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papillose; embryo coiled around perisperm. North America (especially Calif.), West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, some

Widespread in Northern Hemisphere, especially North America, Europe, and central and northern Asia, sporadic in South America and northern Africa. Species ca

Names and types of perennial Atriplex Linnaeus (Chenopodiaceae) in North America selectively exclusive of Mexico. Great Basin Naturalist 55: 322–334.

Treatment on page 425. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants usually forming systemic witches' brooms, sometimes

411, 429, 430. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs, erect, 1–3 m; burl absent; twigs glabrous, sparsely

Mentioned on page 188. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants usually less than 1 m. Main stems 2–4 cm diam. at

412, 413, 416. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect, branched, usually

Mentioned on page 307. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants robust, tufted, glossy, green to dark green. Stems

Mentioned on page 459. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems prostrate to ascending, 10–45 cm. Leaf blades ± ovate

Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants densely to moderately pubescent, especially distal parts of stem and branches. Stems

Mentioned on page 446. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems spreading or ascending to erect, forming dense mats

Mentioned on page 135. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs perennial, acaulous, rhizomes present, thick, woody

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs, 1-3 m. Leaves 2.5-10 × 0.7-2.5 cm; blade lanceolate;

recognized. Descriptions of eastern North American taxa are largely based on Greene's (1980) observations. Northwestern North American taxa are described on the

Mentioned on page 163. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs, 5–10 dm, monoecious. Stems erect, hirsute and stipitate-glandular

page 149, 168. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs [perennial herbs], not viviparous, [1–]7–10[–20] dm

Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly

Treatment on page 455. Illustrator: Bee F. Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants short-stemmed, budding from leaf axils, forming fragmented

equal, smooth to barbellulate bristles or aristate scales. x = 9. c, w North America. Species 4 (4 in the flora). Because pappi of Nothocalaïs taxa vary from

Mentioned on page 183. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 2–5 mm, pale yellow-green. Leaves variously contorted

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Trees, deciduous, to 25 m. Bark dark brown to black, ridges

page 271, 275. Illustrator: Marjorie C. Leggitt Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 10–70 cm; self-incompatible. Stems simple or branched

appears in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Trees to 40m; trunk to 1.5m diam., typically buttressed;

Mentioned on page 85. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial. Roots single, to 30 × 1–2.5 cm. Leaves:

page 85, 86, 102. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs acaulecent; caudex branched. Flowering stems 10–90

Flora of North America Association Leaves: blade usually streaked with white only along midrib, sometimes with fine white lateral veins, especially near midrib

in accepting four northern subspecies of P. anserina, all present in North America. A. Rousi (1965) demonstrated partial interfertility between the races

cultivated in the warmer regions of North America, but it was only recently discovered that cultivation occurred north of the Mexican border. Such agaves

in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: Laurie Klingensmith Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants usually aquatic, occasionally emergent. Rootstock

Treatment on page 148. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Roots shorter than 15 cm, tip mostly rounded; sheath not

page 413, 428. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants annual, glabrous. Stems prostrate, whitish or tinged

Mentioned on page 271. Illustrator: Marjorie C. Leggitt Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 30–90 cm; self-incompatible. Stems usually simple

Mentioned on page 328. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Leaf blades: margins entire, dentate, or laciniately pinnatifid

Mentioned on page 85. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Leaves 1.5–2.5 mm; margins recurved to mid leaf, plane mid

spread throughout much of North America. The expansion of this species’s range from its original collection in North America, apparently about 1840, has

Mentioned on page 472. Illustrator: Bee F. Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Perennials 20–60 cm, colonial; long-rhizomatous. Stems 1–5+

Mentioned on page 120. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants erect, decumbent, or prostrate, (4–)4.5–30(–35) cm

Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 0.5–4.5 dm. Fruiting bracteoles sessile, orbicular but not especially samaralike, compressed, (2–)3–4

page 122, 130. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants rarely bulbose; bulb coat, when present, membranous

