, the distinction between proximal portions of the sepals
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status and affinities. Feddes Repert. 111: 231–248. Whipple, H. L. 1972. Structure and systematics of Phryma leptostachya. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 88:
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States. Species 1: e, se United States. Species 1 Copeland, H. F. 1939. The structure of Monotropsis and the classification of the Monotropoideae. Madroño 5:
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: style A subproperty of pistil A Part of pistil None. A Apex Apex architecture Apex architecture or
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: armature A subproperty of epidermis A Part of epidermis A Abaxial and adaxial hair architecture Abaxial
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Species 1. Each cypsela-complex includes an elaiosome (a fleshy, oil-bearing structure at the base of the phyllary) and two associated paleae. Ants carry cypsela-complexes
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peduncle bearing 1 flower per axil, 5–10 mm including pedicel, entire structure slender. Flowers 1–5; perianth rotate; tepals recurved at tips, wine-colored
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Plants 30–80 cm. Corms globose (fibrous roots often densely covering whole structure). Stems glabrous. Leaves: basal and proximal cauline 1-nerved, linear to
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weak or absent; laminal cells rhombic or rectangular. Specialized asexual structures absent. Sexual condition: perichaetial and perigonial buds occurring on
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slightly winged tubercles] adaxially; stamens 5; stigmas 2–3. Fruiting structures: perianth covering utricles at maturity, utricles compressed-spheric or
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scalelike; stamens 1–3(–5); ovary superior; stigmas and styles 2. Fruiting structures: style bases at maturity forming characteristic bifid rostrum (“beak”)
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lamina 1- or 2-stratose, specialized laminal and marginal chlorophyllose structures absent, usually long-awned; basal cells usually rectangular with straight
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isodiametric, quadrate to subquadrate, smooth, thick-walled. Specialized asexual structures absent. Sexual condition dioicous; perigonia lateral on stem and branches
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Contra-ligules are present in some other genera of Cyperaceae; their structure is seldom used taxonomically outside Scleria. Scleria vaginata Steudel
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lobes reflexed or sometimes incompletely spread, then forming cup-like structure, exserted beyond longer anthers. Capsules erect, subfusiform, 8–12 mm,
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: palea A subproperty of inflorescence A Part of inflorescence M Megagametophyte Megagametophyte coloration
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: tissue A Top Level Property C Cortex Cortex coating Cortex coloration Cortex count Cortex count or
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: venation A subproperty of leaf A Part of leaf A subproperty of petal A Part of petal A Abaxial vascular-bundle
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season (i.e., the lowermost leaves on the twig) are sometimes atypical in structure, having broader, blunter leaflets. The fasciculate hairs on the veins normally
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related to Triteleia, on the basis of corm morphology, keeled leaves, umbel structure, versatile anthers distant from the style, filament appendages, a stigma
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: root A Top Level Property A Adventitious-root Adventitious-root density F Fibrous-root P Prop-root
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: seed A Top Level Property A Almond Alveola Alveolus C Cross-line D Diaspore S Seed-set S cont. Seedling
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: phyllaries A subproperty of inflorescence A Part of inflorescence None. A Abaxial base prominence B
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Salicaceae. The well-preserved Pseudosalix fossils, in which reproductive structures are directly associated with the leaves, occur intermixed with Populus
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stems dying back in winter to a tuberous base (H. Ohba 1977). The vascular structure of flowers of this group were found by M. W. Quimby (1939) to be more primitive
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the third bisexual or pistillate, and the fourth a rudimentary 3-awned structure. Hunziker, A.T. and A.M. Anton. 1979. A synoptical revision of Blepharidachne
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floral morphology, particularly in the similarities of cypselae and pappus structure. The shrubby habit and capitulescence of densely aggregated heads with
