Stereid Substereid C Cell-wall Cell-wall architecture Cell-wall course Cell-wall orientation Cell-wall prominence C cont. Cell-wall shape Cell-wall size or width
372 bytes (96 words) - 11:29, 9 May 2022
the distal laminal cells, solid or occasionally hollow, usually 2-fid but occasionally simple, sometimes flattened or compound, cell walls mostly evenly
20 KB (884 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
fusoid and arm cells usually absent; midribs usually simple; adaxial bulliform cells present; stomates with parallel-sided subsidiary cells; epidermes usually
10 KB (674 words) - 17:24, 11 May 2021
commissures or rarely on cell lumen, convex surface typically with more pores per cell than concave surface; chlorophyllous cells may be enclosed on both
11 KB (898 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
magnification; greater magnification (30–40/x) is needed to see seed coat cell papillae in species with numerous small papillae. Schenk, J. J. and L. Hufford
18 KB (556 words) - 20:18, 5 November 2020
triangular or dome-shaped subsidiary cells; bicellular microhairs usually present, with a long, narrow distal cell; papillae absent or present. Inflorescences
10 KB (1,081 words) - 18:55, 11 May 2021
present; fusoid cells absent; arm cells absent; Kranz anatomy present; midrib simple; adaxial bulliform cells present; stomatal subsidary cells dome-shaped
11 KB (1,291 words) - 18:58, 11 May 2021
many, erect or ascending, simple or 2-fid; outer cell walls thick, central strand absent, inner cells uniform, walls thin. Leaves erect-appressed, crowded
6 KB (402 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
to robust. Stem, except for initial stages, growing from a 2-sided apical cell. Leaves distichous, equitant, complex in form, consisting of two vaginant
2 KB (185 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
tabular mesophyll cells and surrounded by a double sheath, cells of the inner sheath thick-walled, cells of the outer sheath with thinner cell walls and usually
2 KB (250 words) - 18:56, 11 May 2021
papillose only over lumina, papillae 1–4 per cell, conic or 2-fid; marginal cells gradually shorter than basal. Sexual condition gonioautoicous or cladautoicous
20 KB (498 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
foliose, cells papillose; pseudoparaphyllia foliose; axillary hairs usually basal cell 1, short, brown, distal cells elongate, hyaline (all cells brown in
6 KB (542 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
laminal cells smooth or sometimes distal cells mammillose or papillose on one or both sides, papillae rarely forked, or toothed by projecting cell ends,
9 KB (515 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
or capsules with 3–5 cells, rarely berries (in Malvaviscus), carpels sometimes with internal protrusion dividing carpel into 2 cells, dehiscence loculicidal
17 KB (551 words) - 16:48, 12 February 2024
elongate, smooth. Capsule inclined or erect, cylindric or ovoid; exothecial cell walls usually collenchymatous, irregularly thickened; operculum usually rostrate;
5 KB (270 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
wider than styles. Fruits capsules, usually 5-celled and dehiscing into 5 segments, sometimes each cell partially divided by incomplete or nearly complete
5 KB (479 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
groups differ in the size of their seed coat cells, which can be distinguished early in seed development: cells of the “Affines” clade are small and barely
14 KB (669 words) - 20:14, 5 November 2020
distal laminal cells ca. 15–19 µm wide, 1:1–2, papillae mostly hollow, simple or 2-fid, 4–6 per lumen, occasionally on conic salients, cell walls thin, seldom
17 KB (1,218 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
necessary to observe cell features of the costa and laminal cells. The costa stereid and guide cells, the adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells, the number of
18 KB (1,132 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
multicellular, formed by layers of cells decreasing in cell number distally, terminated by large, sharp-tipped cell, or teeth unicellular. Inflorescences:
6 KB (477 words) - 21:32, 5 November 2020
with a neck; exothecial cells thick- to thin-walled; stomata restricted to neck, consisting of a slit in a rounded guard cell, superficial or immersed
6 KB (465 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
distinct apiculus of a single cell; costa sometimes poorly differentiated, sometimes not reaching the leaf insertion; laminal cells with thick longitudinal walls
5 KB (320 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
smooth or roughened; axillary hairs usually 5 cells, basal cells 1 or 2, short, walls brown, apical cell elongate, hyaline. Leaves radially arranged or
5 KB (486 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
surface protrudes slightly outward. A mammillose cell can be difficult to distinguish from a 1-papillose cell; both have a single hollow protuberance, but
26 KB (1,714 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
enlarged, thin-walled cells; cells in outer layer aporose or with single round to elliptical wall thinning adjacent to the distal cell wall, visible only
8 KB (399 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
unusual color of the sap in cells of the leaf base. These cells tend to be green, rarely evenly pink or red, but the cell sap is colored, often a bright
8 KB (360 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
weakly sinuate; alar cells transversely elongate, quadrate, or short-rectangular; proximal laminal cells similar to medial cells, usually shorter, 1–4:1
6 KB (444 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
length. Blade ovate or oblong to lanceolate, simple to decompound, usually 1 cell thick between veins (except Trichomanes membranaceum Linnaeus), entire or
5 KB (452 words) - 21:24, 5 November 2020
insertion on abaxial side; axillary hairs minute, 2–3 cells in length, basal cell small, apical cell enlarged, ± clavate; paraphyllia none; pseudoparaphyllia
5 KB (485 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
2-fid, usually solid, with 3–5 projections, occasionally absent or multiplex, cell walls thin to thick, lumens sometimes angular, occasionally trigonous (D
20 KB (1,075 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
abaxial stem surface, smooth [or papillose]; axillary hair basal cell 1, brown, apical cells 3–6, hyaline. Leaves erect to wide-spreading, usually imbricate
5 KB (474 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
multistratose apiculus; basal cells rectangular, with straight or sinuose and thin to thick cell walls; mid leaf and distal cells quadrate, rectangular, or
18 KB (854 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
rounded-obtuse; costa single, strong, usually ending before apex; distal laminal cells rounded-hexagonal to rectangular, smooth or mammillose. Seta slender, usually
3 KB (200 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
long, or double and usually short; alar cells differentiated or not, sometimes inflated; medial laminal cells linear or short-linear, rarely rectangular
15 KB (704 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
sclerodermis absent, central strand absent; axillary hairs to ca. 5 cells in length, proximal cell walls sometimes thickened. Stem leaves strongly appressed and
5 KB (554 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
smooth; basal cell walls with few pits or rarely pitted to mid leaf; medial and distal cells linear, linear-flexuose, or sometimes linear-rhomboidal, heavily
4 KB (490 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
[filamentous]; ± radiculose; axillary hairs of 2–several cells, basal cell small, brown, distal cell elongate, hyaline. Secondary stems spreading, suberect
5 KB (445 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
lacking wavy ridges (present only in D. purpusii), cells brick-shaped (less than 3 times longer than wide), cell margins undulate or straight. North America,
6 KB (294 words) - 22:46, 5 November 2020
2–6(–7)-celled. Stem leaves ovate; margins plane, reflexed, or revolute, papillose-serrulate proximally, often serrulate distally by projecting cell ends;
5 KB (436 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
rounded to insertion; margins often irregularly serrulate at apex; laminal cell abaxial and adaxial surfaces plane to somewhat domed, usually 1-papillose
4 KB (278 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
sometimes with pitted walls, rectangular to subquadrate; distal laminal cell walls incrassate, quadrate to short-rectangular, oblique, or oval to elongate
10 KB (861 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
usually papillose only over lumina, papillae 1 (or 2) per cell, conic, 2-fid, or clavate; marginal cells abruptly shorter than basal. Sexual condition autoicous
7 KB (514 words) - 22:33, 5 November 2020
non-ornamented, enlarged, thin-walled cells, with solitary uniporose retort cells (or in groups) with short necks, other aporose cells rectangular. Branch leaves
12 KB (468 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
hairy; mericarps 5, 2-celled, lower cell ± trapezoidal, 1-seeded, upper cell angular-orbiculate, collaterally 2-seeded, cells sometimes separated by endoglossum
3 KB (208 words) - 23:20, 5 November 2020
leaf length, sometimes to the apex, variously 1–2(–4)-stratose in 1–3(–6) cell rows; muticous or piliferous, awns erect or erect-recurved, not or slightly
5 KB (323 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
sap not present in cell lumina; limbidium distinct to indistinct, narrow, pale to green or yellow, 1-stratose throughout; subalar cells inflated, pink, on
10 KB (356 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
ridges (sometimes with prism-shaped structures in D. hansenii), cells ± brick-shaped, cell margins straight or undulate. Calif. Species 4 (4 in the flora)
5 KB (264 words) - 22:51, 5 November 2020
