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Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis., Europe, native to e Asia. Morus alba is sometimes planted and possibly naturalized in Arizona

Legacy Map Introduced; Ala., Miss., Fla., Ga., La., N.C., S.C., Tex., native, e Asia. Cinnamomum camphora is naturalized locally in the flora. Its crushed

subtended by a calyxlike structure in E. floridana, E. inundata, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. porteriana, E. rosescens, and E. telephioides); petals 0; nectary

plants of relatively small stature, native to tropical or subtropical forests in South America, Africa, southeast Asia, some Pacific Islands, and northern

Whiting, R. E. and P. M. Catling. 1986. Orchids of Ontario: An Illustrated Guide. Ottawa. Williams, J. G. and A. E. Williams. 1983. Field Guide to Orchids

Legacy Map Introduced; Del., Md., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Oreg., R.I., Va., native e Asia. Before Carex kobomugi was formally recognized it was included in C.

adnate to hypanthium, styles 1–5, lateral, distinct, adnate most of length, exsert; ovules 2, superposed. Fruits pomes, yellow to red or purplish to black

Egyptian broomrape is native to the Middle East and adjacent portions of Europe and Asia but is a widely distributed weed in Europe, Asia, and Africa, and has

well-represented in Africa, Asia, and South America. Species from the Flora region fall into one of three categories: native to North America, native to South America

has been subject to controversy. O. E. Schulz’s (1936) classification has been used for over 70 years, though many botanists (e.g., E. Janchen 1942; I

morphologic characters useful in distinguishing species tend to be variable and are often hard to assess (i.e., the sexuality of microscopic florets). Users of the

is known to be allergenic (T. C. Fuller and E. McClintock 1986). The nutritional characteristics of many species that we share with northern Asia were described

mainly in eastern Asia. Two genera are native to North America; Arundinaria is the only genus native to the Flora region. It is thought to have crossed the

molecular data (A. E. Senters and D. E. Soltis 2003; L. M. Schultheis and M. J. Donoghue 2004). Subgenus Grossularia (Miller) Persoon appears to be monophyletic;

stimulus of auxin or other compounds that migrate to the basal end (B. E. Haissig 1974). Riparian species (e.g., Salix alaxensis, S. lasiandra, S. pseudomyrsinites)

and Asia, it is often the dominant grass tribe over substantial areas. It is not present in southern India, and is represented by only one native species

clade to the remaining subfamilies. The subfamily includes only the single genus Enkianthus Loureiro (12 species), native to temperate eastern Asia. Enkianthus

phyllaries borne in 1–5(–15+) series proximal to (i.e., outside of or abaxial to) the florets; receptacles usually flat to convex, sometimes conic or columnar,

as ornamentals or waifs. One species, E rubra, is represented by both native and introduced subspecies. Many native species provide good forage in western

two such species, E. ciliaris and E. semicostatus. In addition, the treatment includes two hexaploid species, E. tsukusbiensis and E. dahuricus, that combine

Plants are short (to 1 m), the leaves lanceolate and to 18 × 1.5 cm, and the pure white flower is fragrant and larger than in any of our native species; the

is cultivated in North America as a hedge plant. The fruit is edible. Native to Korea and China, C. tricuspidata is known from a collection made in 1956

Europe, e, se Asia, Africa, tropics and subtropics. Species ca. 140 (7 in the flora). Several cultivated species of Euonymus, all native to eastern Asia, are

Chile), Asia (China, Japan, Korea). Species 400–500 (4 in the flora). In addition to the native species, Diospyros kaki Thunberg of eastern Asia, with orange

nuts not separated by internal cupule valves. x = 12. North America, Europe, Asia. Species ca. 8-10 (3 in the flora, often interpreted as 2). As evidenced

authors (e.g., F. A. Pax and K. Hoffmann 1960) to include the Molluginaceae. J. K. Small (1933) included the Molluginaceae and genera of the Aizoaceae (e.g.

and P. E. Berry. 2010. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Croton section Heptallon (Euphorbiaceae). Syst. Bot. 35: 151–167. van Ee, B. W., R. Riina, and P. E. Berry

Squashes are all native to the New World and provide edible flesh and seeds rich in amino acids. Melons are native to Africa and Asia and are used primarily

Moreover, hybridization and/or introgression between native taxa, and between native and non-native taxa, may be occurring. In Iceland and southern Greenland

Chase et al. 1993; D. R. Morgan and D. E. Soltis 1993; D. E. Soltis and P. S. Soltis 1997; D. E. Soltis et al. 1997; M. E. Mort et al. 2001) confirm that Crassulaceae

verrucose; shells thin or thick. Seeds sweet or bitter. x = 16. e North America, Mexico, e Asia. Species 18 (11 in the flora). Carya was widespread during the

Echinochloa frumentacea and E. esculenta are domesticated derivatives of E. crus-galli and E. colona, respectively (Yabuno 1962) and that E. oryzoides is very closely

have resulted. P. A. Rydberg (1918) recognized 129 native species and dozens of hybrids among them. E. W. Erlanson (1934) accepted 15 species, plus seven

