Bot. Gard. 22: 51–152. Stuessy, T. F. 1977[1978]. Heliantheae—systematic review. In: V. H. Heywood et al., eds. 1977[1978]. The Biology and Chemistry of
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Bull. 34: 49–58. Nordenstam, B. 1977[1978]. Senecioneae and Liabeae—systematic review. In: V. H. Heywood et al., eds. 1977[1978]. The Biology and Chemistry
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from the mostly deciduous-leaved lineage of the Rocky Mountains (A. D. Every 1977; S. L. Datwyler and Wolfe 2004). Datwyler, S. L. and A. D. Wolfe. 2004. Phylogenetic
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Panero and V. A. Funk (2002). Dittrich, M. 1977[1978]. Cynareae—systematic review. In: V. H. Heywood et al., eds. 1977[1978]. The Biology and Chemistry of the
11 KB (727 words) - 17:16, 10 May 2024
Lellinger (1985) and were included in five families by R. E. G. Pichi-Sermolli (1977). The broad concept followed here is similar (except for the exclusion of
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distinctions are supported by flavonoid chemistry (D. E. Giannasi and K. J. Niklas 1977; D. E. Giannasi 1978), pollen morphology (M. Zavada 1983), and some anatomic
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this idea has been advanced by others (e.g., J. A. Doyle 1969; P. K. Endress 1977; M. W. Chase et al. 1993). The ancestor of more advanced Hamamelidae (including
11 KB (1,145 words) - 22:52, 5 November 2020
telephioides, Hylotelephium telephium H. Ohba Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 90: 46, figs. 1–3. 1977 ,. Reid V. Moran Common names: Orpine stonecrop Etymology: Greek hyle, wood
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Flora Neotropica. 75+ nos. New York. No. 14(1). Smith, L. B. and R. J. Downs. 1977. Tillandsioideae. In: Organization for Flora Neotropica. 1968+. Flora Neotropica
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Epilobium septentrionale (C. Presl) P. H. Raven Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 335. 1977. Peter C. Hoch Basionym: Zauschneria C. Presl Reliq. Haenk. 2: 28, plate
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genusPlatythelys Show Lower Taxa Platythelys querceticola Garay Bradea 2: 196. 1977. James D. Ackerman Etymology: Greek platy, broad, and thely(s) , woman, alluding
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ITS. Taxon 53: 637–655. Norlindh, N. T. 1977[1978]. Arctoteae—systematic review. In: V. H. Heywood et al., eds. 1977[1978]. The Biology and Chemistry of the
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resulting in more or less fertile offspring (S. R. Seavey and P. H. Raven 1977, 1977b, 1977c, 1978). Natural hybridization occurs fairly frequently where two or
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(Nuttall ex Torrey & A. Gray) P. H. Raven Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 333. 1977. Peter C. Hoch Basionym: Epilobium [unranked] Cordylophorum Nuttall ex Torrey
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The genus appears to exhibit two contrasting modes of evolution (G. D. Carr 1977). One group of taxa (C. pauciflora and C. fremontii complex) comprises distinct
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nevadense, Epilobium nivium P. H. Raven Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 334. 1977. Peter C. Hoch Treatment appears in FNA Volume 10. Herbs suffrutescent, clumped
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than to Eupatorieae, as suggested by T. F. Stuessy (1977[1978]) and by B. L. Turner and A. M. Powell (1977[1978]). B. G. Baldwin and B. L. Wessa (2000) suggested
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lowest chromosome number known in the Stipeae is 2n =18 (Prokudin et al. 1977), suggesting that all members of the tribe are ancient polyploids. The wide
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the Marshes of California. Berkeley. Reveal, J. L. 1977. Sparganiaceae. In: A. Cronquist et al. 1977. Intermountain Flora. New York. Vol. 6, pp. 465--468
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worts of Canada (Guttiferae). Publ. Bot. (Ottawa) 11: 1–40. Robson, N. K. B. 1977. Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae) 1. Infrageneric classification
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borealis (Engelmann) Landolt Ber. Geobot. Inst. ETH Stiftung Rubel 44:137. 1977. Elias Landolt Common names: Wolffie boréale WeedyIllustratedEndemic Basionym:
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Epilobium ravenii (Spach) P. H. Raven Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 336. 1977. Peter C. Hoch Basionym: Crossostigma Spach Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2
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22: 399. 1940. John L. Strother Etymology: For Robert Leslie James, 1897–1977, American botanist and historian, and Greek anthos, flower Treatment appears
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Machaeranthera, where they were recently maintained (Cronquist 1994). T. J. Watson (1977) and other contemporary botanists, however, have recognized Xylorhiza as
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1983, 1985, 1986, 1986b, 1996), and anatomy (S. Carlquist 1975, 1977, 1982b; R. H. Eyde 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982; R. C. Keating 1982), as well as several published
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included almost all Stipeae with an elongated floret. Keng (cited in Tsvelev 1977) transferred some Chinese species of Stipa sensu lato with blunt calluses
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Verbesininae (e.g., G. Bentham 1873) or in Helianthinae (e.g., T. F. Stuessy 1977[1978]). Sometimes, Rudbeckiinae has included Echinacea (e.g., P. O. Karis
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angustissima var. avia Reveal in A. Cronquist et al., Intermount. Fl. 6: 534. 1977. William J. Hess, R. Laurie Robbins Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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varietySolidago arguta var. harrisii (E. S. Steele) Cronquist Brittonia 29: 224. 1977. John C. Semple, Rachel E. Cook Common names: Harris’s or shale-barren goldenrod
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varietyEupatorium album var. vaseyi (Porter) Cronquist Brittonia 29: 220. 1977. Kunsiri Chaw Siripun, Edward E. Schilling Endemic Basionym: Eupatorium vaseyi Porter