short-creeping, branched, covered with scales with conspicuously thickened, clathrate cell walls. Leaves simple, entire, petioles indistinct. Veins (visible in cleared
3 KB (349 words) - 21:24, 5 November 2020
tangential wall than the surface wall; stomata present and formed from single cell; peristome absent to well developed, single or double, inserted proximal
8 KB (605 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
almost always entirely of hyaline cells; leaf adaxially usually deeply grooved along the costa; distal laminal cell papillae rough, knobby, obscuring the
8 KB (681 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
ornamention on interior wall, and 1–6 round to ovate pores per cell. Stem leaves typically as large as or larger than branch leaves, lingulate to ovate-lingulate
7 KB (344 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
and leaving a void; axillary hairs 2–3-celled, proximal cell(s) short, with faintly yellowish walls, distal cell much larger. Leaves oblong to obovate-spatulate
4 KB (419 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
usually thin-walled, terminal cell cylindric to conic to subspheric, generally thin-walled, often papillose; cells of leaf base rectangular, firm-walled;
5 KB (466 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight or sinuous, papillae 4–106 per cell. Generated Map Legacy Map Ariz., Calif., Colo.,
4 KB (372 words) - 19:11, 6 November 2020
blade, filament cells cylindrical to subspheric, thin-walled, terminal cell subspheric to nearly conic, with an apical thickening; cells of leaf base thin-walled
5 KB (416 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
or high dome-shaped); bicellular microhairs usually present, distal cell long, narrow; papillae usually absent. Inflorescences ebracteate (subtending leaf
6 KB (722 words) - 23:50, 8 December 2021
white, yellow, or maroon; pollinia 8, firm, in 4 pairs, 2 pairs per anther cell; stigma subterminal. Fruits capsules, pendent, ellipsoid; seeds 0.5–0.7 mm
6 KB (500 words) - 22:12, 5 November 2020
before apex, or double, short; alar cells quadrate to transversely elongate; laminal cell walls thick; medial cells isodiametric to linear, smooth. Specialized
4 KB (381 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
abaxial surface occasionally toothed; alar cells usually differentiated, larger or smaller than basal laminal cells, region more pellucid or more opaque, usually
20 KB (981 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
or forked; rhizoids brown, inconspicuous; axillary hairs slender, proximal cell elongate, with brownish walls. Leaves erect to spreading-recurved, ligulate
3 KB (363 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
longer than lamina; basal cells oblate to elongate, with straight or sinuose and thin to thick cell walls; mid leaf and distal cells quadrate to rectangular
21 KB (541 words) - 19:03, 30 April 2021
serrate distally; laminal cell abaxial and adaxial surfaces bulging, smooth or low papillose-mammillose, papillae 1 per cell, weakly developed or absent
3 KB (277 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
creeping, stiff, rigid; cortical cells in 2–4 layers, walls incrassate; axillary hair basal cell 1, brown, distal cells elongate. Stem leaves ovate-lanceolate
3 KB (253 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
or not; seed coats ± with small irregular wavy ridges or ripples, cells elongate, cell margins straight. North America, Mexico, at least 1 species and probably
6 KB (393 words) - 22:47, 5 November 2020
ridges, cells usually elongate (short and narrow in D. alabamicum, D. newtonianum, D. nuttallianum, and D. treleasei), smooth or roughened, cell margins
10 KB (408 words) - 22:46, 5 November 2020
laminal cells in the often twisted acumen of species of Elodium are shorter than the cells mid acumen and produce a smooth, short apical cell. The basal
5 KB (449 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
larger than upper lobe, mostly not green (often colorless and translucent), 1 cell thick except at base, ± cup-shaped. Sporocarps in pairs [tetrads] at base
3 KB (382 words) - 21:23, 5 November 2020
distinctly apiculate, more than 0.5 mm from base to apex; exothecium of 2 cell layers; columella present in maturing capsules of E. cohaerens, but in other
3 KB (224 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
abaxial to leaf insertions; axillary hairs of 3–6 cells, basal cell subrectangular, reddish brown, distal cells oblong, hyaline. Stem and branch leaves occasionally
4 KB (394 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
distally, broadly concave, ovate, elliptic to obovate costa single or absent; cell walls of lamina often thickened at corners. Sexual condition paroicous [synoicous
2 KB (196 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
and branches, smooth or papillose; axillary hair basal cells 1–2(–4), short, brown, distal cells 1–several, elongate, hyaline. Stem and branch leaves similar
8 KB (450 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
indistinctly delimited, transversely triangular to broadly ovate; medial laminal cell walls incrassate or thin, porose or not. Sexual condition dioicous or autoicous;
6 KB (496 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
central strand present, weak; rhizoids absent; axillary hairs ca. 3 cells in length, basal cell thick-walled. Leaves incurved, tubulose when dry, weakly spreading
4 KB (466 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
or densely multipapillose only over lumina, papillae 2–6 per cell, clavate; marginal cells not differentiated from basal. Sexual condition dioicous, autoicous
4 KB (351 words) - 22:33, 5 November 2020
3–6, 2-celled, apex bulbous-apiculate, proximal cell indehiscent, distal cell dehiscent. Seeds (1–)3 per mericarp, lower cell 1-seeded, upper cell usually
4 KB (251 words) - 20:34, 6 November 2020
seed coats with prominent multicellular, transverse, wavy ridges, cells ± brick-shaped, cell margins straight. North America, n Mexico. Species 3 (3 in the
3 KB (222 words) - 22:51, 5 November 2020
to oblong-cylindric; exothecial cell walls not collenchymatous; operculum short- to long-rostrate. North America, Europe, Asia. Species ca. 20 (4 in the
4 KB (293 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
projections, often sharply apiculate by a distinctive thick-walled cell or cells, distal laminal cells large, weakly trigonous, epapillose, and red in KOH solution
4 KB (478 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
upper leaf lobe near stem with 2 or more cells; broad pedicel cell often 1/2 or more height of hair, apical cell curved, with tip nearly parallel to leaf
3 KB (235 words) - 21:24, 5 November 2020
8–10[–16], 2-celled, without dorsal spur, apex rounded, proximal cell indehiscent, enclosing 1 seed (each seed covered by endoglossum), distal cell dehiscent
3 KB (222 words) - 23:21, 5 November 2020
hairs on upper leaf lobe near stem 2(–3)-celled; broad pedicel cell often 1/2 or more height of hair, apical cell curved, with tip nearly parallel to leaf
3 KB (245 words) - 21:23, 5 November 2020
longipes cell lobes are triangular, the surface rugulose; C. solieri cell lobes are triangular, the surface wax-covered; C. viridis has cell lobes rounded
9 KB (817 words) - 23:42, 5 November 2020
proximal end, usually wing-margined; seed coats lacking wavy ridges, cells elongate, cell margins straight. w North America. Species 6 (6 in the flora). None
5 KB (258 words) - 22:52, 5 November 2020
11], ± 2-celled, winged, flared at papery apex, lower cell rugose, stellate-hairy, sparsely hirsute, indehiscent, endoglossum absent, upper cell smooth,
3 KB (196 words) - 23:21, 5 November 2020
than mericarps, indehiscent; mericarps [15–]20–40, 2-celled (proximal cell 1-seeded, distal cell sterile), laterally compressed and reniform-circular with
5 KB (515 words) - 23:20, 5 November 2020
multicellular apiculus, less than 0.4 mm from base to apex; exothecium of 1–2 cell layers; columella absent in maturing capsules. Calyptra persistent, minute, scarcely
5 KB (436 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
leaves, extending to mid leaf or three quarters of the leaf length; leaf cell papillae comparatively large and conspicuous in the distal part of the lamina
3 KB (227 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
spreading, short, densely tomentose proximally; axillary hairs of 5 cells, basal cell short, brownish. Leaves usually dimorphic, in 4 rows, twisted-contorted
3 KB (237 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
rarely solitary; axillary hairs filiform, hyaline, or basal and adjacent cell pale tan or pale rose-violet; paraphyllia none; pseudoparaphyllia none; rhizoids
3 KB (230 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
bulging cells; laminal cells elongate-hexagonal to rectangular, thin-walled, 85–100 × 12–16 µm, smooth. Specialized asexual reproduction by 2-celled starch-filled
3 KB (295 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
leaves, extending to three quarters of the leaf length to percurrent; leaf cell papillae tending to be relatively small and inconspicuous in the distal lamina
4 KB (223 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
filling acumen; laminal cell walls ± thick; basal cells long-rectangular; medial cells irregularly rhombic at shoulders; distal cells longer on distal costa
3 KB (257 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 4–11 per cell. 2n = 22. Generated Map Legacy Map B.C., Ariz., Calif
4 KB (313 words) - 19:11, 6 November 2020
superficial cortical with a large round pore in distal portion of cell free from cell wall. Stem leaves spatulate to broad-spatulate, 0.8–1.5(–2) mm, strongly
3 KB (300 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
ecostate; alar cells quadrate, region large; laminal cells smooth or rarely slightly papillose distally over cell lumina; medial laminal cells oblong-rhomboidal
5 KB (395 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
