169–190. Reveal, J. L. 1989. The eriogonoid flora of California (Polygonaceae: Eriogonoideae). Phytologia 66: 295–416. Reveal, J. L. 1989b. Notes on selected
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include C. inequalis S. Stokes, C. turbinata Wiggins, C. mutabilis Brandegee, C. rosulenta Reveal, C. pulchella Brandegee, C. flava Brandegee, and C. interposita
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followed by R. B. Faden (1998), R. B. Faden and D. R. Hunt (1991), and G. C. Tucker (1989). Genera 40, species ca. 630 (6 genera, 51 species in the flora). Faden
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and A. Cronquist (1957), and F. S. Crosswhite (1965, 1965b, 1965c, 1966, 1967, 1967b, 1967c). Many western species were studied for floristic treatments in
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oval to oblong; styles erect to spreading. Achenes included, light brown to dark brown or black, not winged, lenticular, globose-lenticular, or 3-gonous
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1980; M. Takahashi and S. Kawano 1989; R. W. Cruden 1991; P. Goldblatt 1995; M. N. Tamura 1995, 1998b; W. B. Zomlefer 1997c) support its recognition as a
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dubious record (C. McCartney 1997; P. M. Brown 2000). Tetramicra canaliculata (Aublet) Urban was treated as naturalized in the flora of Florida (C. A. Luer 1972)
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evidence (D. B. O. Savile 1968b, 1979; D. C. Michener 1982; O. Mistretta and R. Scogin 1989; Wolfe et al.; C. E. Freeman et al. 2003). Among Keckiella
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Sargent, C. immanis Ashe, C. lecta Sargent, C. littoralis Sargent, C. menandiana Sargent, C. mercerensis Sargent, C. pilosa Sargent, C. pinguis Sargent, C
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Johnson (C. stricta Aiton), C. cristata Miquel (C. lepidophloia F. Mueller) and Gymnostoma sumatranum (Junghuhn ex de Vriese) L. A. S. Johnson (C. sumatrana
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ovoid to ellipsoid or oblong, 3–15 mm, walls unpigmented or brown-streaked to completely brown, traversed internally by trabeculae (internal partitions)
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hostiana × C. flava (= C. ×xanthocarpa Dégland), C. hostiana × C. viridula (= C. ×fulva Goodenough), C. flava × C. viridula (= C. ×ruedtii Kneucker), and C. cryptolepis
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Castanea ozarkensis, Castanea pumila Miller Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Kevin C. Nixon Common names: Chestnut châtaignier Etymology: Classical Latin, from
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dehiscence circumscissile near base, splitting from base toward apex. Seeds 1–50, brown or black, smooth or minutely sculpted, estrophiolate. x = 10, 11, 12, 13
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microcephala, Lipocarpha occidentalis R. Brown in J. H. Tuckey, Narr. Exped. Zaire, 459. 1818. Gordon C. TuckerTucker, Gordon C. Common names: Lipocarphe Etymology:
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terrestrial species (C. capricorni R. Mason, C. muelleri Sonder, and C. sonderi Hegelmaier) have trilocular anthers; in these species and C. cycloptera Schotsman
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and P. K. Holmgren 1989). In the key and descriptions that follow, tooth number is per leaf. Holmgren, N. H. and P. K. Holmgren. 1989. A taxonomic study
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Achenes included in accrescent and usually veiny perianth, tan to dark brown, unwinged to weakly winged, 3-gonous, sometimes compressed-3-gonous or nearly
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Show Lower Taxa Chorizanthe brevicornu Reveal & Hardham Phytologia 66: 188. 1989. James L. Reveal Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 469
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The dudaim melon (C. melo), paddy melon (C. myriocarpus), and a few others possibly have the potential to become aggressively invasive. C. Jeffrey (1980b)
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forming cushions, green, occasionally blackish green distally, yellow-brown to dark brown proximally. Stems usually to 2 cm, occasionally branching; rounded-pentagonal
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(e.g., J. C. M. den Nijs and S. B. J. Menken 1994; J. Hughes and A. J. Richards 1988, 1989; L. M. King 1993; King and B. A. Schaal 1990; J. C. Lyman and
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style branches (glabrate, flattened), appendages lacking. Cypselae light brown, obovoid to cylindric, ± compressed, 5–10-nerved, glabrous or hispid; pappi
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and two putative hybrids (C. S. Campbell et al. 1985, 1987; Campbell and W. A. Wright 1996; J. E. Weber and Campbell 1989; A. C. Dibble et al. 1998; M. B
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fleshy; carpels cartilaginous; styles often persistent. Seeds 3–5, brown to reddish brown or yellowish, darkening with maturity, ovoid to lanceoloid, slightly
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septicidal, [rarely irregular or fruits drupaceous]. Seeds 2–20, reddish brown to dark brown, compressed or lenticular [angular], sometimes winged, (testa vascularized
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(except J. vaseyi). Worldwide. Species 25 (18 in the flora). Brooks, R. E. 1989. A Revision of Juncus Ssubgenus Poiophylli (Juncaceae) in the Eastern United
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Allium. In: C. L. Hitchcock et al. 1955–1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 5 vols. Seattle. Vol. 1, pp. 739–760. Peterson, P. M., C. R. Annable
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apophyses, which at the time of seed-shed are cream to light brown or gray—rather than light red-brown. They are distinguished from each other as follows: P.