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Taxa Epilobium suffruticosum P. H. Raven Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 334. 1977. Peter C. Hoch Treatment appears in FNA Volume 10. Herbs rhizomatous. Leaves
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Vergleich mit P. alpinum L. (Papaveraceae). Feddes Repert. 86: 19-37. Rändel, U. 1977. Über Sippen des subarktisch-arktischen Nordamerikas, des Beringia-Gebietes
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1966. Cytotaxonomical note on Lilaea. Bot. Not. 119: 496--497. Reveal, J. L. 1977. Juncaginaceae. In: A. Cronquist et al. 1972+. Intermountain Flora. 5+ vols
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Hydrocharitoideae (Hydrocharitales). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 107: 189--209. Haynes, R. R. 1977. The Najadaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 58: 161--170
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Taxa Epilobium brachycarpum P. H. Raven Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 334. 1977. Peter C. Hoch Treatment appears in FNA Volume 10. Herbs annual, with taproot
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relationships within the family. Pollen types (J. W. Nowicke and J. J. Skvarla 1977) and chromosome numbers (Brandbyge) are diverse. Multiple base chromosome
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genusAtrichum speciesAtrichum cylindricum (F. Weber) G. L. Smith Brittonia 29: 371. 1977,. Gary L. Smith Merrill, Robert R. Ireland Jr. Basionym: Polytrichum cylindricum F
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kanabensis (McKelvey) Reveal in A. Cronquist et al., Intermount. Fl. 6: 534. 1977. William J. Hess, R. Laurie Robbins Endemic Basionym: Yucca kanabensis McKelvey
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speciesHylotelephium telephioides (Michaux) H. Ohba Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 90: 53. 1977 ,. Reid V. Moran Common names: Live-forever American orpine Basionym: Sedum
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verdiensis (McKelvey) Reveal in A. Cronquist et al., Intermount. Fl. 6: 533. 1977. William J. Hess, R. Laurie Robbins Endemic Basionym: Yucca verdiensis McKelvey
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toftiae (S. L. Welsh) Reveal in A. Cronquist et al., Intermount. Fl. 6: 534. 1977. William J. Hess, R. Laurie Robbins Endemic Basionym: Yucca toftiae S. L
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Show Lower Taxa Goodmania luteola Reveal & Ertter Brittonia 28: 427, fig. 1. 1977. James L. Reveal Common names: Yellow spinecape Etymology: For George Jones
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genusFlaveria speciesFlaveria mcdougallii M. E. Theroux Madroño 24: 13, fig. 1. 1977. Sharon C. Yarborough, A. Michael Powell Common names: Mcdougall’s yellowtops
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merger and followed Shinners in subsequent papers (e.g., Harms 1970). Semple (1977) and Semple et al. (1980) presented evidence that Chrysopsis and Pityopsis
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species with two varieties (e.g., A. E. Radford et al. 1968; T. F. Stuessy 1977). Stuessy mapped many intermediates between two varieties, not only in the
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caryopses from the aerial spikelets fail to germinate, but McNamara and Quinn (1977) demonstrated that, at least in A. amphicarpon, this is not true. They found
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subsp. latifolium (Greene) P. H. Raven Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 335. 1977. Peter C. Hoch Basionym: Zauschneria cana Greene Pittonia 1: 28. 1887 Treatment
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pollination has been observed (H. J. Thompson 1960; A. R. Moldenke 1976; R. J. Hill 1977). Many polyploid species of sect. Trachyphytum have small flowers and reportedly
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1981) is narrower than traditional circumscriptions (e.g., T. F. Stuessy 1977[1978]), which included genera here treated in Ecliptinae, Galinsoginae, and
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rhypara, Ivesia rhypara var. shellyi Ertter & Reveal Madroño 24: 224, fig. 1. 1977. Barbara Ertter, James L. Reveal Conservation concernEndemic Treatment appears
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Typhaceae has been recently reviewed by (U. Müller-Doblies and D. Müller-Doblies (1977); R. M. T. Dahlgren and H. T. Clifford (1982); R. M. T. Dahlgren et al. (19853);
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speciesPlagiomnium carolinianum (L. E. Anderson) T. J. Koponen Ann. Bot. Fenn. 14: 6. 1977. Terry T. McIntosh, Steven G. Newmaster Endemic Basionym: Mnium carolinianum L
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it is toxic to humans and livestock (W. H. Lewis and M. P. F. Elvin-Lewis 1977). Nicely, K. A. 1965. A monographic study of the Calycanthaceae. Castanea
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varietySilphium perfoliatum var. connatum (Linnaeus) Cronquist Brittonia 29: 223. 1977. Jennifer A. Clevinger Endemic Basionym: Silphium connatum Linnaeus Mant
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subspeciesPopulus fremontii subsp. mesetae Eckenwalder J. Arnold Arbor. 58: 201, fig. 2B. 1977. James E. Eckenwalder Common names: Plateau cottonwood álamo cimarron Synonyms:
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varietyChenopodium incanum var. occidentale Crawford Brittonia 29: 292, fig. 4c–f. 1977. Steven E. Clemants, Sergei L. Mosyakin Endemic Treatment appears in FNA
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varietyChenopodium incanum var. elatum Crawford Brittonia 29: 292, fig. 3. 1977. Steven E. Clemants, Sergei L. Mosyakin Treatment appears in FNA Volume 4
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regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. Species 1. Oteng-Yeboah, A. A. 1977. Observations on Blysmus and Blysmopsis. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh
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restricted to arctic Europe, a narrower circumscription than U. Rändel's (1977). Papaver microcarpum de Candolle, Syst. Nat. 2: 71. 1821 We are so far unable
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Stachygynandrum speciesSelaginella eclipes W. R. Buck Canad. J. Bot. 55: 366. 1977. Iván A. Valdespino Common names: Buck's meadow spike-moss hidden spike-moss
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American species of Athyrium (Aspleniaceae). Syst. Bot. 11: 26--31. Kato, M. 1977. Classification of Athyrium and allied genera of Japan. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)