thick; stomata on neck; annulus rudimentary, persistent, 2- or 3-seriate, cell walls thin; operculum conic-subulate; exostome teeth united at base on short
4 KB (418 words) - 22:33, 5 November 2020
1–6[–10] mm, neck sometimes 1+ times urn length; exothecial cells near mouth in 1–3+ rows, medial cell walls straight or sinuate; stomata superficial to immersed;
12 KB (577 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
orange to brown, ellipsoid to ovoid; exothecial cell walls thin; annulus persistent, 2- or 3-seriate, cell walls firm; operculum short-rostrate, sometimes
3 KB (295 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
cylindric, ellipsoid, or ovoid; exothecial cell walls thin; annulus often falling with operculum, 2- or 3-seriate, cell walls firm; operculum obliquely conic
3 KB (338 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
lanceolate, branched or sometimes unbranched, cells oblong, smooth or papillose over end walls, apical cell bluntly conic by wall thickened at tip; pseudoparaphyllia
3 KB (259 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
cross section of 3–5 cells, one or more larger central cells surrounded by smaller cells, oil droplets present in all cells, 2-celled slime hairs with enlarged
5 KB (580 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
much branched. Gemmae tapering at ends, end cells not swollen; body cells 4, rhizoid primordia on each end cell. Habitat: Epiphytic in dark, moist hollows
3 KB (234 words) - 21:23, 5 November 2020
distally; apex obtuse to short-acute; ecostate; laminal cell walls thin; medial and distal cells linear, smooth; lateral leaves oblong-lanceolate, cultriform
3 KB (240 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
of hairs; microhairs of blades each with an elongated basal cell and an inflated terminal cell. Inflorescences terminal, spikelike to somewhat open panicles
3 KB (283 words) - 18:59, 11 May 2021
of hairs; microhairs of blades with an inflated terminal cell similar in length to the basal cell. Inflorescences terminal, narrow, spikelike or somewhat
3 KB (273 words) - 18:59, 11 May 2021
characterized by papillae located at or near the distal end of the cell, or the cells are prorulose, or both. The stems are somewhat to densely tomentose
5 KB (530 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
one branch usually longer; alar cells not or poorly differentiated, rectangular; laminal cells smooth; distal cells usually longer than 6:1. Specialized
5 KB (484 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
1/4 leaf length; alar cells often differentiated, quadrate, subquadrate, triangular, or hexagonal; laminal cells smooth; distal cells usually longer than
13 KB (653 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
laminal cells large, rhombic-hexagonal to rectangular, lax and rather thin-walled, proximal cells oblong-rectangular, differentiated alar cells absent.
7 KB (585 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
with cortical cell comb-lamellae visible on interior wall, conspicuous funnel-like projection on interior end walls extending to next cell less than one
4 KB (433 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
weak, central strand present, large; axillary hairs ca. 3 cells in length, moniliform, proximal cell thicker walled. Stem leaves erect or laxly spreading when
4 KB (523 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
straight, smooth, cells spirally twisted throughout or smooth, occasionally small sections of straight cells papillose by projecting cell ends (prorulate)
3 KB (281 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
Seta 0.4–0.7 cm. Capsule erect to inclined, ovoid to cylindric; exothecial cell walls collenchymatous; operculum conic, finely rostrate. Fla., Mexico, Central
2 KB (192 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
Capsule inclined to horizontal or rarely erect, short-cylindric; exothecial cell walls collenchymatous; operculum rostrate. Nearly worldwide, temperate to
3 KB (264 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
laminal cells irregularly oblong-hexagonal or rhombic, 6–10 × 8–12 µm, papillae sometimes 2-fid, not appearing multipapillose. Branch leaves apical cell truncate
4 KB (349 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
oblate, 12–20(–25) µm, all cells firm, thick-walled, more thickened at the cell angles, thickenings not irregular, not trigonous, cell walls smooth, convex to
4 KB (436 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls wavy, papillae 6–12 per cell. Generated Map Legacy Map N.Mex., Tex. Varieties 2 (2 in
4 KB (417 words) - 19:11, 6 November 2020
medial laminal cells (6.5–)8–12(–14) µm, cell walls even, usually of medium thickness, often somewhat thicker and rounded at the cell angles. Seta 1–3(–4)
4 KB (300 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
entire; hyaline cells on convex surface with 1–2 free pores per fibril interval, concave surface aporose or rarely with a few wall thinnings in cell ends and
4 KB (315 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
sparingly branched (not 2- or 3-pinnate); axillary hair cells hyaline, 3–4(–12), basal cell usually small, brown. Leaves spirally inserted, crowded, isophyllous
4 KB (400 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
laminal cell walls weakly bulging, or bulges absent; leaf cells not pitted, smooth, walls sometimes irregular; distal and median laminal cells long, rectangular
8 KB (577 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
not clonal; often with epidermal oil cells, usually with internal phloem, abundant raphides in vegetative cells. Stems erect to decumbent or prostrate
12 KB (806 words) - 17:42, 2 December 2022
to pyriform, 1–4 mm, neck shorter than urn; exothecial cells near mouth in 1–3 rows, medial cell walls straight or slightly sinuate; stomata superficial;
6 KB (570 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
moderately indurate, stellate-hairy; mericarps 12, 1-celled, divided internally by endoglossum; distal cell reduced, barren, smooth-walled, hairy, each valve
3 KB (220 words) - 23:21, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 3–5 per cell. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Aug. Habitat: Sparsely
4 KB (332 words) - 20:17, 5 November 2020
massive, multifurcating and centered over lumens or simple to 2-fid, cell walls thin to greatly thickened, superficially flat to bulging. Specialized asexual
6 KB (653 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
acute, sometimes apiculate with a clear cell, acuminate-mucronate, or rarely obtuse to rounded; costa ending 2–6 cells before the apex or percurrent to excurrent
6 KB (763 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
distal cells chlorophyllose and similar to medial cells, or echlorophyllose and differentiated, prorulose at distal cell ends, papillose; apical cells pellucid
6 KB (576 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
terminal spine present or absent; alar cells usually differentiated, larger or smaller than basal cells, walls thin when cells enlarged, region conspicuous or
12 KB (633 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
epidermis of larger cells; basal cells abruptly differentiated, large and rectangular, smooth, hyaline, thin-walled, often lax; distal cells quadrate or sometimes
9 KB (614 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
well-developed, mature plants. Leaf laminal and marginal cell characters were derived by examining cells near mid leaf. Koponen, T. J. 1968. Generic revision
8 KB (668 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
present; proximal cells differentiated across leaf or higher medially, rectangular, 2–4:1, walls of proximal cells usually thin; distal medial cells quadrate to
6 KB (565 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
laminal cells long-rhomboidal, smooth. Sexual condition autoicous. Seta 0.2–0.4 cm. Capsule erect to suberect, short-cylindric; exothecial cell walls somewhat
2 KB (172 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
sclerodermis absent, central strand absent; axillary hairs 3–5 cells in length, proximal cell usually brownish. Cauline leaves often crowded, incurved to
6 KB (581 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
thickened and bulging, 2(–4)-stratose in (1–)2–3(–6) cell rows distally, 2-stratose in 1–3(–4) cell rows in the median and upper basal parts and 1-stratose
6 KB (634 words) - 21:34, 14 December 2022
primordia on each end cell, often on 1–2 medial cells. 2n = 120. Habitat: Epiphytic, most commonly on trunks of palms (Sabal palmetto Loddiges), in moist woods
3 KB (225 words) - 21:24, 5 November 2020
paraphyses stalked, ending with horizontally extended, smooth or little-lobed cell. Spores (44–)54(–72) µm diam., surface minutely roughened with small projecting
3 KB (324 words) - 21:22, 5 November 2020
8 mm; alar cells enlarged, yellow-brown, walls thick, region in several rows of cells, concave; basal laminal cell walls pitted; medial cells linear, 55–95
3 KB (291 words) - 18:52, 13 January 2024
mm, wrinkled upon aging; exothecial cells irregular in shape, usually thin-walled; stomata with single guard cell, restricted to base of capsule, superficial;
3 KB (264 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
acuminate; costa single, ending beyond mid leaf; alar cells not differentiated; medial laminal cell walls thin or slightly incrassate, porose or not. Sexual
3 KB (317 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
and marginal regions usually differentiated, alar cells undifferentiated or hyaline; mid leaf cells quadrate to elongate, commonly sinuose or sinuose-nodulose
8 KB (825 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
coats ± covered with small irregular wavy ridges, cells short (less than 3 times longer than wide), cell margins usually straight. North America, Mexico
4 KB (267 words) - 22:45, 5 November 2020
times longer than wide, puberulent or glabrous. Seeds: seed coat cells ± brick-shaped, cell margins undulate, surfaces ± roughened. North America (Calif.)
