of Epilobium); ovular vascular system exclusively transseptal (R. H. Eyde 1981); ovule archesporium multicellular (H. Tobe and P. H. Raven 1996); and change
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tridentata, Artemisia tripartita (Rydberg) McArthur Amer. J. Bot. 68: 590. 1981. Leila M. Shultz Basionym: Tridentatae Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al., N
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Saueranthus (Linnaeus) Aellen ex K. R. Robertson J. Arnold Arbor. 62: 283. 1981. Sergei L. Mosyakin, Kenneth R. Robertson Basionym: Undefined subg. Acnida Linnaeus
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double ovule vascular supply, uniquely including a central supply (R. H. Eyde 1981), single-celled ovule archesporium (H. Tobe and P. H. Raven 1996), and a
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12–22 orbiculate to spatulate scales. North America, Mexico. H. Robinson (1981) suggested that Hymenopappinae is related to Gaillardiinae and other "core"
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America and an annotated key to the taxa. Phytologia 44: 177–214. Zander, R. H. 1981. Descriptions and illustrations of Barbula, Pseudocrossidium and Bryoerythrophyllum
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Engler and K. Prantl (1887–1915) and by R. K. F. Pilger (1925). A. Cronquist (1981) placed Cochlospermum and Amoreuxia in Bixaceae in the Violales, suggesting
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based on more or less regional studies (H. K. Svenson 1957; T. V. Egorova 1981; I. Kukkonen 1990). A study using limited DNA data from 30 species (E. H
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crassifolium are Malephora crocea (Jacquin) Schwantes (W. R. Ferren Jr. et al. 1981). Disphyma crassifolium has clavate leaves, long, terete peduncles, densely
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Helenieae (epaleate genera), as Bahiinae and Gaillardiinae. H. Robinson (1981) listed 35 subtribes for Heliantheae, including transfers of all of traditional
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with 11 new combinations in Minuartia. Rhodora 82: 495–502. Wofford, B. E. 1981. External seed morphology of Arenaria (Caryophyllaceae) of the southeastern
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Myoporaceae (three or four genera and 125 species, in the sense of A. Cronquist 1981) is warranted based on its close similarity to Leucophylleae. Morphological
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species ca. 160 (53 in the flora). Some genera included by A. Cronquist (1981) in Grossulariaceae are now placed in separate families. Of the genera native
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(Petiveria, Rivina, Trichostigma), and Agdestidaceae (Agdestis). A. Cronquist (1981) wrote that “each of the several segregate families … appears to be a natural
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Botrychium speciesBotrychium paradoxum W. H. Wagner Amer. Fern J. 71: 24. 1981. Warren H. Wagner Jr., Florence S. Wagner Common names: Paradox moonwort
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familyIsoëtaceae genusIsoëtes speciesIsoëtes acadiensis Kott Canad. J. Bot. 59: 2592. 1981. W. Carl Taylor, Neil T. Luebke, Donald M. Britton, R. James Hickey, Daniel
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here in Heterotheca and all species treated here in Pityopsis (J. C. Semple 1981, 1996, literature cited therein). The two annual species of Bradburia are
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holoparasitic members traditionally included in the family (A. Cronquist 1981) and the hemiparasitic genera formerly included in Scrophulariaceae. Although
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the family occur outside of the flora area (H. Akiyama 1990; M. G. Manuel 1981). Other genera of the flora area (for example, Alsia, Forsstroemia) have
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appears to be relatively isolated among epaleate Heliantheae (H. Robinson 1981). B. G. Baldwin et al. (2002) included Lycapsus Philippi in Peritylinae.
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The relationships of the family are not a matter of dispute (A. Cronquist 1981; R. C. Carolin 1987); the same cannot be said for the relationships and delimitations
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pollination syndrome (D. C. Michener 1981, 1982). Leaf morphology is typical of drought-deciduous plants (Michener 1981). Varieties are recognized in part
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prevalent in Andean South America (Hufford et al.). Brown, D. K. and R. B. Kaul. 1981. Floral structure and mechanism in Loasaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 68: 361–372.
