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apices oblique), ribs 5, faces smooth between ribs (pericarps without resin sacs, or resin sacs within lateral ribs) Matricaria 27 Cypselae trigonous, ± compressed

basal ones) persisting for life of fascicle or shed after first season; resin canals 2 or more. Pollen cones in dense, spikelike cluster around base of

juvenile leaves linear, flattened, spreading; often with solitary abaxial resin gland; resin canal present. Pollen cones maturing and shed annually, solitary,

glabrate or glabrous, usually resin-gland-dotted (sometimes ± pitted), adaxial faces ± scabrellous or glabrate, sometimes resin-gland-dotted (rarely pitted)

shoots; juvenile leaves (when present) borne on long shoots, scalelike; resin canals present. Pollen cones maturing and shed annually, solitary or clustered

hairs producing crystalline substance that forms farinose coating (Primula); resin canals sometimes present (Hottonia). Stems sometimes inflated (Hottonia)

villous), often gland-dotted (pericarps sometimes with myxogenic cells, without resin sacs; embryo sac development monosporic); pappi usually 0 (coroniform in

sometimes flat to round topped in age. Bark initially thin, smooth, bearing resin blisters, in age furrowed and/or flaking in plates. Branches whorled, irregular

[shrubs], perennial, usually not succulent, glabrous or stipitate-glandular; resin canals sometimes obvious. Rhizomes usually present; roots fibrous. Stems

smooth, nerved, or ribbed (glabrous or hirsutulous to strigillose, sometimes resin-gland-dotted as well); pappi usually persistent, usually in 2 series (outer

shrubs, or trees, deciduous (evergreen in Ardisia), often with secretory resin canals appearing as dark dots, streaks, or punctations on vegetative and/or

perennial herbs, often evergreen, usually glandular-punctate or with secretory resin canals appearing as dark dots or streaks on vegetative and/or floral parts

at base to form sheath, generally ephemeral, mostly not photosynthetic; resin canals absent. Pollen cones compound, 1–10 in whorls at nodes; each compound

twisted so as to appear 2-ranked, linear to linear-lanceolate, decurrent; resin canals present or absent. Pollen cones maturing and shed annually, solitary

green, faces glabrous or tomentose, sometimes gland-dotted, sometimes with resin pockets. Receptacles flat, pitted, epaleate. Disc florets 8–34, bisexual

gray to reddish brown, thin and scaly (with thin plates), sometimes with resin blisters (especially in Picea engelmannii and P. glauca), becoming relatively

rounded, obtuse, or truncate teeth tipped by resin globules. Sporadically, individual plants may have some teeth resin-tipped and some teeth apiculate; such specimens

apices deeply cleft to truncate; petioles equal to or exceeding blades; resin canals absent. Pollen cones borne on spurs, catkinlike; sporophylls distributed

conic, paleate; paleae membranous, ± folded (sometimes each with central resin duct). Ray florets [0] 3–5(–12+), usually pistillate and fertile; corollas

Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, resin canals absent. Stems erect, much-branched; young branches puberulous, hairs

(without resin sacs). Cypselae cylindro-obconic, ribs 5–8(–10), faces glabrous, usually gland-dotted (pericarps without myxogenic cells or resin sacs; embryo

appears in FNA Volume 2. Trees conic, evergreen. Bark initially smooth, with resin blisters; in age reddish brown, corky, furrowed. Branches often pendulous

to cuneate or obcordiform, laterally compressed, margins winged or not, resin ducts present, faces often puberulent; pappi persistent, usually of 2–3 sclerified

throats narrowly campanulate (cylindric or compressed), lobes 5, deltate (with resin sacs). Cypselae trigonous, ± compressed (apices truncate), ribs 3–5 (0–2

spines]; leaflets entire or dentate [spinose], venation dichotomous [netted]; resin canals absent. Cones axillary, appearing terminal, short-peduncled [sessile]

whitish or brownish bands; apex sharp-pointed, spine-tipped, sharp to touch; resin canal central. Pollen cones ovoid or oblong, with 6–8 whorls of 4 sporophylls

maturity). Disc florets 25–400, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow (with orange resin ducts), tubes shorter than tubular to funnelform throats (tubes or limbs

toothed (rarely entire), apices obtuse to acute, abaxial or both faces usually resin-gland-dotted. Heads ± discoid, sessile, not individually bracteate, in clusters

with scattered resin blisters; seeds 4-6 mm. > 4 4 Leaves rarely resin-dotted; c coastal California. Cupressus sargentii 4 Leaves resin-dotted; interior

gland-dotted (pericarps with myxogenic cells only in S. potentilloides, without resin sacs); pappi usually 0 (of 3–5 subulate scales in S. compacta). x = 9. w

blade mostly cordate, palmately lobed, sometimes unlobed; surfaces abaxially resin-dotted and×or gland-dotted. Inflorescences: staminate inflorescences axillary

yellowish, soft, brittle, even-grained; secretory canals in outer pith; resin yellowish. Leaves alternate, not aromatic; stipules absent; petiole and veins

Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, resin canals absent. Stems erect, much-branched; young branches lepidote, hairs

outer shorter, all resin-nerved). Receptacles conic, paleate (paleae falling, linear, flattish or weakly conduplicate, scarious, resin-nerved). Ray florets

America Association Herbs, annual or perennial, not succulent, glabrous; resin canals usually present. Rhizomes absent; roots fibrous or a taproot. Stems

cylindric, throats campanulate to funnelform, lobes (2–)4, ± deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae: (bodies) ± obovate to oblanceolate or oblong-cuneate, ob-compressed

deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae ± columnar to obovoid, ribs ± 10, faces glabrous (pericarps with myxogenic cells on ribs and resin sacs between ribs;

± deltate (sometimes one larger than others, usually each with central resin canal). Cypselae obovoid to oblong, ob-compressed or -flattened, ribs 2,

dilated, ± gland-dotted), throats campanulate, lobes 5, deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae dimorphic: outer (ray) 3-angled, each angle usually ± winged

obovate to lance-deltate or lanceolate (not carinate, usually each with a resin canal), margins and apices (colorless or stramineous to pale brown) scarious

nearly glabrous, adaxial faces sparsely scabrellous or glabrate, both usually resin-gland-dotted. Heads discoid (pedunculate, each subtended by 3–8+, ± foliaceous

natural population of S. officinalis failed to produce resin (N. Zeybek 1970). To my knowledge, resin induction in any of our native species has not been

developed, subepidermal resin pocket nearly as wide as bracts, sometimes a central pocket and 2+ smaller, lateral ones (resin pockets sometimes formed

Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, perennial; resin canals apparent. Stems erect or ascending to prostrate or arching, simple

to rounded; surfaces abaxially glabrous to tomentose, lightly to heavily resin-coated. Inflorescences: staminate catkins in 1 cluster of 2–4, formed late

the adaxial side of a leaf blade at its junction with the petiole, secrete resins onto young, expanding leaves (J. D. Curtis and N. R. Lersten 1978). Poplars

ciliate, faces glabrous or scabrous, gland-dotted (sometimes in ± deep, resin-filled pits, sometimes sessile) or pustulate, often ± resinous. Heads discoid

(yellowish). Winter buds yellow-brown, usually densely stiffly hairy, resinous (resin yellow); terminal buds (4–)7–11(–14) mm; flowering buds separated on branchlets

these angled, projected forward, sheath absent; apex rounded or notched; resin canals 1. Cones borne on year-old twigs. Pollen cones solitary, globose,

weakly developed, non- or weakly spinulose projection, gland-dotted, without resin pockets or pockets small, weakly developed (var. decumbens and var. menziesii)

margins entire or dentate (pinnately lobed or dissected), faces abaxially resin-gland-dotted, adaxially often tomentose. Heads discoid, in leafy-bracted

subapical patch, midnerves evident on proximal 1/2 or throughout, subapical resin ducts 0 or slightly darker, thickened and expanded, (margins membranous,

Stems ascending, green, soon becoming tan, glabrous or puberulent, sometimes resin-dotted, often resinous. Leaves ascending, spreading, or deflexed; sessile;

usually densely strigose and gland-dotted, each margin usually with an adaxial resin gland; receptacles plus paleae and florets = discs, 5–70 × 5–18 mm). Ray

hemispheric, paleate; paleae ± lanceolate, ± navicular (each with central resin duct). Ray florets 0. Disc florets mostly 60–250+, bisexual, fertile; corollas

conic, paleate; paleae ± folded (carinate, each with central, red-brown resin duct). Ray florets 12–18+, neuter or styliferous and sterile; corollas orange

apex rounded to nearly acute; stalk 1–3 mm; scales 2–3, equal, valvate, resin-coated. Leaf blade narrowly ovate to elliptic, base cuneate to narrowly rounded

annual or perennial, not cushion- or mat-forming, aquatic, not succulent; resin canals obvious. Rhizomes absent; roots fibrous. Stems mostly submerged, ascending

glabrous (pericarps with myxogenic cells in longitudinal rows, without resin sacs); pappi 0. x = 9. Introduced; s, w Europe, n Africa. Species 2 (2 in

Disc florets (13–)20–70, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow (with orange resin ducts), tubes 2 times longer than narrowly funnelform throats, lobes 5, erect

cauline dentate or entire, faces loosely tomentose or glabrate, puberulent and resin-gland-dotted. Heads discoid, in (leafy-bracted) corymbiform or paniculiform

long-hairy. Winter buds greenish yellow, glabrous or stiffly hairy, resinous (resin yellow, moderately fragrant); terminal buds (6–)8–15(–21) mm; flowering buds

deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae ± columnar, ribs 8–10 (not winged), faces probably glabrous (pericarps without myxogenic cells or resin sacs); pappi

diam. Leaves with conspicuous, pitlike, abaxial gland that produces drop of resin, slightly glaucous. Pollen cones 2–3 × 2–2.5 mm; pollen sacs 3–5. Seed cones

lance-deltate or lanceolate (not keeled abaxially, usually each with central resin canal), unequal, margins and apices scarious (tips of inner usually dilated)

5, deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae ± columnar, ribs 7–12, faces probably glabrous (pericarps without myxogenic cells or resin sacs); pappi 0 (cypselar

spinose-toothed; all with apices rounded to acute, faces glabrous or glabrate, resin-gland-dotted. Heads pseudo-radiant (see here at corollas), ± pedunculate

rounded; stalks 1–3 mm; scales 2–3, subequal, often poorly developed, heavily resin-coated. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, oblong, or narrowly obovate, 4.5–9

rounded to acute, abaxial faces ± hirtellous to densely piloso-strigillose, resin-gland-dotted, adaxial faces ± scabrellous or glabrate. Heads discoid, ± pedunculate

abaxial keel, sessile, base decurrent, sheath absent, apex pointed or rounded; resin canals 2. Pollen cones solitary, ovoid-cylindric, yellowish. Seed cones maturing

usually gland-dotted, sometimes glabrous (pericarps without myxogenic cells or resin sacs, embryo sac development tetrasporic); pappi usually coroniform, rarely

usually toothed (rarely entire), apices obtuse to acute, abaxial faces usually resin-gland-dotted. Heads ± discoid, sessile, not individually bracteate, in clusters

lobes 5, deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae ± obconic, ribs 5, faces glabrous (pericarps without myxogenic cells or resin sacs); pappi crowns of 6–12

± ovate or elliptic (± navicular, carinate, sometimes each with central resin canal), unequal, margins and apices scarious. Receptacles [± flat] hemispheric

not gland-dotted), throats ± campanulate, lobes (2–)5, deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae mostly columnar to obovoid or fusiform, outer sometimes 3-angled

Pedicels 0.5–2 cm, glabrous. Flowers: sepals 5, calyx streaked with black resin canals, 2–6 mm, minutely stipitate-glandular on margins (or glabrous), lobes

streaked with dark resin canals, 5–8 mm, glabrous, lobes ovate to deltate, margins thin; petals 5, corolla yellow, finely streaked with black resin canals, campanulate

America Association Herbs, perennial, not succulent, glabrous or glandular; resin canals rarely obvious. Rhizomes slender or tuberous; roots fibrous. Stems

in 2 broad, pale bands; apex soft-pointed, mucronate, not sharp to touch; resin canal absent. Pollen cones globose, yellowish, with 4–16 peltate sporophylls

Mentioned on page 324, 325. Shrubs or trees, all parts bearing spherical resin cavities; stolons absent. Stems ascending, glabrous. Leaves persistent, cauline

evident on proximal 1/2, subapical herbaceous patches present, subapical resin ducts thickened and expanded apically. Disc florets 36–70. 2n = 18. Phenology:

glabrous or glabrate to densely hairy. Winter buds reddish, glabrous, resinous (resin red, abundant, very fragrant, balsamic); terminal buds (8–)12–16(–20) mm;

these more numerous toward leaf apex; apex slightly notched to rounded; resin canals large, ± median, away from margins, midway between abaxial and adaxial

their widths (1–2 supernumerary ribs sometimes present), abaxial-apical resin glands elongate (lengths 2+ times widths), abaxial faces transversely rugose

reddish brown to gray, glabrous or sparsely hairy, usually covered with resin-filled pits. Leaves (moderately crowded) ascending to spreading; blades linear

8–1.5 mm, inner lance-ovate, 1–5 × 0.8–1.5 mm. Paleae 3–4.3 × 1.5–3 mm, resin glands oval, 1–1.8 mm. Ray florets 4–14; corollas yellow, purplish yellow

glabrous to velutinous or occasionally tomentose, moderately to heavily resin-coated. Inflorescences: staminate catkins 2.5–9 cm. Infructescences 1.2–2

young, becoming dark brown then gray, branched, twigs stipitate-glandular, resin coated. Leaves ascending; blades elliptic to obovate, 9–18 × 2.5–4 mm, midnerves

rhizomatous, glabrous or hairy, with glandular canals, lacunae, or dots containing resins or waxes (amber), essential oils (pale, translucent), and/or, sometimes

fewer toward leaf apex; apex usually rounded, sometimes acute or notched; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination

becoming whitish tan with age), simple, glabrous or scabridulous, often resin-coated. Leaves basal and cauline (stiffly erect to ascending); alternate;

few stomates toward leaf apex; apex distinctly notched (rarely rounded); resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination

throats urceolate to campanulate, lobes 4–5 (spreading), deltate [with resin sacs]. Cypselae obconic, slightly compressed (usually asymmetric, apices

0.3–0.5mm thick, keeled abaxially, rounded adaxially, pale blue-green; resin canals 10–20µm from margins. Seed cones 1–2 × 0.5–1cm, usually on curved