4 KB (355 words) - 22:48, 5 November 2020
included; filaments terminal and subterminal; ovary 7–14-carpellate; ovules 1 per cell; styles 7–14-branched, (branches equal in number to carpels); stigmas capitate
8 KB (483 words) - 23:21, 5 November 2020
guide cells present or absent, adaxial supracostal cells irregularly to regularly quadrate or short- to long-rectangular proximally; alar cells usually
12 KB (818 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
irregular, scablike, occasionally simple to 2-fid or massively multifid, cell walls evenly thickened to weakly trigonous, flat to bulging superficially
6 KB (554 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
costa ending 1–2 cells before apex to percurrent or short-excurrent as a flat to conical apiculus, occasionally ending in a pellucid cell, often scalloped
6 KB (550 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
massive papilla per laminal cell; branch leaves with a smooth, lanceolate apical cell; paraphyllia with smooth, lanceolate apical cells; and lanceolate, papillose
4 KB (338 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
taxis, order, and thele, nipple, alluding to single row of papillae over cell lumina Treatment appears in FNA Volume 28. Treatment on page 582. Mentioned
3 KB (233 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
linear; microhairs of blades each with an elongated basal cell and an inflated terminal cell. Inflorescences terminal, open, rather narrow panicles; disarticulation
2 KB (210 words) - 18:59, 11 May 2021
central strand present; axillary hairs to 16 cells long, basal cell occasionally brown, other axillary hair cells hyaline. Leaves crowded in the stem apex
4 KB (493 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
revolute margins, cell walls thin to thickened and porose, superficial abaxial cell walls thick, weakly convex superficially on both sides, cells of leaf apex
4 KB (428 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
network of hyaline, dead cells and green chlorophyllose cells; pores and reinforcing fibrils frequent in branch leaf hyaline cells and uncommon in stem leaf
2 KB (241 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
transversely triangular, from margins at most 50% distance to costa; medial laminal cell walls thin to strongly incrassate, porose or not. Sexual condition dioicous
6 KB (466 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
layers, central strand very strong; axillary hairs of ca. 7 cells, all hyaline or proximal cell firm-walled. Leaves incurved, tubulose when dry, spreading
6 KB (589 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
large, transversely triangular, from margins ± to costa; medial laminal cell walls incrassate or thin, porose or not. Sexual condition dioicous; inner
5 KB (432 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
yellow-orange; staminal column included; ovary (5–)8–18-carpellate; ovules 1 per cell; style 5–18-branched (equal in number to locules); stigmas capitate. Fruits
6 KB (382 words) - 23:21, 5 November 2020
strongly rugose, indehiscent, upper cell smoother, dehiscent. Seeds 1 per cell, rounded, with proximal notch, sparsely, minutely hairy. x = 9. Introduced; Mexico
3 KB (219 words) - 23:21, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 4–9 per cell. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Aug. Habitat: Sparsely
3 KB (315 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls wavy, papillae 6–14 per cell. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering Jul–Aug. Habitat: Roadsides
3 KB (302 words) - 20:17, 5 November 2020
sclerodermis very thick, cortical cell walls firm; axillary hairs basal cells 1–3, subrectangular, reddish brown, distal cells 3–5, oblong, hyaline. Leaves
4 KB (392 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 3–5 per cell. 2n = 20, 22. Phenology: Flowering Feb–Oct. Habitat: Bases
3 KB (331 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
1–3 longitudinal rows of decurrent cells, terminating at base in 1 cell; basal laminal cell walls pitted; medial cells 96–175 × 7–11 µm. Perigonia and perichaetia
4 KB (404 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
key, as well as in the species descriptions, the ratios between the laminal cell and leaf sizes should be based on measurements in 8–10 adjacent stem leaves
8 KB (649 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
coats with small irregular wavy ridges or ripples, cells elongate (more than 3 times longer than wide), cell margins straight. w United States. Species 4 (4
4 KB (269 words) - 22:52, 5 November 2020
1.2–3.8 × 0.4–0.8 mm, apex with style situated at center; testa dull, 3 cell layers thick, pitted; aeroleareoles regularly arranged in 20–60 longitudinal
4 KB (386 words) - 19:33, 6 November 2020
glandular trichomes 0.15 mm, 150–200 m m apart, not present on every epidermal cell of seed coat. Phenology: Flowering summer. Habitat: Margins of lakes and
4 KB (356 words) - 21:29, 5 November 2020
section irregularly pentagonal, cortical cells in 2–4 layers, medulla cell walls thick or thin, central strand cells small; rhizoids between leaves near base
4 KB (374 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
single pores; external pores often present on the abaxial surfaces of the cell walls of leucocysts in the apical and basal regions of leaves. Specialized
4 KB (312 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
strand well developed; axillary hairs short, with hyaline or light brown basal cell. Stem leaves appressed when dry, erect when wet, oblong-ovate to spathulate
4 KB (377 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
walls incrassate, region indistinctly delimited, triangular; medial laminal cell walls incrassate or strongly incrassate, porose. Sexual condition dioicous;
4 KB (394 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
each side of main costa base, length less than 6 cells; laminal cell walls not or poorly pitted; medial cells 15–22 × 3–6 µm. Branch leaves julaceous and apically
5 KB (474 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
each side of main costa base, length more than 6 cells; laminal cell walls pitted throughout; medial cells 24–36 × 5–6 µm. Branch leaves similar. Perichaetial
5 KB (464 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
R. scita the apical cell of the branch leaves is truncate and multipapillose, unlike the smooth, pointed apical cell in R. praelonga. None. None. window
4 KB (314 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
reniform, with 2 or occasionally with 3–6 adaxial cells near base, usually not markedly larger than abaxial cells, often excurrent as a long awn, awn smooth to
6 KB (473 words) - 20:31, 5 October 2022
sometimes heteromorphic with smaller cell-pairs scattered throughout leaf; distal cells sometimes smaller; marginal cells elongate. Seta (0.8–)1–2(–2.5) cm
4 KB (353 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
lumen, occasionally single and multiplex and covering the lumens, superficial cell walls equally thickened and convex on both sides. Specialized asexual reproduction
9 KB (870 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
more numerous on concave surface (5–8 per cell) than on convex surface (3–5 per cell); chlorophyllous cells in transverse section narrowly truncate-elliptic
3 KB (285 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
filaments of 4–10 cells, cells cylindric to subspheric, [thick-walled], terminal cell rectangular, subspheric or conic with 2–5 solid papillae; cells of leaf base
3 KB (239 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
1864. William D. Reese† Etymology: Latin papula, nipple, alluding to leaf cell papillae Basionym: Neckera subsect. Papillaria Müller Hal. Syn. Musc. Frond
3 KB (236 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
and tiny (2 µm) at the apex, concave surface with a few large, round pores/cell in lower side regions. Sexual condition unknown. Habitat: Forming dense hummocks
2 KB (228 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
rarely rounded, apiculus absent or of one cell; margins often 2-stratose in patches; costa usually ending (1–)3–4 cells before apex. Specialized asexual reproduction
3 KB (273 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
turned to one side; axillary hair basal cells 1 (or 2), short, brown, intercalary cells 4–8, oblate, brown, distal cell 1, elongate, hyaline. Secondary stem
3 KB (273 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
5) mm. Capsules cylindric, 22–43 × 8–11.1 mm. Seed coat: papillae 4–11 per cell. Phenology: Flowering May–Oct. Habitat: Dry streambed bottoms and banks,
3 KB (215 words) - 20:18, 5 November 2020
to 30–70% leaf length, slender, terminal spine absent; alar cell walls thick; laminal cells linear-flexuose, 10:1. Branch leaves similar. Sexual condition
3 KB (269 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
dioicous. Seta 2–4 cm. Capsule inclined to suberect, cylindric; exothecial cell walls not collenchymatous; operculum conic. se United States, Mexico, Central
2 KB (191 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
conic, long-rostrate. Calyptra partly covering capsule, rough with projecting cell ends, naked]. se United States, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, n South
2 KB (176 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
seta; exothecial cells thin-walled, irregular in shape except for narrowly rectangular suboral cells; stomata with single guard cell, restricted to neck
2 KB (223 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
by quadrate papillose cells distally; basal laminal cells subquadrate to rectangular; distal cells 7–11 µm, papillae 2–4 per cell, walls somewhat thick
3 KB (271 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
as sharpness, size, and cell composition of marginal teeth, presence and length of leaf decurrencies, and degree of laminal cell pitting, can vary within
9 KB (648 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
margins ciliate-dentate, teeth often of more than 1 cell; apex acute to long-acuminate; medial laminal cells 30–45 × 9–12 µm. Phenology: Capsules mature late