County population is not known. This dioecious shrub or small tree, native to eastern Asia, has stellate hairs and in the key below would come under the first

calamus, the distribution of the tribes reported to use Acorus corresponds to the range of the native species (S. A. Thompson 1995). The combination of

petiole often present; stipules present or absent; blade subulate to linear, spatulate to broadly ovate or suborbiculate, succulent or not, margins entire

being planted more widely than any other genus. Triticum is native to western and central Asia. It includes diploids (A haplome), tetraploids (AB or AG haplomes)

microphyllus) belongs to subg. Gemmatus, which occurs from southwestern United States south to Panama; and species six through nine belong to subg. Philadelphus

seasides, native to tropical and subtropical coastlines Elevation: 0-20 m Generated Map Legacy Map Introduced; Fla., native, Southeast Asia, native, s Pacific

southeast Asia. The genus is poorly represented also in sub-Saharan Africa. The flora area is species rich, almost comparable to eastern Asia. Carex is

of red to purple-black) and broad leaf blades, characteristics that none of our native North American species share, and by their proximity to anthropogenic

embryos are small and difficult to see. The C-shaped embryos in that group have small, leaflike or linear cotyledons equal to or shorter than the cylindrical

are European introductions with leaves divided to the base as in A. delphiniifolium, which is native to Canada and Alaska. The introduced species have

x = 12. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Europe, e Asia, Africa. Species ca. 150 (14 in the flora). Rhamnus in the flora area includes

unrelated to Sisymbrium. See also Warwick and I. A. Al-Shehbaz (2003) and Al-Shehbaz (2005). Payson, E. B. 1922. Species of Sisymbrium native to America

All native species (except P. heterophylla) and some natural hybrids are cultivated to some extent within their native ranges. In addition to native poplars

temperate regions of Asia, Australia, and the Americas, primarily Central and South America. Three species of Bambuseae are native to the Flora region; there

hemisphere, primarily Asia and Europe, with eight species in northern Africa and Macaronesia, and one each endemic to Baja California (E. moranii Rollins)

filiform-linear to subulate, lanceolate or oblanceolate, rarely to ovate, herbaceous to succulent, apex blunt, rounded, or obtuse to acute, acuminate

Fernald 1950; H. A. Gleason and A. Cronquist 1991; E. Hultén 1955, 1968; A. E. Porsild 1950b, 1957, 1964; A. E. Porsild and W. J. Cody 1980; H. J. Scoggan 1978–1979

or equal to petals, sometimes longer. Drupes 1, greenish yellow to yellowish or orange to bright or dark red, reddish brown, or dark purple to black, globose

Terrell, E.E. and L.R. Batra. 1982. Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta, a grass-fungus association. Econ. Bot. 36:274-285 Terrell, E.E., P.M. Peterson

genera (e.g., Convallaria, Ornithogalum, Veratrum, Zigadenus) are highly toxic due to the presence of various alkaloids and cardenolides (G. E. Burrows

(Malabar spinach, native to Africa and Asia) is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas, where it is used as a vegetable (E. O. Lucas 1988; S

species are found. About a dozen species are native to the Old World in tropical Africa and southeast Asia. Only four species range as far north as southern

species of Anemone are closely related to plants in Europe, Asia, and South America and continue to be recognized at different ranks. For example, Anemone

Rhododendron, which occurs in arctic to tropical montane regions of North America, Europe, and Asia, extending southward to northeastern Australia. Its main

Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tex., Asia in China, Japan. Lygodium japonicum is native to eastern Asia. It is commonly naturalized or escaped from

population of S. officinalis failed to produce resin (N. Zeybek 1970). To my knowledge, resin induction in any of our native species has not been attempted

(Cabrera 1977+, part 10), all native to the Americas. Most are known only from South America; some apparently are native to Mexico and the flora area (G

, N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon, Mich. Leymus is a genus of approximately 50 species; all are native to temperate regions in the Northern

Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia. Species ca. 725 (31 in the flora). Five non-native Polygala species have been reported for

cotyledons; endosperm absent. s United States, e Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, pantropical, warm temperate

short shoots, 3-ranked to nearly 2-ranked. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic or obovate, thin to leathery, base variable, cuneate to rounded, margins doubly

hypothesis for one distinct base number has yet to be presented. Scrophularia nodosa Linnaeus, native to Europe, is discussed under 7. S. marilandica. European

attached, thin, unbranched, 2/3 to nearly equal to length of achene. Temperate regions, North America, Europe, and Asia. Genus 1, species ca. 8 (1 genus

3/4 as long as the caryopses. x = 12. The tribe Thysanolaeneae is native to tropical Asia and includes only the monotypic genus Thysanolaena. It could be

America, Europe, and central Asia. It is grown in Russia and other areas outside its native range as an ornamental. In its native range, it is a weedy species

Mexico, West Indies, Central America, native, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia. Egeria densa is native to southeastern Brazil and has been widely

species, most of which are alkaline tolerant. It is native from the Mediterranean region to western Asia. Four species are established in the Flora region;

elliptic to obovate, unlobed, 5–20 mm, fleshy, margins entire, sparsely to densely, coarsely glandular-ciliate, distal sometimes ciliate, apex acute to ± obtuse

history of medicinal use by Native Americans. Flowers of some species were used decoratively, to attract men, and to aid youngsters to sleep. Roasted leaves

Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon, Calif., Nev., Puerto Rico, Colo., Ind. As interpreted here, Lolium comprises five species that are native to Europe,

reticulate-papillose. 2n = 4–ca. 640. North America, Mexico, Central America, Europe, Asia, n, e Africa, Atlantic Islands (Iceland), Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar)

not winged; aril red, completely surrounding seed. x = 23. North America, e Asia, primarily tropics and subtropics, some temperate regions. Species ca. 30

are woody to varying degrees; the growth form varies from erect or spreading shrubs to procumbent or creeping and mat-forming. Eastern Asia and the Andes

blunt to sharp, usually strigose; lemmas stiffly membranous to coriaceous, smooth, usually hairy, sometimes glabrous, hairs on the lemma body to 6 mm,

temperate areas in e North America and e Asia. Species 2 (1 in the flora). Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, which is native to eastern Asia, is recognized in

Causonis trifolia (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, native to southeast Asia and Australia, is an aggressive weed at Fairchild Tropical Garden in Miami, Florida.