Treatment on page 269. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Leaves (proximal) 1–3(–5) cm, smaller distally. Peduncular

on page 491, 492. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants cespitose; rhizomes short. Culms central, trigonous

Illustrator: Bee F. Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants mainly 8–20 dm, not especially armed, not or seldom layering. Pistillate flowers

treat the North American species. It is notable that the species with solitary spikelets are concentrated in western and northern North America, whereas

nearly worldwide. Three distinct subspecies seemingly apparently occur in North America. They are separated mainly by the size of the plants and the peduncle

Volume 22. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems branched, especially distally, terete to slightly compressed, to 75 cm

2004) refer all material of Antitrichia curtipendula in western North America, especially along the coast, to A. curtipendula var. gigantea or A. gigantea

S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Va., Vt., W.Va., Wash., Wis., Wyo., North America, Eurasia, Africa, introduced in Australia. Varieties 3+ (2 in the flora)

complex in northwestern North America, with emphasis on British Columbia. Phytotogia 57:1-17 Piper, C.V. 1906. North American species of Festuca Contr

subdivide the species in North America for this treatment failed. The species is extremely morphologically variable, especially with regard to leaf shape

page 255, 268, 288. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, annual, with taproot. Stems prostrate, loosely mat-forming

Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, annual; herbage hairy (whitish), especially young shoots, becoming glabrate. Stems

nutlets, obovoid or subglobose, smooth, ridged, or tuberculate. x = 5. w North America. Species 7 (7 in the flora). Limnanthes was divided into two sections

on page 592, 596. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants in mats, wide-spreading, dark green when dry, bright

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs, spreading or ascending, to 3 m. Bark dark brown,

page 84, 85, 86. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Leaves 2–2.5 mm; margins broadly or narrowly recurved in

on page 325, 337. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants to 20 cm. Stems with innovations usually forming ascending

on page 424, 426. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Culms 5–40 cm. Leaves: blades 3–20(–30) cm × 1.4–3 mm. Inflorescences:

Mentioned on page 296. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Leaves 35–80 mm during flowering, margins regularly toothed

Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems glaucous. Basal leaves gray-green, glaucous, often purple-tinged, especially abaxially, often adaxially

Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems glabrous when young. Leaf blade margins eglandular-hairy, especially on young leaves, hairs scattered

Mentioned on page 596. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants in pendulous wefts, green to deep green. Stems to

Yukon, Alaska, Calif., Oreg., Wash., n Asia. This primarily subarctic Asian subspecies has long been mistaken in western North America for Alnus alnobetula

87, 89, 92, 94. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs, deciduous, 1.5–3 m. Stems ascending to erect, not

Treatment on page 27. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 1–12 cm, covered with stalked glands, somewhat fleshy

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Annuals. Roots not fleshy, not clustered. Stems usually erect, sometimes decumbent (especially in coastal forms)

on page 263, 282. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants dense, soft, silky, green to yellow-brown. Stems with

Mentioned on page 416. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, erect to spreading, 1–4(–5) dm, glabrous or tomentose

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Rhizomes frequently branched, repent, cylindric; stolons

forms for North America, but later (1957) did not recognize infraspecific taxa. Most plants from the Arctic to cool-temperate North America, including

3–15(–22) × 1.5–5.5 cm, often bearing a thin, white, powdery exudate, especially on bract surfaces; bracts greenish, scarlet, red, red-orange, or pale

(sometimes 2 kinds in combination on single cypselae). x = 8. w North America, nw Mexico, South America (Chile). Species 18 (17 in the flora). Lasthenias occur

Mentioned on page 5, 6, 8. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants to 3(–7) m. Leaves: petiole 1–6 cm; blade lanceolate

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems erect or ascending, not rooting nodally, villous, not

Mentioned on page 23. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 10–50 cm, branches spreading or ascending. Leaves:

Map Ariz., Calif., Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., Mexico (Baja California and Chihuahua). Quercus chrysolepis is one of the most variable North American oaks. Historically

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Trees, evergreen, to 25 m. Bark gray to dark brown or black

Mentioned on page 83, 85. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems erect, arching, procumbent, or climbing, 15–30(–100)

wild. This species served as an especially important source of food for native peoples throughout western North America, and the dried berries were used

B.C., N.W.T., Nunavut, Sask., Yukon, Alaska, Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Utah, Wash., Wyo., especially at high elevations and northern latitudes, Eurasia

Mentioned on page 82. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, densely tufted; rhizomes often hidden by

97, 103, 104. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright: Flora of North America Association Culms 3–50(–90) cm × 0.2–2 mm. Leaves: apex of distal leaf

Mentioned on page 368. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 10–40(–70) cm. Stems usually simple, sometimes branched

Treatment on page 487. Illustrator: Bee F. Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 1–4(–6) dm. Stems prostrate, decumbent, or ascending

Treatment on page 197. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems sometimes proximally woody. Leaves mostly basal; blades

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems erect from short caudices, not rooting nodally, glabrous

gardens throughout North America. It is variable throughout the temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, especially in China and Japan

Mentioned on page 420. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Rosettes often clumping in older specimens; whole plant black

9. Treatment on page 79. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs forming dense, low thickets. Stems usually erect,

239, 240, 317, 318. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, annual or perennial, with slender to thick, woody

Sanguisorba officinalis in eastern North America represent introductions from Eurasia; the species is native in western North America. Near the southern end of

The plants are distinctive especially in summer when sporophytes are produced, because H. dieckei is the only North American species with nodding capsules

as medicine, and also in the material culture of Native Americans of northwestern North America (S. A. Thompson 1995). Although considered to be a famine

on page 279, 280. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Culms (1–)2–90 cm. Leaves: sheaths adaxially whitish, conspicuously

Central America, w South America, e Asia. Species ca. 29 (5 in the flora). Hydrangea enjoys considerable esteem as an ornamental shrub, especially for its

Mentioned on page 296. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems erect to sprawling, simple to much-branched, 1–30 dm

Scattered in rocky places, especially north- and east-facing canyon walls Elevation: 0-600 m Generated Map Legacy Map Calif. Of conservation concern. Dudleya

separated geographically as well as morphologically. Populations in western North America consist primarily of subsp. pacifica; east of the continental divide

on page 324, 377. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants large, in coarse mats, yellow to yellowish green.

494, 496, 499, 507. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants colonial; rhizomes long-creeping. Culms lateral, trigonous

Treatment on page 296. Illustrator: Marjorie C. Leggitt Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants prostrate or spreading to weakly erect. Leaves: stipules

Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, distinctly papillose especially or almost exclusively on veins of leaf

Aveninae) in Mexico and Central America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91:1-30 Louis-Marie, Father, O.C. 1928. The genus Trisetum in America. Rhodora 30:209-228, 231-245

537, 564, 578, 580. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants light to dark green, cespitose, crowded or rarely

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems clambering or climbing, to 6(-20) m. Leaf blade pinnately

Mentioned on page 377. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 0.4–0.8 cm. Leaves 1–2.2 mm, apex rounded-obtuse to

Treatment on page 265. Illustrator: Bee F. Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 5–80 cm. Leaves: petiole ca. 2–15 mm or absent; blade

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Trees, subevergreen, to 10 m. Bark gray or whitish, closely

Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, glabrous or papillose-pubescent especially on abaxial surface of leaf blades

page 463, 468, 472. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants densely cespitose. Culms dark maroon at base; flowering

taxonomic solution provided here is a single species of chokecherry in North America with an eastern and a western variety that overlap in range along a line

Mentioned on page 199. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Annuals or short-lived perennials, (20–)40–70(–100) cm, arachnose

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs, evergreen or subevergreen, densely branched, 1-2(-3)

page 355, 365. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, perennial, cespitose, green to ashy olive when dry

in eastern Asia, and increasingly valued in North America and Europe. All species are ornamental, especially those having cultivars with colored culms.