2 KB (136 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
Leaves with margins recurved proximally, plane distally; distal medial laminal cell walls straight or weakly sinuate. Sexual condition autoicous. Phenology:
2 KB (169 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
Seta 7–17 mm, erect, geniculate, cells smooth and spiraled below the bend, cells straight and papillose by projecting cell ends above the bend, twisted when
2 KB (152 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
apical third by projecting cell ends; 7.5–10 µm, adaxial epidermal layer absent, adaxial stereid band poorly developed, guide cells present in 1 row, abaxial
13 KB (1,330 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
thick-walled cells; apex rounded-obtuse to acute; costa ending a few cells before apex to short-excurrent, adaxial outgrowths absent, adaxial cells quadrate
8 KB (680 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
simple, solid or hollow and present abaxially and medially, 2–3 per lumen, cell walls thin to weakly thickened and weakly trigonous, flat or somewhat bulging
6 KB (586 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
slightly subsecund; hyaline cells of convex surface with numerous ringed pores along the commissures (12–22 per cell), 0–3 pores per cell on the concave surface
4 KB (413 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
pseudopapillose; basal laminal cells elongate, 35–65 × 7–9 µm, sinuose-nodulose, moderately thick-walled; alar cells usually differentiated in 3–5 cell rows, thick-walled
6 KB (677 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
a sharp cell; costa ending ca. 4[–8] cells below apex [percurrent], adaxial outgrowths absent, adaxial cells elongate in 2–8 rows, abaxial cells elongate;
7 KB (835 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
concave surface aporose or infrequently with 1–2 pores per cell in the distal portion of the cell, more numerous along leaf margins. Sexual condition unknown
3 KB (380 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
on margins; hyaline cells with to 4 small round ringed pores at cell ends on convex surface, small round wall thinnings in the cell ends and angles on the
4 KB (373 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
superficial cortical cells usually aporose, but some have a single round to elliptical pore in the distal portion of the cell free from the cell wall. Stem leaves
4 KB (362 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
margins 1-stratose; costa percurrent in distal leaves, ending in a clear, sharp cell. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule
3 KB (260 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
on petiole; margin fringed with minute, paired, roundish scales. Blades 2 cell layers thick between veins. Venation flabellate with many unconnected false
3 KB (291 words) - 21:21, 5 November 2020
leaf with a triangle of clear cells apically and abaxial cell walls more thickened than the adaxial, and bulliform cells on the adaxial surface of the
3 KB (290 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
apical laminal cell has a single papilla at the tip. The paraphyllia are filamentous; the proximal laminal cells are papillose and the distal cells usually smooth;
4 KB (367 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls wavy, papillae 4–8 per cell. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Nov. Habitat: Disturbed
4 KB (443 words) - 21:46, 9 December 2022
small pores (8–60 per cell) on the convex surface in 1–3 irregular rows, nearly aporose on the concave surface; chlorophyllous cells rectangular in transverse
4 KB (310 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
numerous pseudopores, concave surface with large pores in cell angles; chlorophyllous cells elliptic to ovate-triangular in transverse section, completely
4 KB (304 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
long-acuminate, usually toothed leaves tipped with linear cells, rhomboidal laminal cells, and relatively short costa. However, because of the wide degree
3 KB (184 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
3–4-stratose and strongly convex abaxially in the proximal portion; alar cells undifferentiated; basal marginal border absent. Inner perichaetial leaves
6 KB (298 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
has the same branch leaf chlorophyll cell cross section, typically has smooth hyaline cell walls and hyaline cell pores that are larger and more elliptical
5 KB (590 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
without anthers. Seeds 2.9–3.2 mm; seed coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 4–6 per cell. Phenology: Flowering Aug–Nov. Habitat: Roadsides, sand
2 KB (196 words) - 20:14, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 6–10 per cell. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Sep. Habitat: Barren gypsum-clay
3 KB (260 words) - 20:19, 5 November 2020
without anthers. Seeds 3.3–4 mm; seed coat anticlinal cell walls sinuous, papillae 67–106 per cell. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering Feb–Oct. Habitat: Stable
2 KB (195 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
stamens with anthers. Seeds 3–3.4 mm; seed coat anticlinal cell walls sinuous, papillae 10–21 per cell. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering Mar–Oct. Habitat: Sandy
2 KB (197 words) - 20:18, 5 November 2020
longer than wide, glabrous or puberulent. Seeds unwinged; seed coats ± pitted, cell surfaces roughened. Generated Map Legacy Map Calif. Subspecies 3 (3 in the
4 KB (302 words) - 22:51, 5 November 2020
marginal cells; apices gradually narrowed to a filiform acuminate tip about 425 µm; costa ending 5–8 cells before the acumen; basal laminal cells rectangular
3 KB (328 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
prominent, distal abaxial surface rough; basal laminal cell walls thin; medial and distal cells 4–15 × 4–8 µm, prorulae high. Sexual condition autoicous
4 KB (349 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
on proximal end, ± wing-margined; seed coats without wavy ridges, cells elongate, cell margins straight. North America, possibly others in Asia. Species
3 KB (229 words) - 22:49, 5 November 2020
apiculate; basal laminal cells rectangular, walls thin, not nodose; distal cells 9–14 µm, 1-stratose, papillae 2 or rarely 3 per cell, conic, low. Specialized
4 KB (332 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
costa excurrent, obscure in distal limb; basal laminal cell walls thin; medial and distal cells 25–45 × 5–7 µm, prorulae relatively low. Sexual condition
4 KB (420 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
times longer than wide, glabrous to puberulent. Seeds: seed coat cells ± brick-shaped, cell margins undulate, surfaces roughened. Generated Map Legacy Map
3 KB (292 words) - 17:59, 6 November 2020
yellow; staminal column included; ovary 5–8[–10]-carpellate; ovules (2 or)3 per cell; styles 5–8[–10]-branched; stigmas capitate. Fruits schizocarps, erect to
3 KB (272 words) - 23:22, 5 November 2020
glabrous to puberulent. Seeds wing-margined; seed coat cells ± aggregate in small wavy ridges, cell surfaces ± roughened, without swollen, blunt hairs. Generated
4 KB (379 words) - 22:45, 5 November 2020
mm, 2.5-3.2 times longer than wide, puberulent. Seeds: seed coat cells brick-shaped, cell margins undulate, surfaces roughened. Generated Map Legacy Map
5 KB (470 words) - 22:47, 5 November 2020
short-pyriform, or urceolate, 1–3 mm, neck short; exothecial cells near mouth in 2 or 3 rows, medial cell walls strongly collenchymatous; stomata superficial;
4 KB (397 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
costa, or almost quadrate with supra-alar cells often in ovate group along basal margin; medial laminal cell walls incrassate or thin, porose or not. Sexual
4 KB (391 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
non-ornamented, inflated, thin-walled hyaline cells, some solitary or in groups of uniporose retort cells, with more or less conspicuous necks. Branch leaves
14 KB (476 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
entire; hyaline cells on convex surface with 1(2–3) pore per cell at apical end of cell, on concave surface with round wall thinnings in cell ends and angles;
5 KB (562 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
greater than hyaline cells on convex surface with 1–2 pores per cell at cell apex, on concave surface with round wall thinnings in the cell ends and angles;
5 KB (496 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
but it is difficult to measure a group of cells and divide to obtain an average cell width since the cells are not aligned transversely. The peristome
12 KB (1,107 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
running parallel to long leaf axis on hyaline cell surface overlying chlorophyllous cells; chlorophyllous cells elliptical and just enclosed on both surfaces
4 KB (375 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
smooth and shiny or granular and dull from protruding surfaces of testa cells; testa cell surfaces sometimes hemispheric to hexagonally faceted. Generated Map
5 KB (434 words) - 18:01, 6 November 2020
thin-walled; distal laminal cells subquadrate, walls sometimes irregularly thickened, papillae low, indistinct, simple or 2-fid, several per cell. Specialized asexual
5 KB (531 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
margins entire, apex involute and smooth; hyaline cells fibrillose; with large, round pores at cell ends and along commissures, sometimes with faint papillae
4 KB (288 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
1.2–1.4 × 1 mm, glossy, impressed-reticulate; testa cells flat or slightly convex, anticlinal cell walls not protruding. x = 11. sw United States, Mexico
5 KB (493 words) - 22:58, 5 November 2020
mm, smooth or finely longitudinally ridged, the outer anticlinal epidermal cell walls often forming a fine whitish reticulum. Tubercles often merging with
7 KB (699 words) - 21:38, 5 November 2020