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lemmas, if present, hyaline, unawned; anthers 1-2, yellow to brown; stigmas elongate, purple to brown; styles connate or free. Pedicels not fused to the branch
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nonflowering plants), basal, ± petiolate; blade green or mottled with purple, brown, or white, lanceolate to ovate (wider if solitary), flat to folded, 6–60
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reddish to dark brown, gray, or gray-black, exfoliating or not; long and short shoots present; young stems tan or reddish brown to brown, glabrous or villous
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unequal (proximally papery or membranous; distally ± scarious, often black, brown, castaneous, cream, gray, green, olivaceous, pink, red, white, or yellow)
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Acanthogonum, which previously included C. rigida and C. corrugata (see below). J. L. Reveal and C. B. Hardham (1989b) considered that taxon to represent
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Dryopteris. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 15: 141--162. Fraser-Jenkins, C. R. 1989. A classification of the genus Dryopteris (Pteridophyta: Dryopteridaceae)
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Heiser, C.B. 1962. Some observations on pollination and compatibility in Magnolia. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 72: 259-266. Johnson, D.L. 1989. Species and
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Chinnappa, C. C. and J. K. Morton. 1976. Studies on the Stellaria longipes Goldie complex—Variation in wild populations. Rhodora 78: 488–501. Chinnappa, C. C.
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punctiform to ellipsoid, x = 9. N.C., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Va., Del., D.C, Wis., W.Va., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Md., Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., N.S., Ont.
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Stellung der Gattung Calochortus. Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 34: 405–452. Ness, B. D. 1989. Seed morphology and taxonomic relationships in Calochortus (Liliaceae).
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here called Notholaena. R. E. G. Pichi-Sermolli (1989), however, urged acceptance of the typification by C. Christensen ([1905–]1906). Both the second and
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Several species of Callirhoë are gynodioecious; populations of C. alcaeoides, C. involucrata, and C. leiocarpa have individuals with either bisexual or functionally
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Del., D.C, Wis., Fla., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Md., Mass., Maine, N.H., R.I., Vt., Wyo., N.Mex., Tex., La., N.C., N.Dak., Nebr., Idaho, Tenn., S.C., Pa
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than those of any member of the Chorizanthineae. J. L. Reveal and C. B. Hardham (1989) reported a consistent chromosome count of n = 15 plus (seemingly)
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dark brown to black with square plates. Twigs brown to reddish brown, 1-2.5 mm diam., tomentose to sparsely pubescent. Terminal buds light brown to reddish
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(1944), A. K. Sharma and U. C. Bhattacharyya (1962), M. S. Cave (1964), S. Banerjee and A. K. Sharma (1987), Huang S. F. et al. (1989) and B. Vijayavalli and
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leaves are straight or slightly homomallous. Differences between 1. C. laxifolium and C. longicuspis are discussed with the former. This species is very rare
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Queva, C. 1894. Recherches sur l’Anatomie de l’Appareil Vegetatif des Taccacées & Dioscorées. Lille. Shehbaz, I. A. and B. G. Schubert. 1989. The Dioscoreaceae
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pistillate flower; perianth absent. Fruits not embedded in spadix, green, turning brown at maturity. Seeds (1–)4–10(–20), mucilage probably present. x = 14. Tropical
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scabrous. Leaves: basal sheaths brown; sheaths of proximal leaves bladeless, scabrous, fronts red-brown to copper-brown, spots absent, indistinctly ladder-fibrillose
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in the aerial florets, x = 12. Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Del., D.C, Wis., Alta., B.C., Greenland, Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., N.W.T., Ont., P.E
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douglasii subsp. nivea (C. T. Mason) C. T. Mason Madroño 36: 50. 1989. Nancy R. Morin Basionym: Limnanthes douglasii var. nivea C. T. Mason Univ. Calif.