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three species of Jepsonia also produce a secondary taproot each year. This structure begins to grow after seasonal rains and shrivels before flowering begins
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patches, rarely 2-stratose, specialized laminal and marginal chlorophyllose structures absent, muticous to long-awned, sometimes ending in a fleshy, multistratose
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acute to acuminate; peduncle: junction with pedicel not abrupt, entire structure (5–)9–20 mm, glands absent or obscure. Flowers 1(–2) per axil; perianth
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apiculate; inner leaves undifferentiated or rolled into hardened, fusiform structure. Leaves submersed, ± spirally arranged, sessile, rigid; stipules persistent
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form¬ing corms, corms connected to the rhizomes by a rootlike, 10-30 mm structure, which usually remains attached to the corm; internodes smooth. Sheaths
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junction with pedicel abrupt, with glands indicating transition, entire structure 2–5 cm, glands short-stalked. Flowers 1–2 per axil; perianth campanulate;
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apex apiculate to acute; inner leaves reduced, arranged into fan-shaped structure and oriented at 90° angles to outer leaves. Leaves submersed, ± spirally
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Harkness 2003; C. Quest-Ritson and B. Quest-Ritson 2003). The infrageneric structure used here is relatively well established in floral and taxonomic works
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: sporangium A Top Level Property A Abaxial microsporangium count E Eusporangium Eusporangium count Eusporangium
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Families of the Monocotyledons. Structure, Evolution, and Taxonomy. Berlin etc. Davis, J. I. 1995. A phylogenetic structure for the monocotyledons, as inferred
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scattered individuals, acrocarpous, pseudo-pleurocarpous (reproductive structures on lateral innovations). Stems erect; epidermis not differentiated, central
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incumbent; pollinia 4, soft, mealy, composed of monads, without accessory structures, appearing triangular when removed as a unit; ovaries articulate proximally
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numbers reflects both polyploidy and dysploidy. Stamen number, placenta structure (entire and sessile versus two-fid and stalked), capsule shape, and number
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correlate with habitat; floral characters, other than the distinctive nectary structure that helps define Keckiella, reflect the pollination syndrome (D. C. Michener
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hypodermis, and floral bracts persistent (J. J. Bruhl and S. Perry 1995). The structure of chloroplasts in vascular bundles differs from other C4 genera of Cyperaceae
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Some taxa show various stages of transition between globose structures and elongate structures that function like horizontal rhizomes. All other Liatrinae
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1976; R. A. Price 1989). The unity of the family is best shown in the structure of the mature seed cones: the bract-scale complexes are intimately fused
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27. Treatment on page 112. Mentioned on page 113. Specialized asexual structures are usually present. Seta 6–14 mm, erect, straight or ± flexuose, superficial
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bisexual; perianth 3(–5)-lobed, herbaceous; stigmas 3; stamen 1. Fruiting structures: utricle globose, exceeding perianth at maturity; pericarp free from seed
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: peduncle A subproperty of inflorescence A Part of inflorescence None. B Bract Bract architecture Bract
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Berlin, etc. Vol. 3, pp. 175–185. Oganezowa, G. G. 1982. On the anatomical structure of seed and fruit of some Liliaceae in connection with the systematics
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bracteoles connate nearly to apex; perianth absent; stigmas 2. Fruiting structures: bracteoles either veinless and laterally flattened and/or 1–3-veined
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hooked, or conic appendages; stamens 5; styles and stigmas 2(–3). Fruiting structures: fruiting bracts absent; achenes ovate-compressed; pericarp free, membranous
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ovary semi-inferior; stigmas usually 2–3(–5), connate basally. Fruiting structures achenes, connate with receptacle, often enclosed by swollen perianth.