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has been included in Grimmiaceae by some authors, e.g., S. P. Churchill (1981), E. Lawton (1971), and A. Noguchi and Z. Iwatsuki (1987+, part 2), but it
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and the Hawaiian Islands. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 96: 235–283. Robertson, K. R. 1981. The genera of Amaranthaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold
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dimorphophylla var. paysonii (Greene) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve Phytologia 49: 46. 1981. Debra K. Trock IllustratedEndemic Basionym: Senecio dimorphophyllus Greene
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of Vascular Plants. 1+ vol. Berlin etc. Vol. 1, pp. 52--56. Reichstein, T. 1981. Hybrids in European Aspleniaceae (Pteridophyta). Bot. Helv. 91: 89--139
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to warrant the inclusion of the genus in the Juncaginaceae (A. Cronquist 1981). Molecular evidence also corroborates the close relationship between Lilaea
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Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 89: 62–71. Gillett, J. M. and N. K. B. Robson. 1981. The St. John’s worts of Canada (Guttiferae). Publ. Bot. (Ottawa) 11: 1–40
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Classification of Saxifragaceae has been varied and controversial (e.g., A. Cronquist 1981; H. G. A. Engler 1930; J. Hutchinson 1973; G. K. W. Schulze-Menz 1964b; A
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bolanderi var. harfordii (A. Gray) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve Phytologia 49: 45. 1981. Debra K. Trock Endemic Basionym: Senecio bolanderi A. Gray Proc. Amer. Acad
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neomexicana var. toumeyi (A. Gray) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve Phytologia 49: 47. 1981. Debra K. Trock Basionym: Senecio neomexicanus A. Gray in A. Gray et al.
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pseudaurea var. semicordata (Rydberg) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve Phytologia 49: 48. 1981. Debra K. Trock Common names: False-gold groundsel Endemic Basionym: Senecio
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var. lewisrosei (Torrey & A. Gray) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve Phytologia 49: 46. 1981. Debra K. Trock Endemic Basionym: Senecio eurycephalus Torrey & A. Gray Mem
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data, especially the presence of mustard oils. Traditionally (A. Cronquist 1981), the family has been associated with the Geraniaceae in the Geraniales because
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Eleocharis torticulmis T. V. Egorova Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 18: 101. 1981. S. Galen Smith*, Jeremy J. Bruhl*, M. Socorro González-Elizondo*, Francis
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speciesPseudocryphaea domingensis (Sprengel) W. R. Buck Bryologist 83: 455. 1981. William R. Buck Illustrated Basionym: Neckera domingensis Sprengel Syst
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170. 1971. Wilfred B. Schofield† Etymology: For Roelof van der Wijk, 1895 – 1981, Dutch bryologist Treatment appears in FNA Volume 28. Treatment on page 582
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hesperium (Maxon & R. T. Clausen) W. H. Wagner & Lellinger Amer. Fern J. 71: 92. 1981. Warren H. Wagner Jr., Florence S. Wagner Common names: Western moonwort
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Botrychium speciesBotrychium crenulatum W. H. Wagner Amer. Fern J. 71: 21. 1981. Warren H. Wagner Jr., Florence S. Wagner Common names: Dainty moonwort Endemic
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Morrison 2000) strongly supports extensive dismemberment of A. Cronquist’s (1981, 1988, 1993) very broadly circumscribed Liliaceae. No fewer than 30 segregate
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includes it in Ebenaceae (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2003); A. Cronquist (1981) and the original APG classification (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998) kept
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Cucurbitaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Malesherbiaceae, and Turneraceae (A. Cronquist 1981); they are currently considered to be most closely related to the latter
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adaptation to different pollinators in different parts of its range (R. B. Miller 1981). Four weakly differentiated varieties are recognized. Aquilegia coerulea
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proposed reestablishment of Anacheilium and Hormidium (G. F. Pabst et al. 1981; R. P. Sauleda et al. 1984), was based mainly on Brazilian species and did
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associated with Saxifragaceae (such as by J. D. Hooker 1865b, A. Cronquist 1981), but broad-scale phylogenetic analyses utilizing DNA sequences have aligned
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to development of disease-resistant elms (R. J. Stipes and R. J. Campana 1981). Various hybridization projects, including cloning of disease-resistant
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to Achnatherum. After considering various additional characters (Barkworth 1981, 1982), Barkworth (1993) transferred most North American species of Stipa
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Echinacea (e.g., P. O. Karis and O. Ryding 1994). Here, we follow H. Robinson (1981) in placing Echinacea in Ecliptinae. In keys and descriptions for Ratibida
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indica var. gregaria (Mitten) R. H. Zander Cryptog. Bryol. Lichénol. 2: 6. 1981,. Richard H. Zander Basionym: Tortula gregaria J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot.