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warm temperate regions. Species 2 or 3 (1 in the flora). Cooper-Driver,G. 1977. Chemical evidence for separating the Psilotaceae from the Filicales. Science
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1962), wood anatomy (S. Carlquist 1975), seed morphology (S. R. Seavey et al. 1977), and pollen wall (J. J. Skvarla et al. 1976) and viscin thread morphology
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visit the flowers (W. S. Davis and H. J. Thompson 1967; A. M. Powell et al. 1977). The flowers undoubtedly self-pollinate, but it is unclear whether they
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genusDeparia speciesDeparia petersenii (Kunze) M. Kato Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 90: 37. 1977. Masahiro Kato Introduced Basionym: Asplenium petersenii Kunze Analecta Pteridogr
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deltoides subsp. wislizeni (S. Watson) Eckenwalder J. Arnold Arbor. 58: 205. 1977. James E. Eckenwalder Common names: Rio Grande cottonwood álamillo Basionym:
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deltoides subsp. monilifera (Aiton) Eckenwalder J. Arnold Arbor. 58: 204. 1977. James E. Eckenwalder Common names: Plains cottonwood Endemic Basionym: Populus
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speciesCoscinodon arctolimnius (Steere) Steere J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 42: 446. 1977 (as arctolimnia),. Roxanne I. Hastings Basionym: Grimmia arctolimnia Steere
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villosa var. arkansana (Rydberg) E. B. Smith Proc. Arkansas Acad. Sci. 31: 100. 1977 ,. Elizabeth Fortson Wells, Barbara Greene Shipes Common names: Arkansas
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speciesDryopteris expansa (C. Presl) Fraser Jenkins & Jermy Brit. Fern Gaz. 11: 338. 1977. James D. Montgomery, Warren H. Wagner Jr. Common names: Northern wood fern spreading
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structure identical with that of Dicranum (M. R. Crosby and R. E. Magill 1977). Robinson suggested that in large part the characteristic pale color of
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Mex., Nev., Tex., Utah, n Mexico. Varieties 2 (1 in the flora). M. Whalen (1977) recognized two varieties of Bebbia juncea: var. aspera, which occurs in
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Adjacent Georgia and Alabama. Athens, Ga. Goldblatt, P. and P. K. Endress. 1977. Cytology and evolution in Hamamelidaceae. J. Arnold Arbor. 58: 67-71. Fothergilla
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with only slight modifications (see S. Carlquist 1976; A. Cronquist 1955, 1977; C. Jeffrey 1978; G. Wagenitz 1976b; see also J. Small 1919 and, for alternate
270 KB (5,940 words) - 20:46, 31 January 2022
S. alabamensis subsp. wherryi, S. jonesii, and S. rubra. D. E. Schnell (1977) distinguished the same taxa, all as subspecies, and later described an additional
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structures that secrete oils, forming blisters under the cuticle (Simpson et al. 1977). Female bees rupture the cuticle (J. L. Neff and Simpson 1981) and collect
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the flora). Subsection Munzia is subdivided into three series (W. Dietrich 1977), only one of which occurs in the United States as a naturalized plant. None
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States. J. Arnold Arbor. 68: 259--268. Posluszny, U. and P. B. Tomlinson. 1977. Morphology and development of floral shoots and organs in certain Zannichelliaceae
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from the trunk where it contacts moist soil (A. G. Shuey and R. P. Wunderlin 1977). In the wild, Rhapidophyllum forms suckers along its stem, and it is thatis
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[in Russian]. In: M. V. Klokov et al., eds. 1977. 1978. Novosti sistematiki vysshikh i nizshikh rasteniy 1977. Kiev. Pp. 7-73. Ranunculus testiculatus window
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America. Amer. J. Bot. 84: 1198–1210. Hopkins, C. O. and W. H. Blackwell. 1977. Synopsis of Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in North America. Sida 7: 147–173. Iljin
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south to central Mexico with a center of diversity in Texas (H. F. Towner 1977). P. H. Raven (1964) separated Calylophus from Oenothera as treated by P
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Older leaves may be glabrate or glabrous. Fowler, B. A. and B. L. Turner. 1977. Taxonomy of Selinocarpus and Ammocodon (Nyctaginaceae). Phytologia 37: 177–208
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hybrid C. richardii × C. pteridoides. Evolution 28: 439--446. Hickok, L. G. 1977. Cytological relationships between three diploid species of the fern genus
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North America (Mojave Desert). Species 3 (3 in the flora). Janish, J. R. 1977. Nevada's vanishing bear-poppies. Mentzelia 3: 2-5. Mozingo, H. N. and Margaret
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as “parasymbiosis.” J. L. de Sloover (1977) provided a key to all species of the genus. Sloover, J. L. de. 1977. Note de bryologie Africaine. IX. Andreaea
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in being wider at the base, and smooth rather than scabrous. But, P.P.H. 1977. Systematics of Pleuropogon R. Br. (Poaceae). Ph.D. dissertation, University
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misidentifications. The specimens involved belong to A. barbata. Baum, B.R. 1977. Oats: Wild and Cultivated Dore, W.G. and J. McNeill. 1980. Grasses of Ontario
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descriptions represent the largest dimensions on a given plant. Ackerman, J. D. 1977. Biosystematics of the genus Piperia Rydb. (Orchidaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc
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on the Aleutians Islands. Peterson (1977) clarified the taxonomic position of D. ontariense, while P. Isoviita (1977) amplified on the complex nomenclatural
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that counts of In = 42 (Gould 1965 and Reeder 1968 for P. fimbriatum; Reeder 1977 for P. pringlei) represent an aneuploid reduction from 2n = 44. It is also