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just of primary segments incised to the base or nearly so. Inflorescence structure is described at peak anthesis; at early anthesis flowers are often more
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(Viscaceae). Phytoneuron 2012-51: 1–11. Reif, B. P. et al. 2015. Genetic structure and morphological differentiation of three western North American dwarf
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: cone A Top Level Property P Pollen cone S Seed-cone Seed-cone architecture Seed-cone architecture or
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distal leaf and becoming oblong-linear near leaf base. Specialized asexual structures: stalked, discoid gemmae borne in rosette of rounded bracts formed on
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lowland (Washington to Alaska) entity occidentalis resembles K. polifolia in structure; it is closely related to typical microphylla chemically and is separable
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Jr. and D. M. Johnson. 1983. Trophopod, a commonly overlooked storage structure of potential systematic value in ferns. Taxon 32: 268--269. Matteuccia
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widespread and frequently encountered species in California. There is structure in phylogenetic analysis of northern and southern populations (that is
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variable in stature, indument, leaf size and shape, and inflorescence structure. Plants of the Appalachian Mountains and northward usually can be readily
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established in the Flora region. Ennos, R.A. 1985. The mating system and genetic structure in a perennial grass, Cynosurus cristatus L. Heredity 55:121-126 Jirasek
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Working Group (2001). Davis, J.I. and R.J. Sorcng. 1993. Phylogenetic structure in the grass family (Poaceae) as inferred from chloroplast DNA restriction
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Philbrick, C. T. and G. E. Crow. 1992. Isozyme variation and population structure in Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. (Podostemaceae): Implications for colonization
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flora). Pandey, A. K., S. Chopra, and R. P. Singh. 1986. Development and structure of seeds and fruits in Compositae: Cosmos species. J. Indian Bot. Soc.
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(Resedaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 142: 223–237. Arber, A. 1942. Studies in flower structure. VII. On the gynaecium of Reseda, with a consideration of paracarpy. Ann
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interpreted as being capitate (the capitate form is derived from a bifid structure), and sect. Dilopha Moquin-Tandon, with penicillate stigmas. Section Dilopha
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: midvein A subproperty of venation A Type of venation None. A Apical wing count Apical wing orientation
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apex acute; inner leaves undifferentiated or rolled into tight, hardened structure. Leaves submersed, or both submersed and floating, ± spirally arranged
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1–1.4 mm, surface thickened above raphe and at distal end into U-shaped structure. 2n = 14. Phenology: Flowering Feb–May(–Jun). Habitat: Sandy soil on flats
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Pistillate flowers: ovary glabrous, subtended by triangular calyxlike structure; styles 0.4–0.6 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length. Capsules broadly ovoid, 1–1.5 × 1
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: stamens A subproperty of androecium A Part of androecium None. B Bundle filament fusion F Filament
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: plant A Top Level Property A Algae Algae coloration Annual Annual growth form B Biennial C Cleistogene
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) used] Dvorak, J., Z.-C. Luo, Z.-L. Yang, and H.-B. Zhang. 1998. The structure of the Aegilops tauschii genepool and the evolution of hexaploid wheat
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species, M. Bywater and G. E. Wickens (1984) made good use of seed-coat structure, as shown in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs filed with
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rotundifolia Linnaeus. J. V. Freudenstein (1999b) found limited cladistic structure in Pyrola. Morphologic and molecular data support a clade comprising P
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(1995). Synapomorphies of the Asteraceae clade include: calyces modified to structures called pappi, anthers connate (forming tubes) and styles modified to function
270 KB (5,940 words) - 20:46, 31 January 2022
with 2-stratose streaks, specialized laminal and marginal chlorophyllose structures absent, awn short to twice lamina length, distal leaves typically with
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segments strongly imbricate, chartaceous; stamens 5; stigmas 2. Fruiting structures: fruit a utricle; pericarp free from seed, membranous, indehiscent. Seeds
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pistillate flowers); ovary superior; stigmas 2, connate proximally. Fruiting structures somewhat flattened utricles; pericarp loose when dry. Seeds vertical,
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leaves, short-rectangular to linear laminal cells, and peculiar anatomical structure of the costa, which is narrow, usually less than 80 µm wide at the base
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studies, evaluated relationships among taxa, but without finding sufficient structure to create a new taxonomy. However, these studies tell us that assumptions