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or small trees, to 6-9 m. Bark light or medium gray

Mentioned on page 478, 481. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants simple or branched from below ground, 5–20(–27) cm

372, 378, 383, 389. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Perennials, rhizomatous, densely cespitose, forming large

Treatment on page 172. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Creeping roots usually dark brown or black, with scaly adventitious

page 354, 356. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Annuals. Stems erect, ascending, or prostrate, not matted

101, 102, 104, 105. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants in dense tufts, glaucous to brownish green. Stems

Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, glabrous or distinctly papillose especially on veins of leaf blades abaxially

I., S.C., Tex., Utah, Va., Vt., Wis., Wyo., temperate North America, West Indies, South America. Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). The varieties of Eleocharis

Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, glabrous or very indistinctly papillose, especially on veins of leaf blades abaxially

Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, glabrous or ± papillose especially on veins of leaf blades abaxially, with

Eurasia. Cultivars of Prunus avium are grown in North America both for their attractive flowers, especially where the Japanese ornamental cherries are not

Treatment on page 291. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants in flat, loose, long trailing mats, light green to

on page 463, 468. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants with short rhizomes, loosely cespitose forming small

secunda, and P. wheeleri are important native forage species in western North America; P. alpina, P. arctica, and P. glauca are common components of alpine

than linear-flexuous, especially in straight leaves. Hypnum vaucheri is predominantly continental in distribution in North America, while H. cupressiforme

Treatment on page 273. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants robust, to 2.5 m; leaves and inflorescences emergent

177, 184, 186. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Bulbs variable, subrhizomatous to ± ovoid, 3.1–8.1 × 3.6–10

Mentioned on page 170. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants annual; taproot slender. Stems erect, simple or branched

on page 10, 11, 27. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 1–2 m. Stems erect to spreading or prostrate, finely

Map Legacy Map Calif. Erythranthe willisii is narrowly endemic over serpentine along the North Fork Feather River (including the North Branch) in Plumas

Mentioned on page 85, 87. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Leaves 1.5–3 mm; margins broadly recurved to 1/3 leaf length

42, 50, 52, 53, 56. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems usually erect or ascending, occasionally decumbent

188, 189, 190. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Bulbs branching occasionally, often irregularly, 1.6–3 ×

539, 541, 546, 548. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants small to large, golden green, yellow-green, or pale

Mentioned on page 323. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants densely to loosely cespitose. Culms 31–115 cm × 0

271, 272, 274, 278. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants soft, yellowish or olive green. Stems to 10 cm, leafy

on page 279, 281. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Culms 3–130 cm. Leaves: sheaths adaxially red dotted and

strigose (especially at nodes); bark deciduous, exfoliating or flaking, reddish; axillary buds hidden in pouches, sometimes apex exposed, especially on vigorous

western North American shrubs in alkaline habitats, S. vermiculatus grows among other shrubs or in pure stands, often to great extent, especially in the

Mentioned on page 322, 323. Illustrator: Bee F. Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, green to yellowish or reddish, 5–15(–25) dm, glabrous

page 277, 285. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems erect, branched, 1–6(–10) dm, glabrous (to sparsely

on page 223, 224. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 1–2(–7) cm. Stems reddish brown or red. Leaves green

differentiated, slightly grooved in several species, surface smooth. x = 16. w North America, nw Mexico. Species 8 (7 in the flora). Marah micrantha Dunn, endemic

Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Subshrubs, 20–70(–100) cm, densely brownish pubescent (especially when young) with smooth and minutely

page 72, 73, 75. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, mat-forming; rhizomes evident, long, 1

112, 113, 115. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial; rhizomes 0.2–1 mm thick, scales persistent