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1976. A Handbook of Succulent Plants…. 3 vols. Poole. Vol. 3. Jacobsen, H. 1977. Lexicon of Succulent Plants…, ed. 2. Poole. Pp. 395–583. Pax, F. A. and
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chromosomes in meiosis, and is self-compatible and autogamous (W. Dietrich 1977). Subspecies stricta is naturalized in many areas around the world and may
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genusPlatythelys speciesPlatythelys querceticola (Lindley) Garay Bradea 2: 197. 1977. James D. Ackerman Common names: Jug orchid Illustrated Basionym: Physurus
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in relation to pond culture. Bull Bureau Fish. 33: 251--291. Reveal, J. L. 1977. Potamogetonaceae. In: A. Cronquist et al. 1972+. Intermountain Flora. Vascular
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probably be treated as subgenera. Species 15–25 (6 in the flora). Hickey, R. J. 1977. The Lycopodium obscurum complex in North America. Amer. Fern J. 67: 45--49
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Nymphaeaceae. II. The flower of Nymphaea. Bot. Gaz. 122: 233-259. Ward, D. B. 1977. Keys to the flora of Florida. 4. Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae). Phytologia 37:
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and abundance of Shortia galacifolia. Rhodora 57: 189–201. Hatley, J. R. 1977. An Analysis of Variation in Shortia galacifolia. M.S. thesis. North Carolina
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complex (Orchidaceae) in Mesoamerica. Lindleyana 8: 25–31. Brieger, F. G. 1977. On the Maxillariinae (Orchidaceae) with sepaline spur. Bot. Jahrb. Syst
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found throughout these ornamentals (W. H. Lewis and M. P. F. Elvin-Lewis 1977). Streveler, B. E. 1966. A Taxonomic Study of the Genus Convallaria (Liliaceae)
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electrophoresis patterns and a somatic chromosome number of 120 (G. J. Gastony 1977) suggest that the plants are diploid and possibly of hybrid origin. Fixation
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genusLepidospartum speciesLepidospartum burgessii B. L. Turner Wrightia 5: 354. 1977. John L. Strother Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on
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varietyXylorhiza tortifolia var. imberbis (Cronquist) T. J. Watson Brittonia 29: 211. 1977. Guy L. Nesom Common names: Smooth Mojave woody-aster Endemic Basionym: Machaeranthera
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subspeciesPellaea glabella subsp. simplex (Butters) A. Löve & D. Löve Taxon 26: 325. 1977. Michael D. Windham IllustratedEndemic Basionym: Pellaea glabella var. simplex Butters
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and Selaginella ludoviciana. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 103: 9--16. Buck, W. R. 1977. A new species of Selaginella in the Selaginella apoda complex. Canad. J
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Dicotyledons. Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl., ser. 4, 13: 1-463. Keener, C.S. 1977. Studies in the Ranunculaceae of the southeastern United States. VI. Miscellaneous
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woodiness and paedomorphosis. J. Arnold Arbor. 53: 499–514. Anderson, L. C. 1977. Studies on Bigelowia (Asteraceae). III. Cytotaxonomy and biogeography. Syst
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antioxidant in foods, pharmaceuticals, and industrial materials (T. J. Mabry et al. 1977). Clones of Larrea tridentata in the Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County
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about water quality and substrate preferences of the species, see E. O. Beal (1977), T. C. Brayshaw (1985), C. D. K. Cook and M. S. Nicholls (1986, 1987), and
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research (C. E. DePoe and E. O. Beal 1969; E. O. Beal and R. M. Southall 1977) has supported Beal's treatment for some southeastern subspecies, but most
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the type of that genus was shown to be a species of Gelasine by P. Ravenna (1977), who then placed the Floridian and Mexican species that had been referred
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stracheyanum was previously treated as a synonym of A. aestivum (R. H. Zander 1977), but further study indicates that it is a good match for the Asian A. stracheyanum
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Association 1986). Other authors (e.g., M. L. Fernald 1940; C. S. Keener 1977) have argued that the name A. alba is based on an illustration that is conspecific
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species was reported for North America by W. C. Steere (1977, 1978) and C. D. Bird et al. (1977); a synopsis and complete list of specimens throughout its
3 KB (293 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
x = 9. sw United States, n Mexico. Species 2 (1 in the flora). Whalen, M. 1977. Taxonomy of Bebbia (Compositae: Heliantheae). Madroño 24: 112–123. Bebbia
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Botanical Laboratory…. 7 vols. Boston and New York. Vol. 7. Homoya, M. A. 1977. The Distribution and Ecology of the Genus Isotria in Illinois. Master’s
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panamintensis (Ownbey) Reveal in A. Cronquist et al., Intermount. Fl. 6: 501. 1977. P. L. Fiedler, R. K. Zebell Common names: Panamint mariposa-lily Endemic
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familyCyperaceae genusRhynchospora speciesRhynchospora thornei Kral Sida 7: 42, fig. 1. 1977. Robert Kral IllustratedEndemicConservation concern Treatment appears in
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vestita subspeciesHulsea vestita subsp. gabrielensis Wilken Madroño 24: 53. 1977. Dieter H. Wilken Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on
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Xylorhiza glabriuscula var. linearifolia T. J. Watson Brittonia 29: 215. 1977 Synonyms: Machaeranthera linearifolia (T. J. Watson) Cronquist Treatment
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varietyPectis angustifolia var. tenella (de Candolle) D. J. Keil Rhodora 79: 58. 1977. David J. Keil Common names: Mexican chinchweed low pectis Basionym: Pectis
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speciesHylotelephium erythrostictum (Miquel) H. Ohba Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 90: 50. 1977 ,. Reid V. Moran Common names: Garden orpine Basionym: Sedum erythrostictum Miquel