Wash., Wis., introduced in e Asia (Japan), Australia. Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora). Elements of Cakile edentula are native in North America; the typical

Connor, H.E. and E. Edgar. 1979. Rytidosperma Steudel (Nothodantbonia Zotov) in New Zealand. New Zealand J. Bot. 17:311-337 Edgar, E. and H.E. Connor. 2000

ends. x = 8, 11, 26. North America including Mexico, Central America, e Asia (Japan, e Siberia). Species ca. 18–22 (14 in the flora). The generic name was

is a genus of approximately 25 species. Most of the species are native to southeast Asia; a few extend into Africa. Some species hybridize with Saccharum

are needed to clarify exact relationships. Native Americans used Pilea pumila medicinally to alleviate itching, to cure sinus problems, and to treat excessive

isolated species (B. E. Streveler 1966). Our native taxon, Convallaria majalis var. montana, is more closely related to that in eastern Asia, var. keiskei (Miquel)

tropical and subtropical genus of 75-100+ species. It is native to southern and southeastern Asia, but is widely cultivated and naturalized throughout the

moderately wide to broad, membranaceous. x = 14. Throughout n temperate, boreal, and arctic zones of the Northern Hemisphere, North America, Asia. Species ca

Al-Shehbaz 2003). Nine of the ten species in the genus are native to Europe; only A. arenicola is endemic to North America. Kane, S. L. and I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 1997

et al. 2009) strongly suggests that it is native here. Oligomeris linifolia has been reported to be toxic to cattle. Occurrence of this species in Utah

laxiflora (Bentham) Wettstein ex Edwall, native to Central America and South America, has been introduced to Mexico and may be expected in the flora area

Africa, introduced also in e Asia. Species 23 (1 in the flora). Contrary to usual practice, de Candolle did not double the r in his spelling of Chaenorhinum;

temperate climates. The South American native Abutilon megapotamicum (A. Sprengel) A. Saint-Hilaire & Naudin (= A. vexillarium E. Morren) is sometimes grown as

weedy species that is native to tropical Asia and Australia, where it grows primarily in thickets and forest margins. It is not known to be established in

Ky. Brachyelytrum includes three species, two native to eastern North American and one to eastern Asia (Saarela et al. 2003). The ranges of the two North

Introduced; Fla., native to Asia (southern China, Bonin Islands). Livistona chinensis is nNaturalized in Florida (E. H. Butts 1959). Butts, E. H. 1959. Livistona

Ky. Avena, a genus of 29 species, is native to temperate and cold regions of Europe, North Africa, and central Asia; it has become nearly cosmopolitan through

279. Stems erect to prostrate, branched from base, 0.5–2.5(–4) dm, farinose. Leaves nonaromatic; petiole to 1 cm; blade lanceolate to oblong or ovate,

dozen tribes of Native Americans (D. E. Moerman 1998). Camp, W. H. 1940. Aphyllous forms of Pyrola. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 67: 453–465. Haber, E. 1970. Some

species of Limonium, e.g., L. sinuatum, have dimorphic pollen and stigmas that result in self-incompatibility, although the native species in the flora

N.J., N.C., Ohio, Pa., S.C., Tenn., Va., W.Va., e Asia. Dioscorea polystachya is native to eastern Asia, where it is cultivated for its edible tubers. In

and flowered (J. C. Lerman and E. M. Cigliano 1971); yet, no fossilized seeds have been discovered. Cannaceae are native to the American tropics and subtropics

Map Introduced; Ariz., Calif., Fla., Asia (India), introduced widely elsewhere. Moringa oleifera is probably native to lowland dry tropical forests of northwestern

locule, light brown to dark brown, fusiform or ellipsoid. x = 18. United States, Mexico, Central America, w South America, e Asia. Species ca. 29 (5 in

splendens is native from the Caspian Sea to eastern Siberia and south through central Asia to the inner ranges of the Himalayas. According to Freitag (1985)

invasively outside of its native range. Although almost certainly originating in North America, E. ciliatum is also considered native in South America (J. C

of at least 50 species, native mainly to China, from Hainan to the Yellow River, and from Yunnan to Taiwan, but introduced to surrounding countries, especially

Calif., D.C., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., S.C., West Indies, South America, native to Asia. Pteris vittata has escaped from cultivation. It is found on almost

T. Luna 2005), as natural dyes, and by Native Americans for medicinal, practical, and ceremonial purposes (D. E. Moerman 1998). A number of Castilleja

Bot. 28: 584–592. Ekman, E. 1929. Studies in the genus Draba. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 23: 476–495. Ekman, E. 1930. Contribution to the Draba flora of Greenland

none more recently than 1955. Its native range extends from southern Europe and northern Africa through western Asia to India. None. None. window.proper

and will probably spread to additional sites with suitable habitat in the future. It is native to Egypt and southwestern Asia. None. None. window.prop