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Plants bulbiform, gregarious or scattered, reddish to yellowish brown distally, brown proximally. Stems short, to 0.5 mm; hyalodermis absent, sclerodermis
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douglasii subspeciesLimnanthes douglasii subsp. sulphurea (C. T. Mason) C. T. Mason Madroño 36: 50. 1989. Nancy R. Morin Common names: Point Reyes meadowfoam
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pulchella, A. microphylla, A. racemosa, and A. umbrinella (R. J. Bayer 1989b, 1990b, 1990c). Additionally, three other sexually reproducing species, A. marginata
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persistent hybrid populations (C. O. Rosendahl et al. 1936; J. A. Calder and D. B. O. Savile 1959; S. A. Spongberg 1972; C. K. Wilkins and B. A. Bohm 1976;
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and C. D. Wiens. 1986. Observations on the pollination of Dedeckera eurekensis (Polygonaceae). Madroño 33: 302–305. Wiens, D., C. I. Davern, and C. L.
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of North America Association Stems 2–5 mm diam.; hairs reddish brown to chestnut brown, falling off early. Leaves to more than 1 m, axes straw-colored
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20: 503--527. Dowe, J. L. and N. W. Uhl. 1989. Carpoxylon macrospermum. Principes 33: 68--73. Dransfield, J. 1989. Voanioala (Arecoideae: Cocoeae: Butiinae)
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infernalis Sheviak Rhodora 91: 226, figs. 1, 2A, 3a, b. 1989. Charles J. Sheviak, Paul Martin Brown EndemicConservation concern Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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6–11 mm. Phyllaries (bases sometimes rose) distally white, cream, or light brown. Corollas: staminate 3–4 mm; pistillate 3.5–6.5(–8) mm. Cypselae 0.8–2 mm
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subspeciesAntennaria rosea subsp. confinis (Greene) R. J. Bayer Brittonia 41: 57. 1989. Randall J. Bayer Endemic Basionym: Antennaria confinis Greene Pittonia 4:
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Ochyra 1989). M. R. Crosby et al. (1999) cited four genera for the family, Actinothuidium Brotherus, Echinophyllum (as Bryochenea C. Gao & G. C. Zhang)
5 KB (530 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
suppl.): 170. Brown, G. K. and W. D. Clark. 1989. Flavonoids of Haplopappus section Oönopsis. [Abstract.] Amer. J. Bot. 76(6, suppl.): 190. Brown, G. K. 1993
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subspeciesAntennaria rosea subsp. arida (E. E. Nelson) R. J. Bayer Brittonia 41: 57. 1989. Randall J. Bayer Common names: Desert pussytoes Endemic Basionym: Antennaria
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subspeciesAntennaria rosea subsp. pulvinata (Greene) R. J. Bayer Brittonia 41: 59. 1989. Randall J. Bayer Common names: Pulvinate pussytoes Endemic Basionym: Antennaria
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Generated Map Legacy Map B.C., Calif., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Wash. Populations of Cryptogramma cascadensis were previously identified as C. acrostichoides. None
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Map Fla., Ga., N.C., S.C., Va. I have not been able to confirm the record of this species from Maryland in M. L. Brown and R. G. Brown (1984). Giles, N
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deciduous; crown sparse, open. Bark silver-gray to gray-brown on young trees, becoming reddish brown to brown, smooth initially, scaly to thickened and furrowed
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5–20(–40) dm. Bark exfoliating readily or tardily in reddish brown or blackish sheets, or gray to brown strips or strings. Branches spreading or ascending, often
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For Roger Hennedy, 1809–1877, Scottish phycologist Basionym: Hennedia R. Brown bis Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 25: 285. 1893, Treatment appears in
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Map Legacy Map Ala., Ark., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ky., La., Md., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va. Individual trees
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speciesFallopia ×bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtková) J. P. Bailey Watsonia 17: 443. 1989. Craig C. Freeman, Harold R. Hinds† Common names: Bohemian knotweed Basionym:
5 KB (563 words) - 23:08, 5 November 2020
perianth, glabrous; anthers yellow, oval. Achenes included, yellowish brown to brown, winged, globose, glabrous. Seeds: embryo straight. x = 14. w United
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sheaths red-brown; sheaths of proximal leaves bladeless, scabrous, fronts with red-brown spots, prominently ladder-fibrillose, apex red-brown, U-shaped,
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of Q. laurifolia. Twigs light brown to dark red-brown, 1-2.5 mm diam., glabrous. Terminal buds reddish to purplish brown, ovoid, 2.5-5 mm, glabrous or
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Twigs grayish brown to red-brown, rarely somewhat yellowish or gray, 1.5-3 mm diam., glabrous. Terminal buds grayish brown to reddish brown, ovoid to subfusiform