(including indurate styles). Seeds apically winged, 8-10 mm, marked with resin ducts; aborted seeds brownish, 1-2 mm, unwinged, irregular, resembling sawdust

glabrous to sparsely pubescent, especially on veins, moderately to heavily resin-coated. Inflorescences: staminate catkins 3.5–6 cm. Infructescences 1.2–2

diam. Leaves with conspicuous, pitlike, abaxial gland that produces drop of resin, sometimes glaucous. Pollen cones 2–3 × 2 mm; pollen sacs 3–5. Seed cones

thick, keeled abaxially, with shallow convex midrib adaxially, pale green; resin canals 20–50 µm from margins, each surrounded by 5–7 epithelial cells. Seed

spine-tipped); ribs 0, faces glabrous (pericarps without myxogenic cells or resin sacs); pappi 0. x = 9. Introduced; n Africa, widely adventive elsewhere.

faces ± villous and obscurely nerved (pericarps without myxogenic cells or resin sacs); pappi 0. x = 9. w North America. Species 1. Separation of Picrothamnus

8–11 × 5–7 mm. Phyllary midnerves usually evident throughout, subapical resin ducts sometimes present, thickened and expanded apically, subapical herbaceous

valvate, sometimes incompletely covering underlying leaves, moderately resin-coated. Leaf blade narrowly ovate or lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 5–9

obtuse; stalks 2–5 mm; scales 2–3, outer 2 equal, valvate, usually heavily resin-coated. Leaf blade obovate to nearly orbiculate, 3–9 × 3–8 cm, leathery,

rounded; stalks 2–4 mm; scales 2, equal, valvate, moderately to heavily resin-coated. Leaf blade broadly elliptic to obovate, 5–14 × 3.5–8 cm, leathery

usually densely hairy. Winter buds red, sparsely hairy or glabrous, resinous (resin red, abundant, very fragrant); terminal buds 8–15(–20) mm; flowering buds

have been called glands, glandular hairs, glandular trichomes, punctae, resin dots, and so on. Sometimes, the glands are embedded in epidermal depressions

(distal portion of phyllary midveins in many species with elongate, glutinous resin gland, usually milky in fresh material but dark brown to black when dry)

leaves or exposed, usually dark brown, ovoid, small, not resinous or with resin drop near tip, apex rounded; basal scales short, broad, equilaterally triangular

corolla yellow, sparsely streaked with brownish-violet (sometimes obscure) resin canals, rotate, 7–13 mm, lobes with margins entire (sometimes slightly erose

herbaceous-appendaged, mid and inner mostly chartaceous, midnerves raised, subapical resin ducts darker, ± thickened, expanded apically, (margins ciliate) apices erect

herbaceous-tipped, erect, midnerves raised, somewhat expanded apically, subapical resin ducts usually present, (margins scarious to narrowly membranous, glabrous

collateral nerves, ± thickened, raised, often expanded distally, subapical resin ducts darker, narrow and only slightly thickened, (margins membranous, erose-ciliate)

apically obtuse to retuse proximal to appendages), midnerves and subapical resin ducts darker, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces glabrous, resinous

distinct, deltate-ovate to elliptic or obovate (sometimes each with central resin canal and/or keel), unequal, margins and apices (often hyaline, sometimes

long; stalks 2–8 mm; scales 2–3, outer 2 equal and valvate, usually heavily resin-coated. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 6–16 × 3–11 cm, leathery, base broadly

fibrous with age. Stems ascending, green becoming tan, glabrous or puberulent, resin-dotted to resinous. Leaves ascending to spreading; sessile; blades with faint

surfaces abaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent, lightly to moderately resin-coated. Inflorescences: staminate catkins 2.5–13 cm. Infructescences 1.5–2

Islands Taino Amerindians' name for the tree and the medicine derived from its resin Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 34. Mentioned on page

adaxially, sparsely short-stipitate-glandular (hairs with yellow to orange, resin heads). Heads radiate, in ± loose corymbiform arrays or borne singly (nodding

much-branched distally, finely tomentose, minutely resin-gland-dotted. Leaves finely tomentose, minutely resin-gland-dotted; basal and proximal cauline petiolate

1–several, branches ascending, glabrous to ± hirsute. Leaves minutely hispid, resin-gland-dotted; basal and proximal cauline petiolate, blades 10–25 cm, margins

with inconspicuous, embedded, abaxial gland that does not produce drop of resin, not glaucous. Pollen cones 3–4 × 2 mm; pollen sacs 3–5. Seed cones globose

4–2 cm, stipitate-glandular. Flowers: sepals 5, calyx streaked with dark resin canals, 3–6 mm, minutely stipitate-glandular, especially distally, lobes

inconspicuous, shallow, pitlike, abaxial gland that usually does not produce drop of resin, often glaucous. Pollen cones mostly 3–4 × 2 mm; pollen sacs 3–4. Seed cones

sparsely stipitate-glandular. Flowers: sepals 5, calyx streaked with black resin canals, 3–6 mm, slightly stipitate-glandular at least marginally, lobes lanceolate

Leaves usually with conspicuous, pitlike, abaxial gland that produces drop of resin, often highly glaucous. Pollen cones 2–5 × 2 mm; pollen sacs mostly 4–6.