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speciesXylorhiza confertifolia (Cronquist) T. J. Watson Brittonia 29: 207. 1977. Guy L. Nesom Common names: Henrieville woody-aster EndemicConservation concern
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varietyPectis angustifolia var. fastigiata (A. Gray) D. J. Keil Rhodora 79: 60. 1977. David J. Keil Common names: Texas chinchweed Endemic Basionym: Pectis fastigiata A
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genusXylorhiza speciesXylorhiza cognata (H. M. Hall) T. J. Watson Brittonia 29: 204. 1977. Guy L. Nesom Common names: Mecca woody-aster EndemicConservation concern
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genusGaillardia speciesGaillardia coahuilensis B. L. Turner SouthW. Naturalist 21: 539. 1977. John L. Strother Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 424
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genusGoodmania speciesGoodmania luteola (Parry) Reveal & Ertter Brittonia 28: 427. 1977. James L. Reveal IllustratedEndemic Basionym: Oxytheca luteola Parry Bull
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behringianum (Haussknecht) Hoch & P. H. Raven Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 136. 1977. Peter C. Hoch Basionym: Epilobium behringianum Haussknecht Monogr. Epilobium
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sc United States, n Mexico. Subspecies 2 (1 in the flora). H. F. Towner (1977) found that Oenothera tubicula is self-incompatible and diurnal with opening
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with the plant may cause dermatitis (W. H. Lewis and M. P. F. Elvin-Lewis 1977). None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus","name":"Buxus"
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diagnostic character should be applied with extreme caution. Bramwell, D. 1977. A revision of Descurainia Webb & Berth. section Sisymbriodendron (Christ)
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Gottlieb 1978) has been examined in a series of studies (Gottlieb 1973b, 1977, 1979; S. Brauner and Gottlieb 1987, 1989). The origin of the highly self-pollinating
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23: 181–191. Keil, D. J. 1977. A revision of Pectis section Pectothrix (Compositae: Tageteae). Rhodora 79: 32–78. Keil, D. J. 1977b. Chromosome studies in
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Boerhavia species exude mucilage when wet (J. M. Willson and R. Spellenberg 1977). None. Boerhavia anisophylla, Boerhavia ciliata, Boerhavia coccinea, Boerhavia
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vascular plants; numbers as high as 2n =1200+ have been reported (A.Löve et al. 1977). (Key to species of Ophioglossum) Species 25-30 (7 in the flora). None.
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the United States and adjacent Canada, at 0–1900 m elevation (G. B. Straley 1977). Oenothera spachiana is the only annual species and occurs in open fields
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distribution of sexes in Myrica gale. New Phytol. 16: 147-151. MacDonald, A. D. 1977. Myricaceae: Floral hypothesis for Gale and Comptonia. Canad. J. Bot. 55:
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shorter, ± fimbriate scales. x = 9. Calif., nw Mexico. Species 1. Carr, G. D. 1977. A cytological conspectus of the genus Calycadenia (Asteraceae): An example
4 KB (348 words) - 21:13, 5 November 2020
American species of Athyrium (Aspleniaceae). Syst. Bot. 11: 26--31. Kato, M. 1977. Classification of Athyrium and allied genera of Japan. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)
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reported by R. H. Zander (1993) from a Mexican collection. Magill, R. E. 1977. A reexamination of Globulinella (Musci: Pottiaceae). Bryologist 80: 76–82
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and confusions associated with Triadenum were reviewed by N. K. B. Robson (1977). B. R. Ruhfel et al. (2011) concluded from molecular studies that Triadenum
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chromosome number (2n = 42) attributed to G. Knaben (1959) by U. Rändel (1977) cannot be confirmed. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Aug. Habitat: Sands and gravels
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speciesPrenanthes barbata (Torrey & A. Gray) Milstead ex Cronquist Brittonia 29: 223. 1977. David J. Bogler Common names: Barbed rattlesnakeroot Endemic Basionym: Nabalus
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strigosa (Rydberg) W. Dietrich & P. H. Raven Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 383. 1977. Warren L. Wagner Basionym: Onagra strigosa Rydberg Mem. New York Bot. Gard
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speciesHylotelephium telephium (Linnaeus) H. Ohba Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 90: 53. 1977 ,. Reid V. Moran Common names: Live-forever vit-toujours witches’-moneybags
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subsp. garrettii (A. Nelson) P. H. Raven Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 335. 1977. Peter C. Hoch Common names: Garrett’s firechalice Basionym: Zauschneria
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argillacea S. L. Welsh & N. D. Atwood Great Basin Naturalist 37: 95, fig. 1. 1977 Synonyms: Schoenocrambe argillacea (S. L. Welsh & N. D. Atwood) Rollins Treatment
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familyLiliaceae genusAllium speciesAllium serra McNeal & Ownbey Madroño 24: 25, fig. 1. 1977. Dale W. McNeal Jr., T. D. Jacobsen Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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the cytogeography of the four ploidy levels in C. mariana described (Semple 1977; Semple et al. 1980; Semple and C. C. Chinnappa 1980, 1980b, 1984, 1986)
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the name Chenopodina moquinii in 1856. C. O. Hopkins and W. H. Blackwell (1977) suggested that the name Chenopodium nigrum was both a nomen nudum and a
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stem bracts. The flowers are pollinated by noctuid moths (J. D. Ackerman 1977). A population in San Francisco, California, is also unusual by having basally
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known North American locality, in Broward County, Florida, was discovered in 1977, and (in 1992) the plants are in danger of extirpation from development.