in M. laciniata), and number of seed coat cell papillae (29–31 per cell in M. lagarosa versus 5–14 per cell in M. laciniata); in addition, M. lagarosa
4 KB (493 words) - 20:12, 5 November 2020
having a single guard cell with a central opening or two guard cells. Careful study of guard cells reveals that most are single-celled, 2-nucleate with a
4 KB (371 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
ca. 1 mm diam.; scales round to ovate-lanceolate, centrally clathrate with cell luminae clear, pubescent, hairs reddish brown. Leaves to 20 cm, weakly hygroscopic
3 KB (273 words) - 21:23, 5 November 2020
branch leaves), distal cell often with granular contents. Leaves 1–1.7(–2) mm; alar cells extending up margins 30–40 cells; laminal cells 6–8:1. Specialized
3 KB (286 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
leafy stem; axillary hair basal cell short, apical cells elongate. Stem and branch leaves 1–2 × 0.4–0.8 mm; alar cells quadrate to short-rectangular, sometimes
3 KB (229 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
margins serrulate, especially distally, proximal laminal cells smooth, walls thin, distal cell walls thick. Seta 0.6–1.2 cm. Capsule 0.7–1.8 mm; operculum
3 KB (270 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
0.5 cm. Capsule erect, ovoid to cylindric; exothecial cell walls not collenchymatous; operculum long-rostrate. North America, Mexico, Central America, South
2 KB (198 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
costa double; alar cells elongate, inflated, pigmented, walls thin, region of 1–4 cells, middle lamella not apparent, supra-alar cells differentiated, few
2 KB (186 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
serrulate; laminal cells long-rhomboidal to linear, narrow, elongate, smooth or sometimes prorulose by projecting distal cell ends; marginal cells not forming
3 KB (274 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
foliate; epidermal cells small, walls thick, in 2 or 3 rows, surrounding larger, thinner walled cells; axillary hair basal cell 1, distal cells 3. Leaves soft
3 KB (225 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
green or yellowish. Stems regularly radially branched; axillary hair apical cell elongate-rectangular to short-linear. Stem leaves broadly ovate-cordate;
4 KB (331 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
densely pubescent with brownish, translucent, conic hairs, often with terminal cell whitish and flattened or brownish and spheroidal, and with appressed, white
3 KB (247 words) - 22:59, 5 November 2020
tall, each composed of one interior and one exterior layer of intact, empty, cell-like plates; prostome present. Calyptra 1.5–1.9 mm. Spores finely papillose
3 KB (278 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
brownish, or yellowish. Stems regularly radially pinnate; axillary hair apical cell elongate-rectangular to short-linear. Stem leaves rounded ovate, broadly
3 KB (247 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
1-stratose, median cell walls firm; sparsely radiculose. Leaves with costa slender; basal laminal cells oblong or rhomboidal; medial cells oblong-hexagonal
4 KB (339 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
glabrous; anthers yellow. Schizocarps 10–12 mm diam.; mericarps with proximal cell partially covered by endoglossum 1 mm. Seeds 2.5 mm. 2n = 32. Phenology:
3 KB (222 words) - 23:21, 5 November 2020
incrassate, region distinctly delimited, ovate or broadly ovate; medial laminal cell walls incrassate or thin, porose or not. Sexual condition dioicous; inner
3 KB (271 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
before apex, abaxial surface usually toothed; laminal cells smooth or minutely prorulose by projecting cell ends, walls not pitted or pits not evident. Seta
2 KB (238 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
sometimes brownish. Stems irregularly radially branched; axillary hair apical cell elongate-rectangular to short-linear. Stem leaves ovate-cordate, triangular-ovate
3 KB (335 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
cross section of thin-walled cells, in distal part of segment with single large central cell and 7–10 smaller outer cells, these 30–45 × 20–25 µm, irregularly
3 KB (242 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
1–1.6 mm; apex acute to short-acuminate; apical laminal cells papillose abaxially; terminal cell isodiametric, concolorous. Perigonia common. Perichaetia
4 KB (378 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
thin-walled, inflated alar cells forming a transversely triangular or ± isodiametric group, sometimes prorate distal cell ends on the abaxial lamina,
6 KB (447 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
tapering, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls wavy, papillae 7–17 per cell. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Aug. Habitat: Moist canyon
3 KB (327 words) - 20:14, 5 November 2020
diminutively longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls sinuous, papillae 42–48 per cell. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering Jul–Aug. Habitat: Roadcuts
3 KB (295 words) - 20:14, 5 November 2020
longitudinally ridged. Seeds 2.3–4 mm; coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 4–10 per cell. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Aug(–Oct). Habitat:
4 KB (319 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
tapering, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls sinuous, papillae 5–14 per cell. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Sep. Habitat: Dry hillsides
3 KB (322 words) - 20:12, 5 November 2020
region often with pseudopores along the cell margins; on concave surface with large round wall-thinnings in the cell ends and angles (these sometimes faint
3 KB (278 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae usually 6–9 per cell. Phenology: Flowering May–Nov. Habitat: Loose, rocky
3 KB (311 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight to slightly wavy, papillae 4–10 per cell. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering May–Aug. Habitat:
3 KB (329 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
tapering, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls sinuous, papillae 51–59 per cell. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Aug. Habitat: Sparsely
3 KB (303 words) - 20:14, 5 November 2020
tapering, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls sinuous, papillae 26–51 per cell. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Aug. Habitat: Dry sandy
4 KB (457 words) - 20:14, 5 November 2020
tapering, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 5–8 per cell. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Aug. Habitat: Sparsely
3 KB (317 words) - 20:12, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 11–13 per cell. 2n = 36. Phenology: Flowering Apr–Sep. Habitat: Barren
4 KB (385 words) - 20:15, 5 November 2020
hyaline cells with numerous ringed pores (10–20) along the commissures on the convex surface, a few pseudopores and ringed pores (less than 8 per cell) occur
4 KB (419 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
small round pore per cell at apex and numerous pseudopores on the margin, concave surface with large round wall thinnings in the cell angles and ends; chlorophyllous
4 KB (344 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
hyaline cells on convex surface with 0–1 pores per cell, concave surface with round wall thinnings in the cell apices and angles; chlorophyllous cells narrowly
3 KB (336 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
Branch stems with hyaline cells non-ornamented, no or weak funnel-like projections on the end walls of cortical cells, cortical cell walls usually with large
3 KB (311 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 3–7 per cell. Phenology: Flowering Jul–Aug(–Oct). Habitat: Sparsely
3 KB (310 words) - 20:14, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 3–6 per cell. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Aug. Habitat: Sparsely
3 KB (313 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight to slightly wavy, papillae 8–14 per cell. Phenology: Flowering Mar–Jun(–Sep). Habitat:
3 KB (330 words) - 20:14, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 11–15 per cell. Phenology: Flowering Jul–Aug. Habitat: Steep slopes
3 KB (288 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
margins entire; hyaline cells on convex surface with 1 pore per cell in apical end, on concave surface with round wall thinnings in the cell ends and angles;
4 KB (384 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
margins entire; hyaline cells long and narrow, length to width ca. 10:1 on convex surface with 1 or more small pores in the cell ends and angles and often
3 KB (358 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls sinuous, papillae 8–12 per cell. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Sep. Habitat: Slopes
3 KB (285 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 6–16 per cell. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering May–Jun. Habitat: Sparsely
3 KB (288 words) - 20:14, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 4–5 per cell. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Sep. Habitat: Barren gray soils
3 KB (338 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
tapering, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls sinuous, papillae 29–35 per cell. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering Jul–Sep. Habitat: Steep
3 KB (304 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
with 1–5 pores in cell ends and free near apex, on concave surface with round wall thinnings in cell ends and angles; chlorophyllous cells triangular in transverse
4 KB (374 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
(approximately 1/4 the diameter of the cell), concave surface with 0–4 unringed pores per cell; chlorophyllous cells elliptic to truncate-elliptic in transverse
3 KB (263 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