Michaux Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 180. 1803. John J. Furlow Common names: Dwarf birch resin birch bouleau glanduleux EndemicIllustrated Treatment appears in FNA Volume

stipitate-glandular or pubescent. Flowers: sepals 5–7(–9), calyx streaked with dark resin canals, 1–2.8 mm, glabrous, lobes narrowly lanceolate, margins thin; petals

sparsely stipitate-glandular. Flowers: sepals 5, calyx streaked with black resin canals, 3–7 mm, stipitate-glandular, especially near margins, lobes lanceolate

1–3 cm, glabrous. Flowers: sepals 5, calyx sparsely or not streaked with resin canals, 2–5 mm, glabrous, lobes lanceolate, margins thin; petals 5, corolla

5–3 cm, sparsely pubescent. Flowers: sepals 5, calyx streaked with dark resin canals, 3–6 mm, slightly stipitate-glandular, lobes lanceolate, margins thin;

midrib; adaxial surface dark green, lacking stomates; apex sharply pointed; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination

surface dark, lustrous green, lacking stomates; apex prominently notched; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination

tomentose. Leaves hispidulous to loosely tomentose, ± glabrate, minutely resin-gland-dotted; proximal leaves petiolate, blades 10–20 cm, margins 1–2 times

branched distally, striate-angled, glabrous or minutely hairy, resinous and ± resin-varnished. Leaves present at flowering (abundant, well developed); sessile

sparsely pubescent, often more densely so on veins, slightly to not noticeably resin-coated. Inflorescences: staminate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 2–4, 2–7

stomatal rows at midleaf, these fewer toward leaf apex; apex weakly notched; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Seed cones cylindric

proximal to heads. Leaves short-villous and thinly arachnoid, ± glabrate, resin-gland-dotted; basal and proximal cauline petiolate, blades oblanceolate to

surfaces abaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent, slightly to not noticeably resin-coated. Inflorescences: staminate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 3–5, 4–10

densely hairy with jointed multicellular hairs and slender cobwebby hairs, resin-gland-dotted. Heads disciform, borne singly, sessile, each subtended by involucre-like

sometimes incompletely covering underlying leaves, moderately to heavily resin-coated. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to rhombic, rarely ovate, 4–9 × 2–5

these more numerous toward leaf apex; apex slightly notched to rounded; resin canals large, ± median, away from margins and midway between abaxial and

Leaves puberulent to loosely gray-tomentose, becoming ± glabrous, minutely resin-gland-dotted; proximal leaves petiolate, blades 10–20 cm, 1–3 times pinnately

with jointed multicellular hairs, sometimes minutely scabrous, minutely resin-gland-dotted. Stems 1–few, few–many branched distally. Leaves: basal and

A Text property defining a single value. Structure: resin A subproperty of exudate A Type of exudate None. None.

notched; leaves on fertile branches 4-sided with 4 bands of stomates below; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination

± rugose, tomentose, densely resinous-glandular, glands reddish brown, resin-scented, adaxial green, dull, tomentulose or glabrous, eglandular. Inflorescences

rachis without pricklets, pubescent, eglandular; leaflets (5–)7, glands resin-scented when crushed, terminal: petiolule 10–17 mm, blade elliptic to ovate

continuous to leaf base; apex prominently or weakly notched to rounded; resin canals large, ± median, away from margins and midway between abaxial and

usually more numerous toward leaf apex; apex slightly notched to rounded; resin canals large, ± median, away from margins and midway between abaxial and

bristles, and/or scales, sometimes 0 > 23 21 Phyllaries 45–60 in 4–5 series (resin-nerved); anther thecae pale; stigmatic papillae in 2 lines; cypselae clavate

crenate (teeth usually 7–9, sometimes 3–6, per cm, rounded to blunt, usually resin-tipped), apices obtuse to acute, faces glabrous, moderately gland-dotted

times widths, bases clasping, margins ± crenulate (teeth 6–8 per cm, obtuse, resin-tipped), apices obtuse or acute, faces usually hirtellous and glandular (glands

inconspicuous, shallow, pitlike, abaxial gland that does not produce drop of resin, not glaucous. Pollen cones 4–6 × 2.5–3 mm; pollen sacs 6–10. Seed cones

margins ± crenate (teeth mostly 9–15 per cm, rounded to obtuse or blunt, resin-tipped), apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous, little, if at all, gland-dotted

gland or sometimes with embedded abaxial gland that does not produce drop of resin, not glaucous. Pollen cones 3–4 × 1.5–2 mm; pollen sacs 3–6. Seed cones globose

odor of wintergreen, moderately to densely pubescent, not conspicuously resin-coated, without large, warty, resinous glands. Leaf blade obovate–reniform