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fertility of over 90% and are maintained by selective fertilization (W. Dietrich 1977). Species of subsect. Munzia ser. Allochroa are widespread in South America
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15. sw United States, Mexico. Species 5 (1 in the flora). Strother, J. L. 1977. Taxonomy of Chrysactinia, Harnackia, and Lescaillea (Compositae: Tageteae)
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Europe, Asia. Species 8-10 (1 in the flora). Cooper, A. W. and E. P. Mercer. 1977. Morphological variation in Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. in North Carolina. J
3 KB (284 words) - 22:47, 5 November 2020
America. Species ca. 12 (1 in the flora). Robinson, H. and J. Cuatrecasas. 1977. Notes on the genus and species limits of Pseudogynoxys (Greenm.) Cabrera
3 KB (256 words) - 21:00, 5 November 2020
South America, Asia, w Pacific. Species 20 (1 in the flora). Rasmussen, F. N. 1977. The genus Corymborkis Thou. (Orchidaceae): A taxonomic revision. Bot. Tidsskr
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isolated from the diploid C. richardii. Hybrids synthesized by L. G. Hickok (1977) result in 40% viable spores. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus"
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Argentina used it to treat venereal disease. Vivrette, N. J. and C. H. Muller. 1977. Mechanism of invasion and dominance of coastal grassland by Mesembryanthemum
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flowers, while descriptions of those from other parts of the world (H. Aston 1977; C. D. K. Cook 1989) suggest that the inflorescences of this species may
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Oenothera as was done by Munz and others, but not by Raven and H. F. Towner (1977). Permanent translocation heterozygosity (PTH) appears to have been a major
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Nutantigemma, in addition to those retained here in subsect. Raimannia. Dietrich (1977) removed the South American species to a new subsect. Munzia. The current
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Alloispermum and Sabazia (J. M. Canne 1978; J. L. Panero et al. 1999). Canne, J. M. 1977. A revision of the genus Galinsoga (Compositae: Heliantheae). Rhodora 79:
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Averyanov, L. V. 1990. A review of the genus Dactylorhiza. In: J. Arditti, ed. 1977+. Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives. 7+ vols. Ithaca, N.Y. and New
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Vascular Plants. 4+ vols. Berlin, etc. Vol. 3, pp. 261–285. Sterling, C. 1977. Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Uvularieae. Bot.
39 KB (3,176 words) - 22:13, 5 November 2020
Chrysopsis (A. Gray 1884) or Heterotheca (L. H. Shinners 1951e). J. C. Semple (1977) and Semple et al. (1980) presented cytologic, morphologic, and anatomic
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N. odorata; the hybrids have been named N. ×thiona D. B. Ward (D. B. Ward 1977). Except for stem characteristics, which resemble one or the other parent
5 KB (494 words) - 22:45, 5 November 2020
Center for Taxonomic Identification, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Soenarko, S. 1977. The genus Cymbopogon Spreng. (Gramineae). Reinwardtia 9:225-375. Cymbopogon
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number of cultivars, are widely cultivated. Bradford, J. L. and D. L. Marsh. 1977. Comparative studies of the witch hazels Hamamelis virginiana and H. vernalis
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which these species dominate disturbed areas (N. J. Vivrette and C. H. Muller 1977; N. J. Vivrette 1980). None. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Mesembryanthemum
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ligule and the smaller size of the plants of the former (e.g., J. L. Reveal 1977; R. F. Thorne 1993). On a local basis such a separation seems warranted.
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Syst. 15(suppl.): 488--508. Winstead, J. E., B. J. Smith, and G. I. Wardell. 1977. Fruit weight clines in populations of ash, ironwood, cherry, dogwood and
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usually sessile leaves on secondary stems. Semple, J. C. and K. S. Semple. 1977. Borrichia ×cubana (B. frutescens × arborescens): Interspecific hybridization
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from southern Mexico, is known only from the type specimen. Barkworth, M.E. 1977. A taxonomic study of the large-glumed species of Stipa (Gramineae) in Canada
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subsp. watsonii (Barbey) Hoch & P. H. Raven Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 136. 1977. Peter C. Hoch Basionym: Epilobium watsonii Barbey in W. H. Brewer et al
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subsp. latifolium (Hooker) P. H. Raven Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 335. 1977. Peter C. Hoch Common names: Hummingbird trumpet Basionym: Zauschneria californica
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H. L. 1957. A Flora of the Marshes of California. Berkeley. Reveal, J. L. 1977b. Potamogetonaceae. In: A. Cronquist et al. 1972+. Intermountain Flora. Vascular
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Cabrera 1961; S. E. Freire and L. Iharlegui 1997) or about 80 species (Cabrera 1977+, part 10), all native to the Americas. Most are known only from South America;
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western North America. Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 64: 223–231. Toelken, H. R. 1977. A revision of the genus Crassula in southern Africa. Contr. Bolus Herb.
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and eastern Oklahoma that have dark anther connectives (D. T. MacRoberts 1977). I have not been able to recognize this character in dried specimens with
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stricta (Poaceae) and Quercus laevis (Fagaceae) (L. J. Musselman and W. F. Mann 1977). Greenhouse experiments demonstrate that plants of Seymeria pectinata are
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Coahuila, and northwestern Tamaulipas south to Aguascalientes. H. F. Towner (1977) found that O. hartwegii is self-incompatible and usually vespertine; two
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T. 1977. Introduction. In: G. T. Prance and T.S. Elias, eds. 1977. Extinction Is Forever. Bronx. Pp. 3--4. Prance, G. T. and T. S. Elias, eds. 1977. Extinction
167 KB (27,143 words) - 18:24, 1 February 2019
Eragrostideae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae). Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 87:1-50 Riggins, R. 1977. A biosystematic study of the Sporobolus asper complex (Gramineae). Iowa
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synonym of Linum hudsonioides Planchet (R. L. Hartman 1979). Böcher, T. W. 1977. Cerastium alpinum and C. arcticum, a mature polyploid complex. Bot. Not
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coahuilensis (R. P. Adams and J. R. Kistler 1991) but not with J. ashei (R. P. Adams 1977) or J. monosperma (R. P. Adams 1975). The type specimen of J. erythrocarpa
3 KB (280 words) - 21:23, 5 November 2020
Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Que., Maine, N.H., N.Y., Vt. Vander Kloet, S. P. 1977. The taxonomic status of Vaccinium boreale. Canad. J. Bot. 55: 281–288. None
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midveins are also reported on sepals of var. biflora in Taiwan (Hsieh C. F. 1977). Some herbarium specimens at UC identified as var. carlottae from the Queen
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vernalization (C. E. DePoe and E. O. Beal 1969; E. O. Beal and R. M. Southall 1977). This taxon is the Cape Fear spatterdock of the aquarium trade. None. None
3 KB (294 words) - 22:51, 5 November 2020
aiding in fruit dispersal (Davidse 1987). Davey, J.C. and W.D. Clayton. 1977. Some multiple discriminant function studies on Oplismenus. Kew Bull. 33:147-157
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Munz 1937, 1965) or sect. Kneiffia subsect. Peniophyllum (G. B. Straley 1977). It was separated from sect. Kneiffia by W. L. Wagner et al. (2007) because
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also in Andean Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru from 1500 to 3900 m (W. Dietrich 1977; Dietrich and W. L. Wagner 1988). The four species are likely self-compatible
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with a prominent constriction near the micropylar end (S. R. Seavey et al. 1977), in both features resembling seeds of sects. Cordylophorum, Crossostigma
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Wash. Piperia transversa is pollinated by geometrid moths (J. D. Ackerman 1977). None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus","name":"Piperia"
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been refuted using numerous chemical and morphologic characters (R. P. Adams 1977). Ashe juniper is a source of Texas-cedarwood oil and fence posts. None.