abaxial surface; laminal cells in hyaline area with papillae low, simple at base, in longitudinal lines on cell lumina; apical cell long-linear, sharply pointed
4 KB (448 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
terminal cell; costa percurrent, sometimes excurrent or subpercurrent, distal abaxial surface lightly toothed or sometimes smooth; medial laminal cell shape
4 KB (364 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
distally, 13–22 µm wide, 2–3:1, 1-stratose; papillae absent, cell walls usually thin medially and thick-walled near apex, especially on the abaxial superficial
5 KB (548 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
absent; proximal cells differentiated across leaf, rectangular, 18–30 µm wide, (2–)4–6:1, walls of proximal cells thin; distal medial cells relatively large
5 KB (556 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
crowded, hollow, occasionally platelike or 2-fid or multiplex, usually crowded, cell walls evenly thickened, weakly convex to bulging on both sides. Specialized
7 KB (667 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
longer than wide; paraphyses terminating in isodiametric, irregularly lobed cell. Acrostichum aureum 1 Fertile leaves with most pinnae fertile; pinnae distant
4 KB (293 words) - 21:24, 5 November 2020
basally; alar cells not differentiated; laminal cells quadrate to rhomboidal, strongly papillose or smooth, walls thickened; basal and juxtacostal cells elongate
3 KB (226 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
double and short or ecostate; alar cells differentiated, quadrate or quadrate-rectangular; laminal cells smooth; distal cells ca. 4–6:1. Specialized asexual
4 KB (389 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
sometimes obscure in distal limb; basal laminal cells elongate to rectangular or linear; distal cells subquadrate to oblong-linear, prorulose on both surfaces
5 KB (436 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
margins, distal laminal cell strongly bulging, papillae centered over lumens, mucro strongly denticulate. Capsule exothecial cells rectangular, 4–5:1, mostly
2 KB (176 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
linear-lanceolate, apex narrow and tubular, hyaline cells with 8–12 moderate-sized (more than 0.25 cell diameter) in mostly one row. Habitat: Floating or
2 KB (159 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
leaves; paraphyses stalked, ending with single isodiametric, irregularly lobed cell. Spores (37–)57(–72) µm diam., surface minutely tuberculate. 2n = 60. Phenology:
2 KB (160 words) - 21:23, 5 November 2020
ovate-ligulate, apex broad, rounded, and truncate, hyaline cells with 20–40 small (less than 0.25 cell diameter) in mostly 2 rows. Habitat: Floating or stranded
2 KB (192 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, obovoid, finely cellular-reticulate, cells smooth or minutely roughened, with 1–8 papillae, without caruncle except
42 KB (1,814 words) - 22:14, 5 November 2020
usually rounded or broadly acute, margins recurved basally, distal laminal cells if 2-stratose stacked directly over one another, walls smooth or papillose
2 KB (162 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
without pseudopetioles; mesophyll cells radiate or non-radiate; adaxial palisade layer absent; fusoid cells absent; arm cells absent; kranz anatomy absent or
5 KB (558 words) - 18:59, 11 May 2021
strongly porose-sinuate; distal cells chlorophyllose, similar to and concolorous with medial cells, less papillose; apical cells occasionally hyaline, or chlorophyllose
5 KB (575 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
more pores per cell, comb-fibrils visible on interior wall. Stem leaves to 1.3–1.9 × 0.6–1.2 mm; rarely hemiisophyllous; hyaline cells non-ornamented,
5 KB (471 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
subsecund or subsquarrose; hyaline cells with 10–22 pores along the commissures on the convex surface, no or fewer pores per cell (1–8) on the concave surface
5 KB (575 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
yellow-brown; superficial cortical cells with a single large round pore in distal portion of cell usually free from cell wall. Stem leaves lingulate, broadly
5 KB (552 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
spheric to obovoid, 2–3 mm; testa cell surfaces slightly convex, with weak network pattern of slightly protruding anticlinal cell walls. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering
4 KB (403 words) - 22:58, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls wavy, papillae 8–13 per cell. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering May–Nov. Habitat: Sandy and
4 KB (356 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
ending in a small toothed cell; sheath cells linear at margin, the median short-rectangular, 23–28 × 6–9 µm; abaxial laminal cells irregularly arranged, subquadrate
4 KB (427 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
longitudinal walls; alar cells hyaline, forming small to medium-sized, rounded and somewhat inflated group of 2–4 cell rows; supra-alar cells not sinuose, thick-walled
5 KB (568 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
margin entire; hyaline cells on convex surface with 1 pore per cell in apical end, on concave surface with round wall thinnings in the cell ends and angles;
5 KB (501 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls wavy, papillae 5–13 per cell. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering May–Sep. Habitat: Roadsides
4 KB (357 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
usually 1 round pore per cell at apical end, on concave side with round wall thinnings in the cell ends and angles; chlorophyllous cells triangular and just
5 KB (449 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
purplish red, superficial cortical cells with spiral reinforcing fibrils clearly visible, usually 1 or 2 pores per cell, comb-fibrils lacking on interior
4 KB (439 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
slightly longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 4–17 per cell. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering May–Nov. Habitat: Dry grasslands
4 KB (401 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
3.5-4 times longer than wide, pubescent. Seeds wing-margined; seed coat cell surfaces smooth. Generated Map Legacy Map Oreg., Wash. Subspecies 2 (2 in
3 KB (305 words) - 22:46, 5 November 2020
3.5-4 times longer than wide, puberulent. Seeds wing-margined; seed coat cell surfaces smooth, without swollen blunt hair. Generated Map Legacy Map B.C
4 KB (346 words) - 17:59, 6 November 2020
diam.; scales subulate to lanceolate-acuminate, centrally clathrate with cell luminae large and clear, surfaces glabrous, margins lacerate-ciliate. Leaves
3 KB (311 words) - 21:24, 5 November 2020
green. Stems yellow; cross section pentagonal, cortical cells in 2–5 irregular layers, medulla cell walls thick to thin, central strand present; rhizoids
4 KB (398 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
remnant persistent. Seeds black, 1.3–1.5 mm, pitted; testa hard, anticlinal cell walls straight (not undulate); interstices conspicuously narrower than pit
3 KB (325 words) - 18:01, 6 November 2020
brownish at base. Stems with axillary hairs 100–200 µm, basal cell 1, quadrate, distal cells 2 or 3, long-cylindric. Leaves weakly 3-ranked, erect-ascending
5 KB (451 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
tessellate under 10× magnification; recurved flap over hilum absent; seed coat cell outer periclinal wall domed, domes on seed edges less than 1/2 as tall as
4 KB (363 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
often encrusted with soil. Stems to 1 cm but mostly much shorter, distal cell of axillary hairs swollen, somewhat asymmetric, colorless, often encrusted
4 KB (398 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
apices; outer cortical cells in 3 or 4 layers, inner cortical cells large, walls thin; pseudoparaphyllia foliose; axillary hair basal cell 1, short, brown. Stem
5 KB (519 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
indistinct ring of cells distal to the equator, orange-brown to black, ± globose with a barely discernable apiculus or with a dome-shaped apical cell; exothecial
4 KB (433 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
erect-spreading, crisped when dry, lance-acuminate, keeled, ending in a sharp, hyaline cell or short point; margins 2-stratose and narrowly revolute nearly to the apex
3 KB (321 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
completely differentiated; cell walls between lamina cells not bulging; leaf cells smooth or abaxially prorate or toothed above; alar cells 2-stratose or multistratose
4 KB (428 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
undifferentiated, central strand absent; axillary hairs usually 5 cells in length, proximal cell yellowish. Leaves tubulose and contorted when dry, spreading
5 KB (592 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
veins; staminal column included; ovary [9–]12–22[–40]-carpellate; ovules 1 per cell; style [9–]12–22[–40]-branched (same number as locules); stigmas introrsely
5 KB (452 words) - 23:21, 5 November 2020
serrulate in profile, the marginal cells in section rounded to narrowly elliptic and somewhat taller than the cells beneath, the cell walls not or moderately thickened;
5 KB (442 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
abaxial epidermal layer differentiated; cell walls between lamina cells slightly bulging; leaf cells smooth to slightly papillose below on abaxial surface
5 KB (455 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
medial cells hexagonal to shortly rectangular, 13–20 µm wide, 1–2:1, 1-stratose; papillae small, simple to 2-fid, 8–12 per lumen, scattered, cell walls
4 KB (519 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
of 1–3 layers of stereid cells, central strand present [absent]; axillary hairs to 9 cells in length, the proximal 1–2 cells thick-walled. Leaves appressed-
4 KB (491 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