Introduced; Fla., s, e Asia, Pacific Islands, Australia, introduced also in s, e Africa. Bischofia javanica is invasive from southern Florida to Pinellas County;

(Honduras), South America (Bolivia), e Asia (Japan). Confirmed Canadian populations of Samolus parviflorus appear to be limited to the Atlantic coastal areas and

or 3 faces. x = 7. Temperate North America, e Asia. Species 5 (4 in the flora). Eastern and western Native Americans used Clintonia as an eye and heart

flexuosa (2n = 32), native to Europe, and the octoploid taxon informally called “Asian C. flexuosa” (2n = 64), native to eastern Asia. For the latter, the

Mexico, West Indies in the Antilles, South America to n Argentina, native to tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa. Thelypteris dentata probably does not persist

moderately spaced to dense, pale to dark brown, point of attachment distinctly darker. Central pinnae oblong to lanceolate-oblong, straight to slightly falcate

scale, lenticular, equally 2-winged; cotyledons 2. x = 11. North America, e Asia. Two Asiatic species, Thuja koraiensis Nakai (Korean arborvitae) and T.

appears to be monophyletic, with ancestors near Evax sect. Filaginoides Smoljaninova of the Mediterranean basin and central Asia (particularly E. eriosphaera

papillose-striate to papillate, marginal wing absent, appendage absent; embryo central, straight. x = 15. n North America, Eurasia (Balkans to c Asia), Africa,

N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Miss. Panicum miliaceum is native to Asia, where it has been cultivated for thousands of

section. Blade elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 1-pinnate-pinnatifid [pinnatifid to 3-pinnate-pinnatifid], gradually reduced distally to pinnatifid apex, herbaceous

irritation or blistering in humans and may also be toxic to other animals (T. C. Fuller and E. McClintock 1986). The remarkable glands on the calyces of

cylindrical, 4–6 × 2 mm; epicalyx segments equal to or to 2 times length of sepals; petals rose purple, oblong to obovate, 6–14 × 2.5–4 mm; nectary encircling

approximately 15 species, most of which are native to southeastern Asia; one is established in the Flora region. Fairbrothers, D.E. and J.R. Gray. 1972. Microstegium

spikelet that is native to North America and Asia, and a perennial species with two fertile florets per spikelet that is restricted to Eurasia. Reeder,

metabolites with purported therapeutic and pharmacologic uses. Native Americans used the plants to treat earaches, diarrhea, and hemorrhages. Clausen, J., D

Graminifolii speciesJuncus capitatus Weigel Observ. Bot. 28. 1772. Ralph E. Brooks*, Steven E. Clemants* IntroducedIllustrated Treatment appears in FNA Volume

et al. 2005). DeWalt, S. J., E. Siemann, and W. E. Rogers. 2011. Geographic distribution of genetic variation among native and introduced populations of

Nunavut, Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon, Maine, Mass., Wash., Alaska, Mich., Wis., Oreg., N.H., Pa., Ill., Calif. Leymus mollis is native to Asia and North

T., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon, S.Dak. Secale is a genus of three species. All are native to the Mediterranean region and western Asia; two species

Mass., Utah, N.Dak., Nebr., S.Dak. Thinopyrum intermedium is native to Europe and western Asia. It is widely established in western North America, having

Generated Map Legacy Map Introduced; Que., Fla., Mo., Oreg., Pa., native s, se Asia, occasionally introduced in other parts of the world. Chenopodium ficifolium

Zizania latifolia is native to Asia, extending from northeast India and Russia through China and Myanmar to Korea and Japan. In its native range, it grows in

, N.J., N.Y., N.Dak., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Vt., Wash., native se Europe, s, c Asia. Presumed native American plants of Chenopodium strictum were recognized

stipules 2 per node, white to tan, simple or divided into segments, subulate to filiform, often minute, margins entire, apex acute to acuminate; blade 1–5-veined

addition to being noxious weeds, some species of Brassica are harmful or poisonous to humans and livestock (Al-Shehbaz). Historically, native peoples of

several Asian species. Genera that used to be treated in Arundinaria include, for example, Fargesia Franch. and Sasa Makino & Shibata. Judziewicz, E.J., L

in this area the species is native and where it has been introduced. The records from the flora area, which are restricted to Manatee, Miami-Dade, and Pinellas

Fla., West Indies, Bermuda, native to Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands, and Australia. Species 25+ (2 in the flora). Butts, E. H. 1959. Livistona chinensis

miliaceum subsp. miliaceum, Piptatherum miliaceum subsp. thomasii (L.) Coss. Mary E. Barkworth Common names: Smilo grass Introduced Synonyms: Oryzopsis miliacea

from Turkey to central Asia and Pakistan. Three species have been found in North America; only E. triticeum is widepsread. In their native ranges, species

mucronate to shortly awned, awns shorter than 10 mm; anthers 3; ovaries glabrous, x = 10. Ariz. Fingerhuthia is a genus of two species, one native to southern

Elevation: 0–300 m Generated Map Legacy Map Introduced; Md., Wis., e Europe, w Asia, introduced widely. Alcea rugosa is a showy ornamental that is becoming