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America (Rogers and R. Mildner 1976), southern Africa (Rogers 1981), and Madagascar (Rogers 1981b). This treatment draws largely on his work and follows his
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classifications. Syst. Bot. 5: 149-172. Nowicke, J. W. and J. J. Skvarla. 1981. Pollen morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the Berberidaceae. Smithsonian
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Eremogone hookeri var. pinetorum (Nuttall) W. A. Weber Brittonia 33: 326. 1981. Ronald L. Hartman, Richard K. Rabeler, Frederick H. Utech Common names:
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genusCypripedium speciesCypripedium kentuckiense C. F. Reed Phytologia 48: 426, fig. 1981. Charles J. Sheviak Common names: Ivory lady’s-slipper purloined slipper
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Arct. URSS 10: 117. 1987. Luc Brouillet Etymology: For Eric Hultén, 1894–1981, Swedish botanist, specialist of the circumpolar flora Basionym: Dendranthema
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Physaria lepidota subsp. membranacea Rollins Brittonia 33: 335, figs. 1, 2. 1981. Steve L. O’Kane Jr. Common names: Kane County twinpod Endemic Treatment
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been regarded as the sole genus of the family Splachnobryaceae (A. Koponen 1981). Previously the genus was placed in the Pottiaceae or in the Splachnaceae
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membrane and often have a prostome. Selected references Churchill, S. P. 1981. A phylogenetic analysis, classification and synopsis of the genera of the
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have been reported (Do V. C. et al. 1989). V. M. Bates and E. T. Browne (1981) reported A. filiculoides from Georgia, far removed from its main range in
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Agavaceae (Yucca, Hesperaloe, Agave, Manfreda, and Furcraea). A. Cronquist (1981) based his broadly circumscribed Agavaceae on a common xerophytic habit.
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divided the combined genus into four subgenera, whereas J. E. Rodman et al. (1981) and A. R. Kruckeberg and J. L. Morrison (1983) recognized subgenera and
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Violaceae has been placed in the Violales by most authors (A. Cronquist 1981; R. F. Thorne 1992; A. L. Takhtajan 1997). Based on data from cladistic analyses
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Botrychium speciesBotrychium montanum W. H. Wagner Amer. Fern J. 71: 29. 1981. Warren H. Wagner Jr., Florence S. Wagner Common names: Western goblin Endemic
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Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. iridis L. C. Anderson Great Basin Naturalist 41: 311. 1981 Synonyms: Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. iridis (L. C. Anderson) S. L. Welsh
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genusLycopodiella speciesLycopodiella appressa (Chapman) Cranfill Amer. Fern J. 71: 97. 1981. Warren H. Wagner Jr., Joseph M. Beitel Common names: Appressed bog club-moss
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speciesLycopodiella alopecuroides (Linnaeus) Cranfill Amer. Fern J. 71: 97. 1981. Warren H. Wagner Jr., Joseph M. Beitel Common names: Foxtail bog club-moss
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subg. Botrychium speciesBotrychium mormo W. H. Wagner Amer. Fern J. 71: 26. 1981. Warren H. Wagner Jr., Florence S. Wagner Common names: Little goblin EndemicConservation
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The circumscription of Gaillardiinae adopted here is that of H. Robinson (1981). In studies of epaleate Heliantheae, B. G. Baldwin adopted a narrower circumscription
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edaphically restricted (J. B. Glad 1976; H. J. Thompson and A. M. Powell 1981; C. M. Christy 1997; N. H. Holmgren and P. K. Holmgren 2002; Brokaw et al
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Circumscription of Helianthinae adopted here (i.e., that of H. Robinson 1981) is narrower than traditional circumscriptions (e.g., T. F. Stuessy 1977[1978])
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varietyCampylopus atrovirens var. cucullatifolius J.-P. Frahm Bryologist 83: 574, fig. 1. 1981,. Jan-Peter Frahm Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 369
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for the reestablishment of Anacheilium and Hormidium (G. F. Pabst et al. 1981; R. P. Sauleda et al. 1984) were based mainly on Brazilian species and did
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Moçiño & Sessé ex de Candolle, retained in Simaroubaceae by A. Cronquist (1981) but placed in Surianaceae by other authors, and Stylobasium Desfontaines
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anatomy but lacks an abaxial epidermis. See B. C. Tan et al. (1981) and Zander (1979, 1981, 1994n) for extensive discussion of the taxonomy and distribution
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information has led to much debate about who named Euthamia (D. J. Sieren 1981; K. N. Gandhi 1999; G. L. Nesom 1999; J. L. Strother 2000). I consider correct