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Rubus repens as a blood purifier and for venereal disease (J. W. Herrick 1977). None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus","name":"Rubus"
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Mexico. Varieties 3 (2 in the flora). Zimmerman, A. D. and D. A. Zimmerman. 1977. A revision of the United States taxa of the Mammillaria wrightii complex
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1972; M. Pal and T. N. Khoshoo 1965; J. D. Sauer 1967b; V. Srivastava et al. 1977). Amaranthus nothosect. Dubia Mosyakin & K. R. Robertson (A. sect. Amaranthus
4 KB (377 words) - 23:01, 5 November 2020
in breadth along a north-to-south gradient. B. A. Fowler and B. L. Turner (1977) recognized this variation at the varietal level, establishing Selinocarpus
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rare, and the description is based on Latin American plants. Manuel, M. G. 1977. A monograph of the genus Zelometeorium Manuel, gen. nov. (Bryopsida: Meteoriaceae)
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arrival there. It was first discovered in British Columbia and Washington in 1977 (A. Ceska and O. Ceska 1980) and is treated as a rare native species by the
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be both carcinogenic and hepatotoxic (W. H. Lewis and M. P. F. Elvin-Lewis 1977). None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus","name":"Sassafras"
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ethnobotany of the Island Caribs of Dominica. Webbia 12: 513--644. Morton, J. F. 1977. Wild Plants for Survival in South Florida, ed. 4. Miami. Purseglove, J.
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foliaceous whorls of three lanceolate bracts. Reveal, J. L. and B. Ertter. 1977. Re-establishment of Stenogonum (Polygonaceae). Great Basin Naturalist 36:
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Louisiana reported as Calopogon pallidus (A. M. Pridgeon and L. E. Urbatsch 1977) are actually C. oklahomensis. Natural hybrids of Calopogon multiflorus and
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fewer stamens, and umbellate inflorescences. B. A. Fowler and B. L. Turner (1977) maintained the genus separate from Selinocarpus. A. Heimerl (1934c) included
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have treated the synonymous C. flava as a distinct species (e.g., R. D. Dorn 1977) while one regional flora (C. L. Hitchcock et al. 1955–1969, vol. 2) united
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types in Cortaderia Stapf (Gramineae). Taxon 23:595-605 Costas-Lippmann, M. 1977. More on the weedy "pampas grass" in California. Fremontia 4:25-27 Hitchcock
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Notes on the genus Diamorpha (Crassulaceae). Rhodora 66: 87–92. Wilbur, R. L. 1977. Nomenclatural notes on the genus Diamorpha (Crassulaceae). Taxon 26: 137–139
4 KB (436 words) - 23:43, 5 November 2020
Phylogen. Evol. 21: 309–320. Mabry, T. J., J. H. Hunziker, and D. R. DiFeo. 1977. Creosote Bush: Biology and Chemistry of Larrea in New World Deserts. Stroudsburg
4 KB (375 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
Rhapidophyllum hystrix. Principes 32: 18--25. Shuey, A. G. and R. P. Wunderlin. 1977. The needle palm: Rhapidophyllum hystrix. Principes 21: 47--59. Rhapidophyllum
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Yosemite National Park were pollinated only by Osmia tristella (L. W. Macior 1977). None. Pedicularis semibarbata subsp. charlestonensis, Pedicularis semibarbata
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naturalized in Europe. Reports of Lysichiton americanus in Wyoming (R. D. Dorn 1977; E. Hultén and H. St. John 1931) are based on a single specimen labeled "Yellowstone
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of North America, it occurs only in a few scattered localities (H. A. Crum 1977). It is easily recognized by its neat hemispherical cushions with abundant
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in the flora). Oenothera capillifolia is self-incompatible (H. F. Towner 1977). Oenothera berlandieri (Spach) Steudel 1841, not D. Dietrich 1840, is superfluous
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gemmatilis, Phyprosopus callitrichoides, and Lymire edwardsii (G. J. Goss 1977). The flowers produce copious nectar within the nectar tube; in some cases
5 KB (544 words) - 22:12, 5 November 2020
Leavenworthia (Cruciferae). Evolution 26: 155–160. Solbrig, O. T. and R. C. Rollins. 1977. The evolution of autogamy in species of the mustard genus Leavenworthia
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hyaline, thin-walled and bulging-rectangular differentiated basal cells (Zander 1977). Osada, T. 1958. On the habitats of Eucladium verticillatum. Misc. Bryol
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perhaps affected by their primarily autogamous breeding system (Riggins 1977). Asexual proliferation via rhizomes adds to the species' ability to maintain
5 KB (469 words) - 18:58, 11 May 2021
develop for many years as areoles enlarge. Steenbergh, W. F. and C. H. Lowe. 1977. Ecology of the Saguaro, II: Reproduction, Germination, Establishment, Growth
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species of plants, and other insects also visit Erythronium (P. Bernhardt 1977; W. E. LaBerge 1987). Applegate, E. I. 1935. The genus Erythronium: A taxonomic
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glandulosum (Lehmann) Hoch & P. H. Raven Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 136. 1977. Peter C. Hoch Basionym: Epilobium glandulosum Lehmann Nov. Stirp. Pug. 2:
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Primula, ed. 2. Portland. Smith, W. W., G. Forrest, and H. R. Fletcher. 1977. The Genus Primula. Vaduz. [Pl. Monogr. Repr. 11.] Williams, L. O. 1936.