California), Asia, introduced in Europe. Anaphalis margaretacea was widely planted as an ornamental and escaped. It apparently naturalized from its native range

present, to 9 cm, puberulent to pubescent, sometimes absent. Pedicels slender, not sulcate, not fused to the rame axes; pedicellate spikelets similar to the

Introduced; Fla., Asia. Lygodium microphyllum is native to southeastern Asia and recently naturalized. The species may be very abundant locally and may climb to a height

limited to southern Alabama (Mobile County), where it was first found in the late twentieth century (M. L. Fearn and L. E. Urbatsch 2001). In its native range

region and are closely related to each other (B. Dutt and R. P. Roy 1990; C. B. Heiser and E. E. Schilling 1990). The Asian species are more distinctly differentiated

temperate zone, Europe, Asia (s to India, Iran). Species ca. 25 (1 in the flora). In the flora, Carpinus consists of a single native species, C. caroliniana

for the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, native to eastern Asia. It uses the buckthorn as a winter host and spreads to soybean in the spring. The insect was

rounded to bluntly pointed, adaxial lip usually spreading to ± recurved near tip, 3–5 mm, lobes broadly ovate to semiorbiculate, apex rounded to bluntly

ovate, obovate, spatulate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or orbiculate to linear, base rounded to narrowly cuneate, margins usually entire, usually plane, slightly

Generated Map Legacy Map Ariz. Fingerhuthia africana is native to southern Africa and western Asia. It has been grown at the Santa Rita Experimental Range

Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis., Mostly north temperate zone, Europe, Asia (s to India, Iran). Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora). Carpinus caroliniana consists

Yukon, Alaska, e Asia. Leaves of Bistorta plumosa are used as a dietary aid and consumed as a vegetable, and roots are boiled and added to stews by Alaskan

) revealed that E. esula Linnaeus and E. virgata are two distinct, albeit related species. The true E. esula is restricted in range to certain parts of

than to subequal to the lemmas, glabrous, 2-veined, not keeled, flat between the veins, apices sometimes scarious, sometimes similar in texture to the body;

seed coat smooth or nearly so. These taxa are probably all native to southern and southeastern Asia, where they were occasionally cultivated as ancient leaf

up to 150 cm tall, versus 90 cm in Asia; their leaves are usually pubescent, rather than glabrous to scabrous; and their lemmas are scabridulous to scabrous

girders. Two species are native to the Flora region. Barkworth, M.E. 1983. Ptilagrostis in North America and its relationship to other Stipeae (Gramineae)

Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis., native to Europe, Asia, n Africa, introduced nearly worldwide, mostly in subtropics and

Africa. Chenopodium foliosum is probably native to the mountains of south and central Europe and western Asia. Several closely related segregate species

is native to central Asia, from Afghanistan through Pakistan to northeastern India (Sikkim). Reports of its presence in the Flora region appear to be based

Festuca heterophylla is native to open forests and forest edges in Europe and western Asia. In the Flora region, it used to be planted as a turf grass

Wash., W.Va., Europe, Asia, Africa, introduced also in Mexico, South America, Australia. Euphorbia lathyris is most likely native to the central and eastern

S.C., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Va., Wash., s Europe, w Asia, introduced also in w Europe (England), e Asia (Japan), Africa (South Africa), Australia. Pyracantha

N.Y., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis., native to Asia. Cannabis sativa has been reported as cultivated illegally and as apparently

klotzschianus (Meisner) Rechinger f., which is native in southern and eastern Asia (China, India, Japan, Korea). J. E. Dawson (1979) also regarded this as the

Introduced; Calif., Asia, introduced also in Europe, e Asia (Japan), Africa (South Africa), Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia. Pyracantha crenulata is native to

C., Asia in Japan, China. Arachniodes simplicior was introduced and naturalized in South Carolina and is known from a single population there (J. E. Gordon

, Kans., Miss., Ky., S.Dak. Hordeum vulgare is native to Eurasia. Plants in the Flora region belong to the cultivated subspecies, H. vulgare L. subsp.

material is necessary to determine if northern Asian diploid plants are conspecific with A. americanus. In North America, Native Americans probably played

weed in lawns Elevation: low to high elevations Generated Map Legacy Map Alta., B.C., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Alaska, Calif., Conn

scattered locations, Fla., West Indies, Central America, South America, native to tropical Asia. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus","name":"Pteris"

decurrent to rachis; pinnae remaining green through winter, not articulate to rachis, lanceolate to linear; sterile pinnae wider than fertile pinnae (to ca.

Calif., La., Oreg., Miss., Ariz., Mo. Lolium rigidum is native to Europe, North Africa, and western Asia. It has been found as a weed of roadsides and waste

Introduced; widespread, native to Eastern Hemisphere, including the Canary and Cape Verde iIslands, s Europe, Africa (including Madagascar), s Asia, and Philippines

5 mm long, 1.2-1.8 mm wide. Lolium temulentum subsp. remotum is native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. It originated as a weed in flax fields, through

may persist. The similarity of this native species to cultivars from eastern Asia (especially Siberia) has led to a number of reports that are apparently

= 24. Generated Map Legacy Map Calif., Fla. Oryza rufipogon is native to southeast Asia and Australia, where it grows in shallow, standing or slow-moving

Wyo., Alta., B.C., Man., Ont., Que., Sask. Lolium persicum, a native of southwest Asia, has been found as a weed in grain fields and waste places in southern

introduced in tropical Asia, Africa, Australia. Euphorbia hyssopifolia is native to the New World tropics and is probably also native to parts of the southern