Mentioned on page 276. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants robust to slender, to 2 m; leaves and inflorescences

page 611, 613, 617. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Secondary stems decumbent, sometimes appearing prostrate

absent, especially in terrestrial plants, with sporophytes correspondingly infrequent. Differentiation of alar cells is often weak in North American material

theophrasti to North America was recounted by N. R. Spencer (1984). It can be abundant locally, thriving when rich cultivated soils are disturbed, especially in the

toxic to humans, its roots are relished by gophers. Widely planted in North America and elsewhere as an ornamental, roadside, and reclamation plant, with

Legacy Map Introduced; Calif., Tex., s Europe, Asia, Africa, introduced also in Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America. Punica granatum has

throughout its range from Iran to Great Britain and on the west coast of North America. Crundwell and Nyholm commented on D. howei and D. varia that there are

page 497, 531. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants annual, rarely biennial, usually distinctly papillose-pubescent

page 309, 311. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants whitish gray or grayish green, 5–35(–50) cm, tomentose-sericeous

Map Ala., Ariz., Calif., Fla., Ga., La., Md., Miss., N.C., Okla., S.C., Tex., Va., Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, s Europe, Asia,

in FNA Volume 23. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Culms 15–60 cm. Inflorescences 3–5(–7) cm, all but proximal

also regarded this as the most common subspecies in North America. However, I believe most North American representatives of this aggregate belong to subsp

Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems (1–)4–35 cm, glabrous to or often glandular-pubescent, especially proximally, often glaucous

page 399, 400. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, 5–70 cm, glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, branched

segregate species. Recent work has identified two different genotypes in North America (Saltonstall 2002) that preliminary data suggest may be morphologicaly

page 435, 438. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Subshrubs, erect, 4–10 dm, dioecious. Stems green, grayish

622, 633, 643, 654, 655. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, sometimes subshrubs, perennial, 1.5–3.5(–4.5) dm;

Rickett (1944b) examined variation within the Cornus sericea complex in North America. Fosberg regarded the whole complex as a single species, stating that the

Generated Map Legacy Map Calif., Oreg. Agrostis castellana is native to southern Europe. It was introduced to North America in the 1930s for use in lawns

Treatment on page 137. Illustrator: Marjorie C. Leggitt Copyright: Flora of North America Association Basal leaves: petiole 1–3.5 cm, long hairs ± abundant, 0

page 548, 568. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Annuals, (5–)10–30(–50+) cm (taprooted). Herbage glabrous

Mentioned on page 331. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants to 15 cm, soft. Stems 3–5 mm wide across leafy stem

Mentioned on page 405. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Perennials, mostly (2–)5–10(–20) cm (cespitose to ± matted)

Mentioned on page 307. Illustrator: Bee F. Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 1.5–5 dm; herbage white to brownish tomentose, some

Mentioned on page 51, 70. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants solitary or in clusters, with caudex or thick, fleshy

highly disturbed sites, especially where there is excess nitrogen. The distribution of B. lanatum in the eastern part of North America is not well understood

uliginosum is transcontinental in North America between 60° and 70° north latitude; farther north it is rare, especially in the Queen Elizabeth Islands.

pulvinus), and secondary pollen presentation. The leaves of the three North American species of Marantaceae are all homotropic (all leaves rolled in the

of them, are contradictory and confusing. After examining plants from North America, it seems best to treat these Eurasian introductions as one variable

these taxa, especially C. striatiforme Murr and C. novopokrovskyanum (Aellen) Uotila, are superficially similar to the native North American taxa of subsect

Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright: Flora of North America Association Rhizomes 5–8 mm diam.; scales longer than internodes, disintegrating

variable species of the genus in the flora area. Sometimes (especially in western North America) the stems are julaceous, to 3 cm, the leaves are strongly

Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stem hyalodermis variably present, absent especially in depauperate plants. Leaves erect-spreading