5cm × 0.6–0.8mm, 0.4–0.6mm thick, keeled abaxially, 2-angled adaxially; resin canals 40–80µm from margins, each surrounded by 6–10 epithelial cells. Seed

lengths mostly 3–6 times widths, margins ± crenate (teeth 5–10 per cm, blunt, resin-tipped), apices obtuse to acute, faces usually hirtellous and glandular (glands

diam., not coarse, glabrous. Winter buds reddish brown, glabrous, resinous (resin red, fragrant); terminal buds (3–)6–9(–13) mm; flowering buds clustered distally

translucent, not ciliate, apex acuminate to acute, abaxial surface whitish green, resin stains not obvious, (slightly glaucous), glabrous, adaxial dark green, glabrous;

not translucent, not ciliate, apex acute, abaxial surface greenish-white, resin stains absent, (glaucous), densely silky, (hairs white, relatively long,

7–10(–18), abaxially scabrellous (hairs awl-shaped), resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scaberulous, glabrescent, resin-gland-dotted. Heads in ± corymbiform arrays.

(hairs ± erect, ± curled), seldom glabrate, resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scabrellous, glabrescent, not resin-gland-dotted. Heads in corymbiform-scorpioid

widths, bases ± clasping, margins crenate (teeth mostly 3–5 per cm, blunt, resin-tipped), apices obtuse to acute, faces usually hirtellous and little, if

1–3 mm, inner lanceolate-ovate, 3–6 × 0.7–3 mm. Paleae 1.2–5 × 1–1.8 mm, resin glands linear to oblanceolate, 2–3.3 mm. Ray florets 6–15; corollas yellow

inner lanceolate-ovate, 1.2–4 × 0.3–1.5 mm. Paleae oblong, 2–4 × 1.5–2.5 mm, resin glands linear to oblanceolate, 1–2 mm. Ray florets 5–10; corollas yellow

mm, inner lanceolate-ovate, 0.8–3 × 0.8–2 mm. Paleae 2.3–3.5 × 0.5–3 mm, resin glands oval-oblanceolate, 0.6–1.5 mm. Ray florets 4–12; corollas yellow,

stipitate-glandular or pubescent. Flowers: sepals 5, calyx with longitudinal dark resin canals paralleling margins, 2.5–3.5 mm, pubescent or stipitate-glandular

stipitate-glandular. Flowers: sepals 5, calyx streaked with longitudinal maroon resin canals along margins, 2.5–5 mm, pubescent and stipitate-glandular near margins

loosely tomentose. Leaves ± villous to hispid with septate hairs, minutely resin-gland- dotted; basal winged-petiolate, blades oblong to oblanceolate, 10–15

branches ascending. Leaves loosely gray-tomentose or becoming glabrous, resin-gland-dotted; basal and proximal cauline petiolate, blades 10–15 cm, margins

neoalaskana Sargent J. Arnold Arbor. 3: 206. 1922. John J. Furlow Common names: Resin birch paper birch Endemic Basionym: Betula alaskana Sargent Bot. Gaz. 31:

times widths, bases ± clasping, margins ± crenate (teeth 8–14 per cm, blunt, resin-tipped), apices obtuse to acute, faces usually hirtellous to scabridulous

scattered on the stem; leaves mostly in 3s, sometimes in 2s on same shoot; resin canals 3-5 per leaf; base of open cone ± truncate. Pinus elliottii var. elliottii

with few resin splotches but often scurfy with pale scales, abaxial surface without median groove but with 2 subepidermal but evident resin bands, adaxial

(hairs ± erect, ± curled), seldom glabrate, resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scabrellous, glabrescent, not resin-gland-dotted. Heads in corymbiform-scorpioid

awl-shaped), sometimes glabrescent, not or sparsely resin-gland-dotted, adaxially strigillose, glabrescent, not resin-gland-dotted. Heads in corymbiform-scorpioid

3–)4–6+, abaxially scabrellous, tomentose, or pannose, resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scabrellous, often resin-gland-dotted. Heads in corymbiform to paniculiform

abaxially scabrellous (hairs appressed, awl-shaped), resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scabrellous, glabrescent, resin-gland-dotted. Heads in open, corymbiform to paniculiform

mm, l/w = 5–7+, abaxially puberulous, not resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scabrellous, glabrescent, not resin-gland-dotted. Heads in paniculiform-scorpioid

California. Leaves of Cistus incanus and C. ladanifer are the source of a scented resin, labdanum or ladanum, which may be the myrrh of ancient references. Cistus

7 Phyllaries not stipitate-glandular; leaves not stipitate-glandular or resin-ous; distal cauline leaves sessile Solidago (sect. Solidago) subsect. Glomeruliflorae

usually crenate to serrate (teeth mostly 3–6+ per cm, rounded to obtuse, resin-tipped), rarely entire, apices obtuse to acute, faces glabrous, strongly

approximate on stem. Leaves mostly in 2s, sometimes in 3s on same shoot, resin canals per leaf 3–9, hypodermis (2–)3–4(–5) cell-layers thick. Seed-cone

buds scattered upstem. Leaves mostly in 3s, sometimes in 2s on same shoot, resin canals per leaf 3–5, hypodermis 2–3 cell-layers thick. Seed-cone base ± truncate

triangular, scarious margins pale to dark brown, 0.2–0.4 mm wide. Cypselae: resin gland lengths often much more than twice widths. 2n = 18, 36. Phenology:

greenish yellow, not aristate, sparsely or not at all gland-dotted, without resin pockets. Florets 19–25; corollas 5–6.5 mm. Cypsela ribs slightly surpassing