Europe, e Asia (Japan). Vaccinium myrtillus fruits are popular in Europe and are known to possess antioxidants and other compounds beneficial to vascular

of the world. It is probably native to at least central Mexico, and its native range possibly extends from South America to the southern United States.

auriculate to truncate acroscopically (latter more common in sterile pinnae), acroscopic lobe acute to oblong, margins biserrate to irregularly serrate to serrulate

Europe, Asia, introduced also in Pacific Islands (New Zealand). Epilobium montanum is native and widely distributed throughout Europe and in Asia at least

x = 9. Introduced; e Asia (China, Japan), introduced also in Europe. Species 1. Kerria is a distinctive mesophytic shrub, native to montane forests and

Ill., Ind., Md., Mass., N.H., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Va., Wis., e Asia. Pachysandra terminalis, a native of China and Japan, is widely cultivated as an ornamental

Idaho, Wyo., e Asia (Russian Far East, e Siberia). Aster alpinus is the only species of the genus in the strict sense that is native to North America

recurved, rarely forked; bracts similar to leaves, smaller. Pedicels absent or to 1 mm. Flowers 5-merous; sepals erect to spreading, distinct basally, green

Nunavut, Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Alaska, Conn., Ind., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Vt., W.Va., Wis., e Eurasia. M.L

segregated from Citrullus and has proved to be more closely related to Benincasa (F. Dane and P. Lang 2004; A. Levi and C. E. Thomas 2005; Levi et al. 2010). Discovery

Mich., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Vt., W.Va., Wis., native to Europe, Asia, occasionally introduced in other parts of the world. Judging from

in s Asia, Indian Ocean Islands, w Pacific Islands, n Australia. The leaves of Passiflora pallida show variation in lobe number, from juvenile to adult

it seems consistently to be in the flora area; it is commonly dioecious in the southeastern part of its native range (Macedonia to Turkey and southwestern

Elevation: 0-500 m Generated Map Legacy Map Introduced; Mich., N.Y., native to Asia, introduced in s, se Europe. None. None. window.propertiesFromHighe

overgrazed areas. It is native to southwest Asia and Europe, and is adventive in the Flora region, occurring from southern British Columbia to as far south as

, Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., P.E.I., Que., Conn., Maine, Mass., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Pa., R.I., Va., Europe, Asia (Arabia), Africa, Pacific Islands (Japan

point of view (see e.g., K. H. Rechinger 1937, 1949; J. E. Lousley and D. H. Kent 1981; N. N. Tzvelev 1989b), all North American native taxa of subsect.

Arrangements of elements within descriptions of taxa are from base to apex, proximal to distal, abaxial to adaxial. General features such as growth form, persistence

Generated Map Legacy Map Introduced; La., N.J., N.Y., Pa., S.C., Tex., Va., native of s Asia, widely escaped from cultivation. None. None. window.propertiesFro

2n = 14. Generated Map Legacy Map Ont. Bromus danthoniae is native from the western Asia to southern Russia and Tibet. It was collected in 1904 in Ontario;

grows in fields, waste places, and road verges. It is native to central and southeastern Europe and Asia, and is distributed throughout much of the United

of the Eastern Hemisphere. It is difficult to assess the native range of the species; here the author follows E. Fischer et al. (2013). The first collection

discovered species was native to Asia. This suggests a very old introduction into the United States, where it occurs only in the southeast to eastern Texas and

Phalaris minor is native around the Mediterranean and in northwestern Asia, but is now found throughout the world. Even where it is native, it usually grows

m Generated Map Legacy Map Introduced; Mass., N.J., N.Y., Pa., native to Europe, n Asia, introduced in many other regions of the world. None. None. window

along the arctic coast. Outside the Flora region, it is native in the coastal region of eastern Asia, growing primarily along the coast and in the mouths

balsam poplars are more closely related to Asian members of sect. Tacamahaca than they are to each other (J. E. Eckenwalder 1996). Mountain ranges of the

introduced in West Indies, Central America, South America, Asia. Cosmos bipinnatus is native to Mexico and the southwestern United States. A garden favorite

Seeds 4–8, fusiform, 4 mm. x = 9. Introduced; Asia (Afghanistan, c China, n India, Japan, Pakistan, e Russia), introduced also in Europe. Species 4 (2

B., Ont., Que., Sask., Maine, Mass., Mich., N.Y., Oreg., Wis., native to Europe, n Asia, introduced in many other regions of the world. None. None. window

Legacy Map Puerto Rico, Md., Va. Themeda arguens is native to northern Australia and southeastern Asia. Reed (1964) reported finding it on ore piles in Maryland

mm. 2n = 42. Generated Map Legacy Map Mass., P.E.I. Avena hybrida is native to western and central Asia; it grows as a weed in Europe. It has been reported

other, native North American taxa (e.g., C. americanum, C. villosum, C. ochotense, C. hookeri) and morphological similarity of its fruits to some fossil Corispermum

places to uplands. Elevation: 0–200 m. Generated Map Legacy Map Introduced; Ala., Ark., Calif., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tex., e Asia (s China

Legacy Map Introduced; Ont., Ga., Ky., Mich., Miss., N.C., Vt., Va., e Europe, e Asia, introduced also in w, c Europe. Spiraea salicifolia is escaped from