184, 185, 187. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Bulbs rhizomatous, sometimes irregular, unbranched, continuously

497, 506, 530. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants annual, rarely biennial, usually distinctly papillose-pubescent

disturbed ground, or, especially to the south, in thickets and open woods near streams. It is widespread in most of temperate North America, extending from the

described as a presumably native North American species, is not specifically distinct from K. scoparia sensu lato, especially from its eastern Asian forms

affinities of wild populations of melon (Cucumis melo, Cucurbitaceae) in North America. Pl. Syst. Evol. 233: 183–197. Grebenscikov, I. 1953. Die Entwicklung

, Colo., Calif., Vt., Idaho, Maine, Md., Mass., Ohio, Mich. Cynosurus cristatus is a European native that is now established in North America. It grows

88, 91, 92, 95. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants moderate-sized, relatively robust, smaller in exposed

Mentioned on page 272. Illustrator: Marjorie C. Leggitt Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants green or grayish green to gray, non-glandular hairs

Treatment on page 175. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Leaves: proximal oblanceolate, margins denticulate to deeply

Flora of North America Association Perennials, 10–60 cm; taprooted, caudices branched. Stems erect (usually gray-green to whitish, especially proximally)

page 176, 192. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Corms subglobose to oblong, 1–3 cm × 3–15 mm. Leaves 4–12;

Bee F. Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants (0.5–)1–5 m. Stems prostrate to scandent, especially distally, sometimes rooting at nodes

136, 154, 155, 156, 160. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 0.6–5 m, (sometimes forming clones by stem fragmentation)

102, 103, 104, 112, 113. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs, 3–7 m, (sometimes forming clones by stem fragmentation)

Alaska, Calif., Ind., Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Oreg., Vt., Wash., Wis., Wyo., Central America (Panama), South America, Eurasia

page 465, 472. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Perennials; glabrous or densely puberulent. Rhizomes cylindrical

Treatment on page 73. Illustrator: Marjorie C. Leggitt Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems: long-shoot internodes 2.5–10(–15) mm, those proximal

noxious weeds in parts of North America. Beyond the main range of T. angustifolia, there are specimens of T. ×glauca from north-central Montana (Phillips

coniferous and deciduous forests, especially in forest margins Elevation: 0–800 m Generated Map Legacy Map B.C., Yukon, Alaska, Calif., Idaho, Oreg., Wash., Asia

Mentioned on page 410. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants cespitose. Culms to 25–60(–100) cm, distally smooth

431, 436, 437. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, annual, herbage usually drying dark. Stems erect,

280, 303, 304, 306. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Rhizomes coarse, 1.8–3 mm thick, typically with long, unbranched

on page 424, 426. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Culms 10–40(–70) cm. Leaves: blades 5–20(–1.5–25) cm × 2–3(–3

Mentioned on page 183. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Annuals, 10–100 cm. Stems simple or often branched from base

Mentioned on page 413. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants in loose tufts. Stems 1–6(–10) cm, tomentose with

Mentioned on page 447. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants mostly 20–100 cm. Leaves: basal (rosette) leaves mostly

and are used in beverages and especially for jam. Rubus parviflorus is typically associated with western North America but was originally described from

more often 3-gonous, glabrous. Seeds: embryo curved. w North America including n Mexico, mainly Calif. Species 28 (26 in the flora). The species of Eriogonum

Mentioned on page 287. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, annual, 0.2–0.8 m. Stems usually erect or ascending

Introduced; Ala., Ark., Calif., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ky., La., Md., N.C., S.C., Tenn., Va., Asia, introduced also in Mexico (Mexico City), South America. Little is

Ustilago violacea s.l., on Stellaria borealis (Caryophyllaceae) in North America. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 165–169. Stellaria borealis subsp. borealis

yet they may also be extremely long and narrow (setaceous), especially in western North American populations. The variety is easily confused with Tortella

historical relationships among thermally adapted Agrostis (Bentgrass) of North America and Kamchatka: Evidence for a previously unrecognized, thermally adapted

It is the only pitcher plant that grows naturally north of southeastern Virginia; in North America, it has become naturalized at least in northern California

fruiting Sep–Oct. Habitat: Brush, especially near groundwater Elevation: 10–400 m Generated Map Legacy Map B.C., Alaska, Calif., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Wash.