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lobes to shorter (to 3 cm) with shorter spatulate lobes (H. H. Poppendieck 1981). All parts of Amoreuxia palmatifida, especially the root, have been used
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F. 1973. A revision of Digitaria in Malesia. Blumea 21:1-80 Webster, R.D. 1981. A biosystematic study of the Digitaria sanguinalis complex in North America
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hispidula var. versicolor (R. P. St. John) Lellinger Amer. Fern J. 71: 94. 1981. Alan R. Smith Common names: Variable maiden fern St. John's shield fern
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genusCystopteris speciesCystopteris reevesiana Lellinger Amer. Fern J. 71: 92. 1981. Christopher H. Haufler, Robbin C. Moran, Michael D. Windham Common names:
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platyneuron is often given as Oakes ex D. C. Eaton; see D. B. Lellinger (1981) for justification of the authorship employed here. Asplenium platyneuron
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fundamental basal split recognized in all phylogenetic studies (R. H. Eyde 1981; P. C. Hoch et al. 1993; R. A. Levin et al. 2003, 2004; V. S. Ford and L
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the flora). The circumscription of Coreopsidinae followed here (H. Robinson 1981) is a bit narrower than the traditional one. The subtribe is remarkable among
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Ståhl and A. A. Anderberg 2004). As typically described (e.g., A. Cronquist 1981; V. H. Heywood 1978), Primulaceae were clearly polyphyletic, closely related
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evidence that the Rafflesiaceae as traditionally circumscribed (A. Cronquist 1981; W. Meijer 1993) are polyphyletic and includes three or four independent
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species 27 (3 genera, 10 species in the flora). As noted by H. Robinson (1981), traditionally, Flaveria and Sartwellia were treated in Helenieae, Haploësthes
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varietySpiranthes casei var. novaescotiae Catling Canad. J. Bot. 59: 1261. 1981. Charles J. Sheviak, Paul Martin Brown Treatment appears in FNA Volume 26
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subspeciesMacrocoma tenuis subsp. sullivantii (Müller Hal.) Vitt Bryologist 83: 413. 1981. Dale H. Vitt Illustrated Basionym: Macromitrium sullivantii Bot. Zeitung
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speciesCaulophyllum giganteum (Farwell) Loconte & W. H. Blackwell Phytologia 49: 483. 1981. Henry Loconte Endemic Basionym: Caulophyllum thalictroides var. giganteum Farwell
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It has been characterized as opposite (C. F. Reed 1970; K. R. Robertson 1981; F. Shreve and I. L. Wiggins 1964; P. C. Standley 1917b) or alternate to
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an illegitimate name replaced by Virgulus (J. L. Reveal and C. S. Keener 1981). A. G. Jones (1980) treated the group as a subgenus within Aster in a broad
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crassinervia as a synonym of A. rothii, following M. F. V. Corley et al. (1981), while infraspecific taxa are not recognized. The costa may be interpreted
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North America; there are disjuncts in western South America. H. Robinson (1981) treated Baeriinae as a relatively isolated element among epaleate subtribes
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ornamental and its fruits are eaten raw or bottled in syrup and sold (A. Cronquist 1981). Prance, G. T. 1970. The genera of Chrysobalanaceae in the southeastern
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flora). Iteaceae, which has been included in Grossulariaceae (A. Cronquist 1981) or Escalloniaceae (R. F. Thorne 1992b), has a disjunct distribution, with
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submerged in Buxaceae or as a separate family near Buxaceae (A. Cronquist 1981), or in the Hamamelidae as its own order (A. L. Takhtajan 1997). Recent molecular
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included in the traditional Capparaceae by some authors, including A. Cronquist (1981). Recent molecular studies support its removal from Capparaceae and a relationship
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C. Chinnappa 1981; Kim and Turner). Chambers, K. L. 2004. Taxonomic notes on Krigia (Asteraceae). Sida 21: 225–236. Chinnappa, C. C. 1981. Cytological
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(Clusiaceae). Ph.D. dissertation. University of Mississippi. Robson, N. K. B. 1981. Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae) 2. Characters of the genus
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sometimes given tribal rank, as Tageteae. Here, we have followed H. Robinson (1981). The group is usually distinguished on the basis of schizogenous glands
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genus, Hydrogrimmia. This concept was followed by M. F. V. Corley et al. (1981). However, there are no significant morphological characters to separate
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