Africa, Australia. Chondrilla juncea is native to the Mediterranean region of Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. It is a weed in North America (not

Europe, Asia, Africa. Conyza canadensis is thought to be native to North America and is now widely adventive, e.g., in South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa

Mex., N.Y., Oreg., S.Dak., Tex., Utah, Wash., Wyo., Eurasia (e Europe, arid regions of Asia). Bassia hyssopifolia has been reported from southern Saskatchewan

acute to short-acuminate; blade linear, (0.8–)1.5–4 cm, fleshy, apex blunt to apiculate; axillary leaf clusters usually absent. Cymes simple to 3+-compound

ca. 1 mm; carpophore ca. 1 mm. Seeds dark brown to black, rotund, 0.6–1 mm broad, papillate. 2n = 20 (Asia). Phenology: Flowering spring–early summer. Habitat:

in the tropics, in the flora area it is native only to coastal Florida, west to the Dry Tortugas and north to Brevard and Pinellas counties, where much

Dak., Nebr., S.Dak., Nev. Thinopyrum ponticum is native to southern Europe and western Asia. In its native range, it grows in dry and/or saline soils. In

Central America, South America, introduced in Asia, Pacific Islands. Euphorbia hypericifolia is native to the New World tropics, and it is most likely adventive

related to species of Elymus than to other species placed in Hystrix which, with the exception of L. californicus, are native to eastern Asia. Transfer

from 0.5 mm to equaling the sessile spikelets. 2n = 18, 20, 44. Generated Map Legacy Map Md. Ischaemum rugosum is native to southern Asia, and is now established

mm. 2n = 20. Generated Map Legacy Map Fla. Cymbopogon jwarancusa is native to Asia, where it is grown for perfume and as a medicine for fevers. It is grown

Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Tex., La. Dichanthium annulatum is native to southeastern Asia and is a highly esteemed forage grass, especially in India. It

America and is not known to have escaped. It is native to Europe, northern Africa, and southwestern Asia, where it grows on damp to somewhat dry soils. None

sacchariflorus is native to the margins of rivers or marshes in temperate to north-temperate regions of eastern Asia, and appears to require cold and humidity

about 1.5 mm. 2n = 14, 28. Phleum phleoides is native to dry grasslands from Europe through central Asia. It was collected, in 1990, beside railroad tracks

Elevation: 400-2900 m Generated Map Legacy Map Alaska, e Asia (Japan). Gaultheria pyroloides is native on Honshu Island, Japan, and has been collected from

spikelets similar to the sessile spikelets or somewhat smaller, sometimes staminate. Caryopses 1.5-1.8 mm. 2n = 20. Polytrias amaura is native to southeastern

South America, introduced in Europe, Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands. Tetraploids of Galinsoga quadriradiata are native to Mexico. Higher polyploids are found

apices rounded to acute, mucronate; anthers 1.1-1.35 mm. Caryopses 1.6-2.5 mm. 2n = 36, 54, 72, 84. Urochloa subquadripara, native to tropical Asia and Australasia

Va., Asia. Persicaria perfoliata is an aggressive, fast-growing pest in its native range and in North America. At least some introductions appear to be through

Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis., native to Europe and Africa, introduced in Asia and Australia. In many floras the names Consolida ambigua

Capsules angular-cylindric, gradually or abruptly tapering to apex, 8–17(–20) mm, sparsely puberulent to glabrate or glabrous. Seeds brown, transverse ridges

Utah, Mo., Minn., Mich., Kans., Miss., Ky. Avena fatua is native to Europe and central Asia. It is known as a weed in most temperate regions of the world;

(slightly fleshy), pale green, oblanceolate to obovate, 5–9 cm, margins ± entire. Cauline leaves: blade oblong to elliptic or lanceolate, (1–)3–10(–15) cm

ranked as a significant threat to native species by the Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council (2009); it is noted as a threat to S. virginiana through competition

absent or to 0.5 mm; stipes 0.2-1.3 mm. Glumes 1.8-2.4 mm, equal to subequal, scabridulous to echinate, not tapering to the apices, apices acute to rounded

that is restricted to France and Italy, and P. caesia Nees, a hexaploid that grows in southern Europe, western Asia, and eastern to southern Africa. Phalaris

Petersburg], Russia. 788 pp. Voss, E.G. 1972. Michigan Flora: A Guide to the Identification and Occurrence of the Native and Naturalized Seed-Plants of the

Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., n Europe, e Asia (Japan, Kamchatka). Artemisia stelleriana is apparently native along the western tip of the Aleutian islands

Some Native American tribes used P. hydropiper as a drug to treat a variety of ailments, and the Cherokee and Iroquois consumed it as food (D. E. Moerman

Mexico, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa. Conyza floribunda is thought to be native to South America. In some floras of the past 50 or

seal blubber or seal oil. Native American tribes in the Rocky Mountains also are reported to use the leaves as a salad (D. E. Moerman 1998). Caribou, muskoxen

Va., Wis., Europe (Russia), e Asia. Plants of Hylotelephium erythrostictum growing in North America as garden escapes seem to be, at least in part, sterile

Introduced; Calif., Oreg., South America, introduced also in w Europe (Ireland), Asia (India), e Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaiian Islands, New Zealand), Australia.

members of the native Asian and North American group centered around C. pallasii, or resulted from hybridization between C. hyssopifolium and native representatives