(Hidalgo), Central America (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama), Europe, Asia. Erigeron annuus is apparently native to eastern North America (United States and

nowhere common. In North America, the species is most frequent in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, where it occurs on mine tailings, especially around the towns

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Trees, deciduous, to 25(-35) m, usually with solitary trunks

Treatment on page 284. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, annual or perennial, with slender taproot to thickened

on page 322, 324. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants loosely to densely cespitose. Culms 21–67 cm × 0.7–1

on page 440, 442. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants small to medium-sized, in dense tufts, light green

on page 540, 542. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants dark green to tan. Stems to 1.5 cm, central strand

on page 560, 578. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems erect, 0.7–6 cm, leaves often branched in whorls in

considered an amphidiploid (n = 33) derived from A. auriculata (n = 16 in North America) and A. robusta (n = 17) (S. A. Graham 1979). The species displays a

Mentioned on page 19, 20, 2. Illustrator: Bee F. Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, annual; taproot tapered, soft or ± woody. Stems usually

some general morpho­logical similarities with two species in western North America, E. rigidum and E. siskiyouense, as discussed under those taxa, E. obcordatum

Va., W.Va., Wis., e Asia. Peaches are cultivated throughout much of North America. Commercial production is diffuse, occurring in over half of the lower

Knutsson. Material referable to this subspecies has not been seen among North American specimens. Hybrids between P. maculosa and P. minor have been documented

Tortella species in North America (excepting many specimens of T. tortuosa var. fragilifolia). The two other Tortella species in North America with stem central

Indies, Central America, South America, introduced in Eurasia. Euphorbia nutans is probably native to at least central and eastern North America, but given

appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Roots 5-20 cm. Stems (35-)60-90(-110) cm. Leaves: basal leaves

Mentioned on page 491. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, glabrous, with vertical rootstock and densely

536, 539, 545, 559. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 8–55 cm. Roots few–several, spreading to descending

Mentioned on page 381, 405. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Annuals, fibrous-rooted or filiform-taprooted. Stems erect

Treatment on page 451. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs erect, branching, often forming thickets, 1–2.5 m

page 171, 174. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 3–21 cm (cespitose or matted; taproots stout). Stems

Introduced; Ont., Calif., Conn., Ill., Mass., Mo., N.Y., R.I., native to Europe. In the absence of carefully documented naturalized populations, the North American

features such as leaf indumentum or bract size. On most vines, especially north of 50° north latitude, the leafy portion of the fertile shoot fails to develop

Most North American plants have spikelets with reddish papillae or prickles on the scales, whereas some plants of coastal and boreal North America closely

vouchered chromosome counts for Bolboschoenus maritimus are available from North America. The voucher for the 2n = 90 count by N. A. Harriman (1981) from southeastern

Habitat: Open places, oak parklands, especially after burning Elevation: 0-2000 m Generated Map Legacy Map Introduced; Calif., Mexico (Baja California), Asia

soil in meadows, thickets, and open woods. It is widespread in western North America, from Alaska to Saskatchewan, and south to Baja California and New Mexico

Mentioned on page 310. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants colonial. Culms curved, bluntly trigonous, 2–12 cm

morphologically similar to those growing in native habitats in other parts of North America. Dicranum undulatum of G. F. Weber & C. Mohr (1803) is not a synonym

page 224, 596. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants sparsely to densely hispid, glabrous, or glabrate

Mentioned on page 531. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants glabrous throughout or puberulent, trichomes usually