Phyllaries: midnerves typically evident on proximal 1/2, outer and mid subapical resin ducts not strongly thickened. Florets 12–30. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering

surface without median groove but usually with 2 subepidermal but evident resin bands, adaxial surfaces conspicuously whitened by stomates, margins mostly

possibly annual, arising from basal, woody branches), gland-dotted (in deep, resin-filled pits). Leaves erect to spreading, becoming deflexed, more widely spaced

needlelike, spreading in 1 plane ("2-ranked") (except on erect shoots), without resin canals. Taxaceae 4 Seeds 1–400 in woody or fleshy cones, enclosed by conspicuous

abaxially usually glabrous or glabrate, sometimes hirsutulous on veins, usually resin-gland-dotted, adaxially ± scabrellous or glabrate. Heads in loose, corymbiform

glabrate (pitted, with awl-shaped hairs in pits), adaxially scabrellous, resin-gland-dotted (sometimes pitted). Heads in congested, corymbiform arrays.

(markedly thickened), not aristate, slightly or not gland-dotted, without resin pockets. Florets 12–15; corollas 4.5–6 mm. Cypsela ribs not forming hornlike

greenish yellow, not aristate, sparsely to prominently gland-dotted, without resin pockets. Florets 18–25; corollas 5–6 mm. Cypsela ribs not forming apical

apices usually green, not aristate, usually strongly gland-dotted, without resin pockets. Florets (18–)22–34; corollas 5.8–7.5 mm. Cypsela ribs not forming

resinous area, not aristate, often distinctly thickened and approaching resin pockets, usually gland-dotted. Florets 8–12(–15); corollas 4.5–6 mm. Cypsela

rarely present. Phyllaries 1.5–5.2 × 0.8–1.2 mm, midveins enlarged near apex, resin gland and surrounding tissue evident as green to brown patches. Ray laminae

broadly triangular, scarious margins blackish brown, 0.4–1 mm wide. Cypselae: resin gland lengths usually little more than twice widths. 2n = 18. Phenology:

spinulose-aristate, densely and promently gland-dotted, glands often coalesced as small resin pockets. Florets 10–13; corollas 4–5 mm. Cypsela ribs not forming apical

apices acute, thinly tomentose when young, glabrescent, abaxially minutely resin-gland-dotted; distal cauline sessile. Heads 1–15 in condensed subcapitate

petioles), both faces sparsely pilose or hirsute, often glabrescent, abaxial resin-gland-dotted. Bracts 15–45+ × 2–5+ mm. Inner phyllaries 9–12 mm, sparsely

or if green, then margins scarious, not aristate, gland-dotted, without resin pockets. Florets (8–)11–17(–21); corollas 5–6 mm. Cypsela ribs not forming

midnerves typically not evident on proximal 1/2, outer and mid subapical resin ducts strongly thickened. Florets 6–12(–14). 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering

glabrous but for scattered hairs on midribs or scabrellous (hairs awl-shaped), resin-gland-dotted or not, adaxially scabrellous. Heads in ± corymbiform to paniculiform

5–6+ (bases rounded-truncate), abaxially scabrellous (hairs awl-shaped), resin-gland-dotted, adaxially scabrellous. Heads in ± corymbiform to paniculiform

30–45(–70+) mm, l/w = 2.5–3.5(–4), abaxially scabrellous (hairs awl-shaped), resin-gland-dotted or not, adaxially glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Heads in

× 6–7 mm. Phyllary apices greenish, not aristate, gland-dotted, without resin pockets. Florets 19–28; corollas 4–5 mm. Cypsela ribs not forming apical

22 Phyllaries: midnerves mostly obscure, apices each bearing a subspheric resin-gland Ericameria teretifolia 22 Phyllaries: midnerves usually raised and

irregularly furrowed, with long, irregularly rectangular, flat, scaly ridges, resin pockets absent. Branches arching-spreading to ascending, poorly self-pruning;

Bark gray to gray-brown, furrowed, with narrow, flat, irregular ridges, resin pockets absent, on upper sections of the trunk reddish to red-brown, platy

crown rounded to conic. Bark red-brown, scaly-plated, plates with evident resin pockets. Branches spreading-ascending; 2-year-old branchlets slender (ca

whitened with stomatal bands, abaxial surface not so but 2 subepidermal resin bands evident; sheath 0.5–0.6cm, scales soon recurved, forming rosette, shed

smaller, linear, ± entire or lobed, faces villous with septate hairs, minutely resin-gland-dotted. Heads 3–5 cm diam. Peduncles 5–15 cm, distally leafless, finely

gray, fissured and cross-checked into elongate, irregular, scaly plates, resin pockets absent, on upper sections of trunk ± smooth, gray, looking slick

