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between ribs or wings a rib or low sharp ridge. sw United States, n Mexico, ne Africa. Species 17 (12 in the flora). R. A. Levin (2000) showed that Selinocarpus

H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien..., ed. 2. 26+ vols. Leipzig and Berlin. Vol. 16c, pp. 86–134. Levin, R. A. 2000.

early branching of Ludwigia (R. A. Levin et al. 2003, 2004). This large and diverse lineage is distinguished by the presence of a floral tube beyond the apex

Epilobieae, and Onagreae), the last two tribes form a clade that has very strong molecular support (R. A. Levin et al. 2003, 2004), but no obvious morphological

Maytenus, Mortonia, Parnassia, Paxistima, Schaefferia R. Brown Jinshuang Ma, Peter W. Ball, Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: Staff-tree or Bittersweet Family Treatment

support for the tribe is strong (97–100% BOOTSTRAP support; D. A. Baum et al. 1994; R. A. Levin et al. 2004). Endlicher established Epilobieae and included

Pleradenophora, Ricinus, Stillingia, Tragia, Triadica, Vernicia Jussieu Geoffrey A. Levin, Lynn J. Gillespie Common names: Spurge Family Treatment appears in FNA

morphological and molecular analyses (see R. A. Levin et al. 2003, 2004). Ludwigia is distinguished by the absence of a floral tube, persistence of sepals on

four-angled capsules. Blakelock, R. A. 1951. A synopsis of the genus Euonymus L. Kew Bull. 6: 210–290. Ma, J. S. 2001. A revision of Euonymus (Celastraceae)

lanceolata Show Lower Taxa Acleisanthes lanceolata var. lanceolata (Wooton) R. A. Levin Novon 12: 61. 2002. Jackie M. Poole Common names: Gyp moonpod Illustrated

speciesCanotia holacantha Torrey ex A. Gray in J. C. Ives, Rep. Colorado R. 4: 15. 1861. Jinshuang Ma, Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: Crucifixion thorn Illustrated

morphological characteristics. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 134: 441–450. Pooler, M. R., R. L. Dix, and J. Feely. 2002. Interspecific hybridizations between the native

Taxa Canotia holacantha Torrey ex A. Gray in J. C. Ives, Rep. Colorado R. 4: 15. 1861. Jinshuang Ma, Geoffrey A. Levin Etymology: Spanish name in Mexico

the interior deserts and bordering areas of the western United States. R. A. Levin et al. (2004) found strong molecular support for paraphyly in the broadly

entire petals that taper to a distinct claw. Even though molecular support for sect. Phaeostoma is not strong (R. A. Levin et al. 2004), at this time it

Taxa Breynia disticha J. R. Forster & G. Forster Char. Gen. Pl. ed. 2, 145, plate 73. 1776. name conserved Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: Snowbush Introduced

basal split recognized in all phylogenetic studies (R. H. Eyde 1981; P. C. Hoch et al. 1993; R. A. Levin et al. 2003, 2004; V. S. Ford and L. D. Gottlieb

Molecular studies with broad sampling in Onagreae (R. A. Levin et al. 2004) showed high support for a monophyletic Oenothera only when Calylophus, Gaura

speciesCelastrus scandens Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 196. 1753. Jinshuang Ma, Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: American bittersweet IllustratedEndemic Treatment appears

speciesAcleisanthes chenopodioides (A. Gray) R. A. Levin Novon 12: 60. 2002. Jackie M. Poole Illustrated Basionym: Selinocarpus chenopodioides A. Gray Amer. J. Sci. Arts

familyEuphorbiaceae genusAcalypha speciesAcalypha gracilens A. Gray Manual, 408. 1848. Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: Slender threeseeded mercury WeedyIllustratedEndemic

(G. D. Hoggard et al. 2004; R. A. Levin et al. 2004) place Gaura strongly within the Oenothera clade and equally strongly in a clade with other sections

plus trnL-F (R. A. Levin et al. 2004), as was the segregation of Chamaenerion from Epilobium. In addition, both analyses strongly supported a clade that

diffusa (A. Gray) R. A. Levin Novon 12: 61. 2002. Jackie M. Poole Common names: Spreading moonpod IllustratedEndemic Basionym: Selinocarpus diffusus A. Gray