399, 403, 404, 411. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants in loose to dense tufts, light to dark green, glossy

South America, Africa (Ethiopia), Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia. Potentilla reptans is becoming widely introduced in North America, though

ruderal or disturbed sites (especially chaparral burns) Elevation: 0–1100(–1400) m Generated Map Legacy Map Introduced; Calif., Oreg., Eurasia, n Africa

Mentioned on page 264. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants in small dense cushions or turfs, yellow-green to

Mentioned on page 643, 646. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems: hairs spreading, ± wavy or curly, soft, (0.4–)0.8–1

on page 179, 182. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants small, green, brown, or red-green. Stems 0.5–2 cm

416, 436, 454, 455. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants glossy. Stems 3–10 cm, branches 4–12 mm. Stem leaves

586, 587, 588. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, 1.5–10 dm; roots also often arising from

tenuis complex, which comprises species 16–21 and is restricted to North America, where it is widely distributed except for the Southeast and Southwest

introduced from Europe, and is now well established in western and eastern North America. It is often used for fine-leaved lawns; commercial seed sold as Agrostis

Wyo., Eurasia. Pyrola minor and P. asarifolia are broadly sympatric in North America. Scattered hybrids between these species have been reported, mostly from

Central America, South America, Atlantic Islands, Australia. Brassica rapa is widely cultivated as an oil crop and vegetable, and cultivars, especially in Asia

Mentioned on page 574. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Annuals; puberulent. Stems simple to numerous from base,

Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., Mo., N.Mex., N.C., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., Mexico, Central America, South America, Asia, Africa, Australia

on page 456, 458. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants small to medium-sized, in dense or loose tufts, deep

page 142, 162. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous. Culms single or close together

hybrid between D. rotundifolia and D. linearis. It is the only tetraploid North American species of Drosera with 2n = 40. The sterile hybrid D. rotundifolia

The only published chromosome counts for Carduus pycnocephalus from North American material are from California specimens (A. M. Powell et. al. 1974).

Mentioned on page 326. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants (0.3–)0.5–1(–1.2) m, with caudex or usually compact

Mentioned on page 381. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, erect to spreading, annual, 1–2(–3) dm, tomentose

572, 575, 609, 613, 618. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or subshrubs, 3–10 dm; from a woody caudex; with thick

Mentioned on page 576, 577, 643. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, perennial, 0.6–3(–4) dm; from a woody caudex; with

Mentioned on page 331. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, matted, polygamodioecious, (0.1–)0.3–1 × 1–5(–12)

genetically) distinct from those that have spiny spores. Especially in the western portion of its North American range (British Columbia, Washington, Montana, Idaho

exceptionally widespread, occurring in North America from Alaska to Hudson Bay, in the Great Plains and the North American Cordillera to northern Mexico. The

and inland habitats, the American plants are mainly inland. Both native and introduced plants are probably present in North America, as the European plant

characters. In eastern North America, H. andoi resembles some forms of H. circinale in size and appearance, but the leaf bases, especially the nature of the

Geology of North America--- An Overview. Boulder. [Geology of North America. Vol. A.] Bally, A. W, C. R. Scotese, and M. I. Ross. 1989. North America; plate

commercially distributed seed have generally been placed in subsp. pratensis by North American authors, but they appear to include genetic contributions from at least

621, 636, 655, 657, 665. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, perennial, 1.8–10(–20) dm; from a woody caudex; with

376, 414, 416, 419. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Annuals, fibrous-rooted. Stems erect, simple, sometimes many-branched

which sometimes have been named formally, including several from north­eastern North America. Within series Palustriformes by C. Haussknecht (1884), M. L.

and V. Grant (1968) found in hummingbird-pollinated plants of western North America: open inflorescence; pendent flowers on long, slender pedicels; long

Central America, Eurasia, introduced in South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand). Potentilla norvegica is considered native in both North America and Eurasia