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Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Specialized asexual structures are often present. Seta 7–17 mm, erect, geniculate, cells smooth and spiraled
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of exostome teeth in many species. For poorly distinguishable taxa, the structure of pseudoparaphyllia is diagnostic. In Brachytheciaceae, the first branch
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Cerastium. Several species groupings can be recognized based on capsule structure. Examples include species with the capsule teeth revolute (coiled outwards
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modified, becoming a slightly to markedly gibbous, reticulated, winged structure that encloses the mature achene. In Pterostegia, the two wings are slightly
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North America. Albert, T., O. Raspe, and A. L. Jacquemart. 2003. Clonal structure in Vaccinium myrtillus L. revealed by RAPD and AFLP markers. Int. J. Pl
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other genera are unclear. Hubbard, C.E. 1984. Grasses: A Guide to their Structure, Identification, Uses, and Distribution in the British Isles, ed. 3, rev
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of sporophytes, this species is readily identified by its unique costal structure, which is circular in transverse section. It commonly has thick-walled
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Ranunculus subg. Ceratocephalus is very different in aspect and fruit structure from other species of the genus; it is often treated as a distinct genus
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Generated Map Legacy Map Ariz., Calif., Nev., Utah. Hufford, L. 1989. Structure of the inflorescence and flower of Petalonyx linearis. Pl. Syst. Evol.
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J. Arnold Arb. 56: 223–239. Rosenfeldt, S. and B. G. Galati. 2009. The structure of the stigma and the style of Oxalis spp. (Oxalidaceae). J. Torrey Bot
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parts should be studied closely by observing multiple examples of a given structure from a specimen in order to facilitate determinations. Rapidly expanding
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arbitrary. Phalaris resembles Anthoxanthum sensu lato in its spikelet structure, differing only in the greater reduction of the lower florets. It also
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In: R. M. T. Dahlgren et al. 1995. The Families of the Monocotyledons: Structure, Evolution, and Taxonomy. Berlin etc. Pp. 249–274. Sheehan, T. J. and M
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fused into a distinct, turbinate to campanulate or hemispheric, tubular structure. In Johanneshowellia, the four to seven, distinct, involucral bracts are
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by having scaly (rather than bristly) receptacles, and in its cypselar structure (J. Briquet 1930), trichome types (J. Briquet 1930b), unique pollen morphology
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hairs (each apical cell abruptly reflexed, together forming a pronged structure) covering the faces and the winged margins. Dichaetophora is similar and
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species of the genus in North America since they are a separate bilobed structure adjacent to, but not a direct enlargement of, the filament bases opposite
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to be established. Clayton (1969) provides a detailed discussion of the structure of the inflorescence. Clayton, W.D. 1969. A Revision of the Genus Hyparrhenia
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for the vaginant and abaxial laminae, respectively, of Fissidens. Costal structure of the two genera, however, is quite different, and species of Fissidens
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in such sites is attributable to a competitive advantage gained by the structure of its root system. Unlike Poa secunda, which grew in the surrounding,
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: spore A Top Level Property F Functional megaspore count M Megaspore Megaspore architecture Megaspore
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via rhizomes adds to the species' ability to maintain local population structure and to perpetuate unique character combinations. None. Sporobolus compositus
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C. brevistyla has mostly five-lobed parts, and also differs in corolla structure and spotting. Hybrids between C. brevistyla and C. exserta are known from
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morphology that differs from both putative parents, especially in calyx structure. Reports of its introduction to Point Reyes, California (T. I. Chuang and
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tribe, in part due to the unique involucre, here considered a derived structure. The relationship to members of Machaeranthera in the broad sense was never
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: pinna A subproperty of leaf A Part of leaf P Pinnae B Basal pinnule architecture Basal pinnule arrangement
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A Text property defining a single value. Structure: petal A subproperty of flower A Part of flower L Labellum A Auricle Auricle architecture Auricle architecture
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Shadbush, Amelanchier (Rosaceae): Evidence from Systematics, Population Structure, and Reproductive Ecology. Ph.D. thesis. University of Maine. Jones, G
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