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Conn., Del., Ill., Ind., Maine, Md., Mass., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.C., Vt., Va. Betula populifolia is an important successional tree
5 KB (549 words) - 22:46, 5 November 2020
Legacy Map Ala., Ark., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Ky., La., Md., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va. Native
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speciesNymphaea capensis Thunberg Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 92. 1800. John. H. Wiersema, C. Barre Hellquist Common names: Cape blue water-lily Introduced Treatment appears
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40 m. Bark dark brown to black, ridges flat, furrows deep. Twigs red-brown, (1-)1.5-2.5 mm diam., glabrous. Terminal buds dark red-brown, ovoid to subconic
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from Crataegus include brownish fruit indicating mammal dispersal (C. M. Herrera 1989); large, hairy, eglandular bracteoles; extremely wide hypanthial opening
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speciesBistorta vivipara (Linnaeus) Delarbre Fl. Auvergne ed. 2, 2: 516. 1800. Craig C. Freeman, Harold R. Hinds† Common names: Alpine bistort Illustrated Basionym:
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T. venulosum (T. C. Brayshaw, pers. comm.); achenes are ascending, ± compressed, and beaks rather short (2-4 mm) (T. C. Brayshaw 1989). Some of the Native
4 KB (380 words) - 22:52, 5 November 2020
D. Ambrose 1975, 1980; P. Goldblatt 1995; C. Sterling 1980; M. Takahashi and S. Kawano 1989; F. H. Utech 1978c) and has recently been segregated in the
4 KB (391 words) - 22:15, 5 November 2020
4(–6) ascending or recurving teeth; carpophore present. Seeds 15–75, dark brown, reniform, laterally compressed, papillose, marginal wing absent, appendage
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of stolons may likewise play a role in preserving favored genotypes (C. I. Peng 1989). None. Ludwigia glandulosa subsp. brachycarpac., Ludwigia glandulosa
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areole [absent on adult stems of epiphytic species], yellow, blackish, or brown [white, greenish, or reddish], lateral on stems, bristles hairlike, acicular
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Less. Antill. 5: 241. 1989. Paul A. Fryxell†, Steven R. Hill Common names: Mangrove mallow Basionym: Malache scabra B. Vogel C. J. Trew, Pl. Select. 9:
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papillose, light brown. Phenology: Capsules mature summer. Habitat: Calcareous silt and shrub steppe Generated Map Legacy Map B.C., N.W.T., Nunavut, c Europe, Asia
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zionis N. H. Holmgren & P. K. Holmgren Brittonia 41: 344, fig. 2G–I. 1989. Craig C. Freeman EndemicConservation concern Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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aculeatum var. scopulinum D. C. Eaton Ferns N. Amer. 2: 125. 1880 Synonyms: Polystichum mohrioides var. scopulinum (D. C. Eaton) Fernald Treatment appears
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disturbed habitats, and the two seldom occur side by side (C. I. Peng 1989). Peng (1988, 1989) suggested that the hexaploid (2n = 48) L. simpsonii and the
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Gross. This view differs from that presented by J. L. Reveal and C. B. Hardham (1989), who included Chorizanthe and its relatives also in Hollisteriineae
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absent. Petiole 1/8–1/4 length of leaf, densely scaly; scales red-brown to dark brown or nearly black, gradually diminishing in size distally. Blade linear-lanceolate
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Lobatae speciesQuercus arkansana Sargent Trees & Shrubs 2: 121. 1911. Kevin C. Nixon Common names: Arkansas oak EndemicIllustrated Synonyms: Quercus caput-rivuli Ashe
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molecular phylogenies (e.g., J. C. Semple et al. 2002; L. Brouillet and S. Selliah 2005). A. G. Jones (1980) and J. C. Semple and L. Brouillet (1980) proposed
57 KB (1,333 words) - 20:35, 6 November 2020
porteriana Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 711, 1333. 1903 Synonyms: C. porteriana var. scoparia (Small) D. G. Burch C. scoparia Small Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12
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Everglades National Park in 1957 by Frank C. Craighead (C. A. Luer 1972). Intensive searches in 1988 and 1989 failed to find any plants; in 1990 R.P. Sauleda
4 KB (504 words) - 22:13, 5 November 2020
(sometimes when submerged), rarely small, not turgid, green, yellow-green, brown, or brown-red. Stems pinnate or sometimes irregularly branched, shoot apices sometimes
5 KB (438 words) - 20:17, 14 December 2022
to yellowish brown; capitulum 5radiate in shade forms to hemispherical in open grown or drier growing forms. Stems pale green to pale brown, sometimes with
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