Taxa Glochidion puberum J. R. Forster & G. Forster Char. Gen. Pl. ed. 2, 113, plate 57. 1776. name conserved Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: Needlebush cheesetree

genusBreynia speciesBreynia disticha J. R. Forster & G. Forster Char. Gen. Pl. ed. 2, 146, plate 73. 1776. Geoffrey A. Levin IntroducedIllustrated Synonyms: Breynia

speciesAcalypha virginica Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 1003. 1753. name conserved Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: Virginia threeseeded mercury WeedyIllustratedEndemic Synonyms:

Jinshuang Ma, Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: Oriental spindle-tree IntroducedIllustrated Basionym: Celastrus alatus Thunberg in J. A. Murray, Syst. Veg.

rows per locule. R. A. Levin et al. (2004) included only one species each from Camissonia sects. Chylismia and Lignothera; the two formed a moderately supported

Xerolobium (Raven). Molecular analyses (D. A. Baum et al. 1994; R. A. Levin et al. 2004) placed sect. Zauschneria (x = 15) in a well-supported clade with sects.

remaining sections, as supported by recent molecular studies (D. A. Baum et al. 1994; R. A. Levin et al. 2004). Based on extensive crossing studies, it appears

speciesFlueggea virosa subspeciesFlueggea virosa subsp. virosa Geoffrey A. Levin IntroducedIllustrated Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on

type of A. virginica resolved the issue. This nomenclatural problem, combined with use of inappropriate characters to distinguish A. rhomboidea and A. virginica

familyNyctaginaceae genusAcleisanthes speciesAcleisanthes angustifolia (Torrey) R. A. Levin Novon 12: 60. 2002. Jackie M. Poole Basionym: Selinocarpus angustifolius Torrey

familyNyctaginaceae genusAcleisanthes speciesAcleisanthes parvifolia (Torrey) R. A. Levin Novon 12: 62. 2002. Jackie M. Poole Basionym: Selinocarpus diffusus var

speciesCelastrus orbiculatus Thunberg in J. A. Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 14, 237. 1784. Jinshuang Ma, Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: Oriental bittersweet WeedyIntroduced

Chylismia does not occur west of the Cascade-Sierra Nevada axis. Because R. A. Levin et al. (2004) included only C. claviformis in their analysis, they did

familyEuphorbiaceae genusAcalypha speciesAcalypha setosa A. Richard in R. Sagra, Hist. Fis. Cuba 11: 204. 1850. Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: Cuban copperleaf Introduced

analyses place these genera into a single clade (C. J. Bult and E. A. Zimmer 1993; E. Conti et al. 1993; R. A. Levin et al. 2003, 2004; V. S. Ford and

Handel-Mazzetti Symb. Sin. 7: 660. 1933. (as Evonymus) Jinshuang Ma, Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: Wintercreeper climbing euonymus Introduced Basionym: Elaeodendron

europaeus Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 197. 1753. (as Evonymus) Jinshuang Ma, Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: European spindle-tree WeedyIntroduced Treatment appears in

Hort. Bot. Vindob. 2: 55, plate 120. 1772/1773. Jinshuang Ma, Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: Burning-bush wahoo spindle-tree WeedyEndemic Synonyms: Euonymus

each of whom acts as a liaison between the project and the botanical community in his or her region; (3) a bibliographic editor; (4) a nomenclatural and etymological

Anogra is included within a strongly supported clade with the two species of sect. Kleinia in recent molecular studies (R. A. Levin et al. 2004; M. E. K. Evans

as a variation from the typical Oenothera stigma, with the indusium enlarged and the lobes reduced (W. L. Wagner et al. 2007). Molecular studies (R. A

speciesAcalypha poiretii Sprengel Syst. Veg. 3: 879. 1826. (as poireti) Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: Poiret’s copperleaf Basionym: Acalypha macrostachyos Poiret

Click on a volume # for individual families, genera, contributors names and email addresses, and if the manuscript has been received. If a provisional

100% strong support for the section (R. A. Levin et al. 2004). The position of sect. Pachylophus was not supported as a member of the two main lineages within

evening, straight floral tubes, and petals acute to rounded at apex. R. A. Levin et al. (2004) did not test this group’s monophyly, since they included

based on molecular analyses of the Onagreae. Chylismiella was placed by R. A. Levin et al. (2004) sister to Gayophytum rather than with other groups placed