Bark red-brown, forming square or irregularly rectangular, scaly plates, resin pockets absent. Branches spreading-ascending; twigs moderately slender (to

mostly obscure, apices acute to rounded (outer each tipped with subspheric resin-gland), abaxial faces resinous. Ray florets 0. Disc florets 5–7; corollas

chartaceous, outermost ± herbaceous-appendaged, midnerves thickened, darker resin ducts, slightly expanded apically, (margins membranous, fimbriate, especially

these less conspicuous than on adaxial surfaces, often with 2 subepidermal resin bands evident, adaxial surfaces conspicuously whitened with stomatal lines

(2–)3–4cm × 0.8–1mm, mostly connivent, deep blue-green, with drops and scales of resin, abaxial surface with strong, narrow median groove, adaxial surfaces conspicuously

probably refers to the supposed relation of the plant to the source of a resin or benzoin procured from the Orient in antiquity. None. None. window.pro

United States, nw Mexico. Species 30 (30 in the flora). The often aromatic (resin-scented) ivesioid genera (Horkelia, Horkeliella, and Ivesia) have generally

apex acute, abaxial surfaces tomentose, usually resinous-glandular, glands resin-scented, adaxial pale or grayish green, dull, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescences

Cypselae pale brown, ribs separated by 1/3+ their widths, abaxial-apical resin glands ± circular, faces minutely roughened between ribs. 2n = 18, 36. Phenology:

described as differing from the type variety by having smooth bark with resin blisters, short angular cone scales, an unusually broad crown, and pubescent

densely covered in silky hairs, as well as the large, reddish to orangish resin dots medially on the sepals. Polygala myrtifolia would be the only shrubby

rubiginosa 2 Leaflets abaxially usually resinous-glandular, tomentose, glands resin-scented; prickles all erect or some curved > 3 3 Hips: sepals spreading or

observation, such as the distribution of glands (sometimes referred to as “resin dots”) and the color of anther appendages; they still are based heavily on

Level Property A Abaxial resin-gland architecture or arrangement or growth form O Oil-gland P Pit-gland R Resin duct Resin pocket Resin-gland S Stipitate-gland

caused by resin secreted by glands on the inner surfaces of the stipules. Surfaces of younger parts are resinous and sticky; the odoriferous resins give it

the plant are toxic. Several lignans and their glycosides, present in the resin extracted from rhizomes and roots, exhibit antitumor activity. Etoposide

Guaiacum sanctum has been considered a remedy for venereal disease; today the resin is used medicinally to check for occult blood in human stools. The wood is

surfaces (the lines not evident in P. monticola and P. strobus). A "sugary" resin high in cyclitols exudes from the sweet-scented fresh-cut wood. None. None

Mucilage coating Mucilage coloration Mucilage count Mucilage width R Resin Resin coloration S Sap Sap coloration Sap pubescence or texture Sap texture

pers. comm.), indicating that they can function as hydathodes as well as resin glands. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"section","name":"Salix

variant that, compared to the type variety, has finer leaves, different resin canal distribution, and heavier cones when cones of similar sizes are compared

relatively uncommon; it is not federally listed. Abundant subsessile glands (“resin dots”) on stems, leaves, phyllaries, and abaxial faces of ray laminae help

epithet, Helianthus resinosus has abundant subsessile glandular hairs (“resin dots”) on its leaves, phyllaries, paleae, and ray laminae. It intergrades

subspecies, aroma is often used to distinguish subspecies in the field. Volatile resins in the plants are strongly aromatic and, when crushed, leaves have very

Rodriguez C. (pers. comm.) said that this exudate appeared to be a soft resin or oleoresin with a terpene solvent. Among other species, only D. anomala

fresh-cut wood contrasts sharply with the turpentine odor of ponderosa pine. The resin chemistry of the two species is significantly different. None. None. window

property defining a single value. Structure: resin-gland A subproperty of gland A Type of gland G Gland-resin None.

property defining a single value. Structure: gland-resin A subproperty of resin-gland A Type of resin-gland None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. Structure: resin pocket A subproperty of gland A Type of gland None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. Structure: resin duct A subproperty of gland A Type of gland None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A subproperty of exudate A Type of exudate None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A subproperty of gland A Type of gland None. None.

[Parthenium argentatum] for rubber, and gumweed [Grindelia camporum] for resin). Some of these have already proved to be of value.

A Text property defining a single value. A quantity property None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A size property None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A texture property None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A position property None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A texture property None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A quantity property None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A quantity property None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A size property None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A quantity property None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A size property None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. None. None.

A Record property defining a range value. It defined the following fields: Unknown range from, Unknown range to A position property None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A Top Level Property None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. A size property None. None.

A Text property defining a single value. None. None.