Mich., Ariz., Idaho, Nebr., Oreg., Wyo. Leymus racemosus is native to Europe and central Asia, where it grows on dry, sandy soils. It has been introduced

Tex., B.C., Calif., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Miss., Ariz., Oreg. Native to southwest Asia and northeast Africa, Gastridium phleoides now grows in Australia

Ohio, Mo., Mich., Miss., Ky., N.C., S.C. Miscanthus sinensis is native to southeastern Asia. It is frequently cultivated in the United States and southern

distribution is poorly known due to confusion with native American species of this aggregate. Plants from Alaska and Yukon reported by E. Hultén (1968) as Rumex

than to eastern North American ones (E. E. Dickson 1995). The species hybridizes in Oregon and Washington with the cultivated apple, M. domestica (P. F

Generated Map Legacy Map Maine, Ky., D.C., Miss., La. Bromus ramosus is native to Asia, Europe, and northern Africa. It is included here based on Pavlick's

Central America (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama), Europe, Asia. Erigeron annuus is apparently native to eastern North America (United States and southern Canada)

The native range of Sageretia thea sometimes is said to extend to northeastern Africa (M. Qaiser and S. Nazimuddin 1981), but this appears not to be clearly

Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Maine, Mass., Mich., N.H., N.Y., Pa., Vt., Europe, w Asia, Atlantic Islands (Iceland), introduced also

ever more expensive to maintain. Humanity must make the choice in the next decade either to continue as usual or to work effectively to maintain complex ecosystems

foreign species and native species is not always clear, and it is not easy to measure the impact of those foreign or alien plants on the native vegetation. Several

, Va., W.Va., Wis., Wyo., native, Asia (Japan). The U.S. Department of Agriculture lists Berberis thunbergii as resistant to infection by Puccinia graminis

lance-subulate, apices usually looped to hooked, sometimes recurved to nearly straight, subterete to subulate, moderately to strongly resinous. Ray florets 0

lanceolate-ovate to ovate, unlobed, 3.5–10.5 × 1.5–4 cm, base rounded to cuneate, margins coarsely serrate in distal 2/3–3/4, apex acute to short-acuminate

throughout its cultivated range. It is not known to exist anywhere as a native occurrence; it has been thought to have originated in China (C. Linnaeus 1753)

holosericeum Trelease E. leptocarpum var. macounii Trelease E. macdougalii Rydberg E. mexicanum Seringe E. montezumae Samuelsson E. novomexicanum Haussknecht E. occidentale (Trelease)

margins serrate (larger leaves) to serrulate (smaller leaves), apex blunt to acute, abaxial surface sparsely tomentulose to glabrate, adaxial surface glabrate;

populations. The most widespread, almost cosmopolitan race, presumably native to the southwestern Mediterranean region, including southwestern and Atlantic

glands sparse to common abaxially. Flowers: epicalyx bractlets narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, 5–12 × 1–2 mm; sepals 4–10(–12) mm, apex acute to acuminate;

introduced also in West Indies, Asia, Pacific Islands. Euphorbia graminea occurs natively from northern South America to northern Mexico. The species is

cm, base cordate or sometimes ± not adnate to calyx, linear to lanceolate, reticulate-veined, 2–3 × 0.5 mm, to 6 × 1 mm in fruit, shorter than calyx, thin

or rhombic to lanceolate, 3–8(–12+) × 2–4(–6+) cm, bases broadly cuneate to ± truncate, margins coarsely toothed to subentire, apices acute to attenuate

Map Legacy Map Alaska, e Asia. Allium victorialis is found in North America only on Attu Island, where it is reported to be native, and on Unalaska Island

pedicels that are flexuous and pendent in fruit; it is native to the Mascarene Islands and perhaps to eastern Africa, other western Indian Ocean Islands,

and open disturbed areas, at 150-1800 m. It is native to subtropical Asia and Africa and was introduced to the Flora region as a forage grass. It is now

Phillips and R. F. Shaw 1976). Zostera noltii is native to the Atlantic coasts of Europe and Africa and to the Mediterranean Sea area. Therefore, the suggestion

] Lovejoy, T. E. 1979. The epoch of biotic impoverishment. Great Basin Naturalist Mem. 3: 5--10. Lovejoy, T. E. 1980. Foreword. In: M. E. Soule and B.

especially P. rigida to the north and P. palustris and P. elliottii to the south. The extensive pine forests are a response to repeated fires and to excessively

flowering; stipules ovate to elliptic, 1–1.5 cm, base auriculate; lateral leaflets in 1–5 pairs, remote, ovate to elliptic, to 9 cm, palmately 2–3-lobed

found. The plants are sterile but appear morphologically similar to those growing in native habitats in other parts of North America. Dicranum undulatum of

Wyo., Europe, sw Asia (Turkey), n Africa, introduced also in South America (Chile), Australia. Malva moschata is native from Spain to the British Isles

sinuate-dentate to dentate; cauline 2–13 × 0.5–5 cm, petiole 0–2 cm, blade nar­rowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, margins sinuate-dentate to dentate. Inflorescences

industry that continues to the present (A.E. Cowdrey 1983). Like their Native American predecessors, European colonists were quick to understand the need for

this flora)? Some taxonomists (e.g., R.E.G. Pichi-Sermolli 1977) also segregate other genera in the flora of North America, e.g., Botrychium (Botrychiaceae)