Molecular phylogenetic analysis places a strongly monophyletic Clarkia as sister to Gayophytum and Chylismiella (R. A. Levin et al. 2004). All but one species

Bischofiaceae, but embryological and anatomical data (A. K. Bhatnagar and R. N. Kapil 1973; G. A. Levin 1986b; A. M. W. Mennega 1987; G. L. Webster 1994) argue

Gregory (1972[1973]) into a single subsection based on recent molecular studies by G. D. Hoggard et al. (2004) and R. A. Levin et al. (2004). The two groups

desert flats inland from 0–2500 m. R. A. Levin et al. (2004) found strong molecular support for Camissoniopsis in a clade with Neoholmgrenia and Tetrapteron

(1969) in the delimitation of Camissonia based on the molecular analysis (R. A. Levin et al. 2004); they recognized eight genera in addition to the much reduced

region where A. montanum is absent. Sterile hybrids with A. pinnatifidum (A. × gravesii), A. montanum (A. × wherryi D. M. Smith et al.), and A. platyneuron

the sinus. Molecular data (R. A. Levin et al. 2004) placed C. xantiana close to C. bottae, and both of them close to but not within sect. Phaeostoma. Both

1965; S. R. Seavey 1992). Unexpectedly, molecular analyses (D. A. Baum et al. 1994; R. A. Levin et al. 2004) placed sect. Epilobiopsis as sister to a clade

1982b; R. H. Eyde 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982; R. C. Keating 1982), as well as several published and unpublished revisions of sections. These data provide a rich

annual species as the genus Tetrapteron. R. A. Levin et al. (2004) found strong molecular support for Taraxia on a weakly supported branch sister to Clarkia

species). Molecular analyses (D. A. Baum et al. 1994; R. A. Levin et al. 2004) provided strong support for Chamaenerion as a monophyletic group separate from

section (five species). R. A. Levin et al. (2004), using both ITS and trnL-F sequence data, found very strong support for both a sparsely sampled sect.

ovary; however, it is clear from molecular evidence (R. A. Levin et al. 2004; W. L. Wagner et al. 2007) that the perennial species with this feature (Taraxia)

America. Species 2 (2 in the flora). R. A. Levin et al. (2004) found strong molecular support for Neoholmgrenia in a clade with Camissoniopsis and Tetrapteron

because molecular data (R. A. Levin et al. 2004) failed to place these two groups in a single clade. Instead, Oenothera linifolia forms a very weakly supported

sharply reflexed at maturity. R. A. Levin et al. (2004) included E. californicus and E. crassifolius (Greene) W. L. Wagner & Hoch (a species of Baja California

Kleinia is included within a strongly supported clade with members of sect. Anogra in recent molecular studies (R. A. Levin et al. 2004; M. E. K. Evans

treating variation in the group at the varietal level is followed here. R. A. Levin (2002) did not recognized any varieties. None. None. window.propertie

Gregory (1972[1973]). In molecular phylogenetic (G. D. Hoggard et al. 2004; R. A. Levin et al. 2004) analyses, O. arida did not group with O. boquillensis, the

(San Diego County; G. A. Levin 1986). Before being extirpated by a development project, the single population was re-established in a nearby protected site

an assertion supported by its early branching in molecular analyses (R. A. Levin et al. 2004; W. L. Wagner et al. 2007). The species is self-incompatible

had been included conceptually within P. pilosa (A. E. Radford et al. 1968). However, W. S. Judd and R. P. Wunderlin (1981) correctly identified P. amilis

distinctive, but is sister to T. tanacetifolia in molecular analyses (R. A. Levin et al. 2004; W. L. Wagner et al. 2007). None. None. window.properties

Pp. 109--127. Baker, R. G., R. S. Rhodes II, D. P. Schwert, A. C. Ashworth, T. J. Frest, G. R. Hallberg, and J. A. Janssens. 1986. A full-glacial biota from

 Dichanthelium (R.Spellenberg 1975). Ceanothus, a woody genus having large numbers of species in California, is similar to Quercus (H.McMinn 1944; M.A. Nobs 1963)