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Linnaeus. IV. Phenotypic variation. Phyton (Horn) 32: 89–97. Ugborogho, R. E. 1977. North American Cerastium arvense Linnaeus: Taxonomy, reproductive system
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considered sufficient to warrant recognition. Schneider, E. L. and L. A. Moore. 1977. Morphological studies of the Nymphaeaceae. VII. The floral biology of Nuphar
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eastern seaboard and the West Coast. Estimates by T.S. Elias (1977) and G.W. Argus (1977), among others, indicate that approximately 10% of the floras
64 KB (9,846 words) - 23:16, 13 February 2019
misdetermined as Tillandsia bartramii Elliott. L. B. Smith and R. J. Downs (1977) treated T. simulata as a synonym under T. bartramii. None. None. window
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recognized for the forms with pilose leaves and sheaths (D. T. MacRoberts 1977). I have found such plants scattered among populations of glabrous plants
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origin for Onagraceae and for Ludwigia (Raven 1963[1964], 1988). R. H. Eyde (1977, 1979, 1981) and Raven (1963[1964]) suggested that sect. Myrtocarpus includes
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fasciculata have been documented from Santa Barbara County (B. D. Tanowitz 1977). None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"species","name":"Centromadia
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hybridization with J. ashei has been refuted in subsequent studies (R. P. Adams 1977). The wood of Juniperus virginiana is used for production of eastern redcedarwood
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paradoxus is much confused in the literature with T. pallidus (W. C. Steere 1977), although the two are easily distinguished. Tetraplodon paradoxus is cleistocarpous
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Central America in Guatemala, South America, Africa. According to L. G. Hickok (1977), Ceratopteris richardii is diploid. Morphologically, specimens from the
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malheurensis has been examined in a series of studies (L. D. Gottlieb 1973b, 1977, 1978b, 1979, 1991; Gottlieb and J. P. Bennett 1983; S. Brauner and Gottlieb
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producing a loud sound and throwing the seeds up to 45 m (M. D. Swain and T. Beer 1977). None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus","name":"Hura"
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Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va., Wis. Lewis, W. H. and J. C. Semple. 1977. Geography of Claytonia virginica cytotypes. Amer. J. Bot. 64: 1078–1082
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natural hosts remain largely undocumented (L. J. Musselman and W. F. Mann 1977, 1978). It is nearly restricted to older geological regions away from the
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through a composite of diagnostic characters (J. L. Bradford and D. L. Marsh 1977). Hamamelis vernalis shows an unusual color range of the flowers. Plants
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occur under water (W. T. Penfound and T. T. Earle 1948). S. C. H. Barrett (1977, 1979, 1980, 1980b, 1988, 1989) has studied the reproductive biology in depth
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more infraspecific taxa recognized. The broad delimitation of G. B. Straley (1977) is followed here with one species consisting of two subspecies that appear
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this species. A. D. MacDonald and R. Sattler (1973) and A. D. MacDonald (1977) have used this species to investigate the nature of the flower/inflorescence
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include these escapees and should be suspect. Cronquist, A. and M. Ownbey. 1977. Allium. In: A. Cronquist et al. 1972+. Intermountain Flora. Vascular Plants
42 KB (1,814 words) - 22:14, 5 November 2020
the bristles are reduced branches (Goebel 1882; Sohns 1955). Brunken, J.N. 1977. A systematic study of Fennisetum sect. Fennisetum (Gramineae). Amer. J.
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including n = 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 (L. R. Heckard 1968; Heckard and T. I. Chuang 1977; Chuang and Heckard 1982). Many species of Castilleja are fairly well defined
74 KB (2,673 words) - 15:17, 5 February 2024
Thelocactus B. & R. (Cactaceae). Bradleya 5: 49–76. Glass, C. and R. A. Foster. 1977. The genus Thelocactus in the Chihuahuan Desert. Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles)
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which meiotic pairing and pollen stainability were very high. A. E. Schuyler (1977) reported 2n = 39 for E. tenuis var. pseudoptera as well as 2n = 34 and 68
9 KB (1,009 words) - 19:35, 6 November 2020
southern United States and Mexico. Rhodora 64: 147--161. MacRoberts, D. T. 1977. New combinations in Tradescantia. Phytologia 37: 451--452. MacRoberts, D
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effect of thin film interference filters in the leaf epidermis (D. W. Lee 1977). Lee pointed out that the convex epidermal cells in this species may focus
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minor Mill. and U. carpinifolia Gled. Taxon 27: 345-351. Richens, R. H. 1977. New designations in Ulmus minor Mill. Taxon 26: 582-593. None. window.p
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1986), Arizona in 1959 (T. H. Kearney and R. H. Peebles 1960), Nevada in 1977, and Texas in 1978 (D. E. Lemke and R. D. Worthington 1991). None. None.
4 KB (361 words) - 23:35, 5 November 2020