mature], sclerodermis of thick-walled cells present, central strand absent; axillary hairs of 6–16 cells, cells often bulging, all clear or proximal 1–2
6 KB (609 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
double, short or to 2/3 leaf length; alar cells not differentiated, or shorter, wider than basal cells; laminal cells smooth or coarsely prorate. Branch leaves
6 KB (432 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
alar cells quadrate to transversely elongate, region extending nearly to costa and an equal distance distally; laminal cells smooth; medial cells uniformly
4 KB (342 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
elliptical, apex blunt to acute, margins recurved basally; distal laminal cells if 2-stratose stacked directly over one another, walls smooth or papillose
2 KB (223 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
papillae usually 2-fid, appearing to be 1–3 per cell. Branch leaves apical cell truncate, multipapillose. Primary branch leaves 0.5–0.6 mm; costa 8/10–9/10 leaf
3 KB (333 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
adaxial cells near base, much larger than abaxial cells, often excurrent as an awn, awn smooth, or toothed or papillose or both; laminal cells smooth,
6 KB (531 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
gradually broadly acuminate; costa 4/5 leaf length, covered with cells apically; laminal cells quadrate to isodiametric, multipapillose on both surfaces. Sexual
4 KB (354 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
occasionally reduced, guide cells usually present; proximal laminal cells usually rectangular, walls thin; distal medial cells elongate-hexagonal, rhombic
7 KB (687 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
spine sometimes present; alar cells undifferentiated or little differentiated, quadrate, short-rectangular, or irregular, or cells enlarged, not or slightly
11 KB (609 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
sinuate distally; alar cells shorter than laminal cells, isodiametric to transversely elongate, region usually distinct; laminal cells isodiametric to elongate-rhomboidal
9 KB (704 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
sometimes hoodlike, cuplike, or round. Sporangia with stalk of 2–3 rows of cells; annulus vertical, interrupted by stalk. Spores all of 1 kind, usually not
12 KB (567 words) - 21:24, 5 November 2020
distal laminal cells subquadrate, 7–11 µm; 1:1; papillae simple to 2-fid, low, small but crowded, scattered, 3–5 per lumen, cell walls thin to weakly and
8 KB (763 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
of guide cells and 2 stereid bands, adaxial band sometimes much reduced; lamina cells smooth (± roughened in subula in Distichium); basal cells elongate
7 KB (481 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
or revolute leaf margin (false indusium). Sporangia stalk of 2–3 rows of cells; annulus vertical, interrupted by stalk; spores 64 or 32 (rarely 16) per
12 KB (634 words) - 21:23, 5 November 2020
on abaxial surface; laminal cells in hyaline area with papillae large, spinose, intermixed with smaller papillae; apical cell long-linear, sharply pointed
4 KB (385 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
filaments 2–12 cells, cells cylindric, thin-walled, with 2–4 hollow papillae on apical cell, terminal cell cylindric or conic; cells of leaf base 7–58
3 KB (276 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
The leaves of Egeria densa, which are only two cell-layers thick, are much used to demonstrate plant-cell structure and cytoplasmic streaming in introductory
3 KB (251 words) - 21:31, 5 November 2020
narrowly spatulate, 10.6–19(–22.3) × 0.7–3.3 mm. Seed coat: papillae 7–12 per cell. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering Apr–Oct. Habitat: Sparsely vegetated areas
3 KB (233 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
translucent, conic hairs (with or without large flattened and whitish terminal cell), and with appressed, white, flattened, minute hairs. Stems erect, decumbent
3 KB (242 words) - 22:59, 5 November 2020
drying lavender; staminal column included; ovary 5-carpellate; ovules 1 per cell; style 10-branched, 2 per carpel; stigmas capitellate. Fruits schizocarps
3 KB (260 words) - 23:23, 5 November 2020
prominent, distal abaxial surface rough; basal laminal cell walls thin; medial and distal cells 12–20 × 4–6 µm, prorulae low. Sexual condition synoicous
3 KB (323 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
to slightly subsecund; hyaline cells on convex surface with mostly 1 pore per fibril interval, pores more than 1/3 cell diameter. Spores 33–40 µm; distal
3 KB (240 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
narrowly spatulate, 8.8–11(–23.3) × 1–1.4(–1.9) mm. Seed coat: papillae 6–9 per cell. Phenology: Flowering Jul–Sep. Habitat: Sparsely vegetated knolls, gypsum
2 KB (202 words) - 20:18, 5 November 2020
branched, 1–2.5 mm diam.; scales lanceolate-attenuate, centrally clathrate with cell luminae clear, glabrescent or with scattered reddish brown hairs. Leaves
4 KB (330 words) - 21:24, 5 November 2020
distal abaxial surface rough; basal laminal cell walls thick toward costa, thin toward margins; distal cells 8–25 × 4–8 µm, prorulae high. Sexual condition
3 KB (322 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
strongly subsecund; hyaline cells on convex surface often with 2 pores per fibril interval, pores usually less than 1/3 cell diameter. Spores 33–38 µm;
3 KB (257 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
to insertion; alar region small, of 2–4 × 4–6 cells; laminal cells (30–)40–55(–70) × 5–7 µm; basal cell walls incrassate, strongly porose. Seta 1.3–2.3
4 KB (363 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
of 1–4 cells, cells subspheric, with several papillae per cell, terminal cell subspheric; cells of leaf base 13–51 µm, medial and distal cells 11–20 µm
3 KB (253 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
; mericarps 9 or 10, 6–10 mm, sparsely stellate-hairy, lower cell reticulate, upper cell with 2 abortive ovules (rarely developing), wings lanceolate.
3 KB (224 words) - 23:21, 5 November 2020
mm. Schizocarps 9–12 mm diam.; mericarps ca. 10, 6–9 mm, lower cell reticulate, upper cell 2-seeded, wings ovate. Seeds (2 or)3 per mericarp, brown to blackish
3 KB (208 words) - 23:21, 5 November 2020
subspheric, with several papillae per cell, terminal cell subspheric; cells of leaf base 24–66 µm, medial and distal cells 13–26 µm, with several papillae on
3 KB (261 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
papillae that cover almost the entire lumina of the cells, leaving only a narrow groove over the cell center. Additionally, the innermost perichaetial leaves
6 KB (686 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
with undifferentiated incrassate cells, or sometimes thin-walled larger cells above and below central incrassate cells; laminal areolation uniform to somewhat
3 KB (318 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
5–6-sided cell) Balduina 3 Receptacles smooth or ± pitted (sometimes with scattered subulate to setiform enations, cypselae not nested within cells; outer
8 KB (488 words) - 21:07, 5 November 2020
seed coat cells are similar in sections Bicuspidaria and Trachyphytum but differ among the other sections of North American species. Seed coat cell anticlinal
10 KB (926 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
disappearing near apex; distal laminal cells rhombic to oblong-rhombic, to 24 × 8–10 µm. Branch leaves apical cell truncate, multipapillose. Primary branch
4 KB (430 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
acuminate; costa ending near apex; distal laminal cells rounded to elliptic, 13–20 × 8–10 µm. Branch leaves apical cell acute, smooth. Primary branch leaves 0.8
3 KB (320 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
strongly papillose abaxially and serrate because of projecting cell ends, yellow-brown; basal cells abruptly differentiated, rectangular, 45–90 × 15–23 µm, quadrate
4 KB (395 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
minutely papillose abaxially (but not serrate because of projecting cell ends); basal cells abruptly differentiated, rectangular, 70–90(–100) × 22–40 µm, often
4 KB (384 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
conical cell; costa percurrent or more commonly short-excurrent, not strongly spurred, not much widened or tapering, lacking an adaxial pad of cells, adaxial
5 KB (542 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
erect-recurved in acumen, denticulate, teeth short, sharp, from projecting distal cell ends; apex abruptly short-acuminate, acumen broad, channeled; costa 2/3–4/5
5 KB (478 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
absent; pseudoparaphyllia short, broad; axillary hairs 2- or 3-celled, to 100 µm, basal cell 1, brown, not offset from leaf insertion; rhizoids on stem below
6 KB (532 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
fresh, 1–1.2 mm, deeply pitted; testa thin, relatively flexible; anticlinal cell walls sinuate, interstices narrower than pit diameters; pits cavernous or
4 KB (365 words) - 18:02, 6 November 2020
papillose proximally and smooth to minutely rounded-papillose distally; apical cell short-rhomboidal, obtuse to truncate, (40–)50–75(–80) µm, multipapillose-coronate
5 KB (586 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
short-attenuate, sharply angled; axillary hairs to 820 µm, 6–10 cells, basal cell quadrate, red, distal cells long-cylindric, hyaline. Leaves monomorphic, imbricate
6 KB (555 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
by projecting distal cell ends, these more dense at the leaf apex; proximal laminal cells abruptly differentiated from distal cells, pale yellow, transparent
5 KB (426 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
denticulate, guide cells usually present in 1 layer; alar cells not differentiated; laminal areolation heterogeneous; proximal laminal cells gradually short-
6 KB (577 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
wide at base; alar region not differentiated; basal laminal cell walls firm; distal cells 70–120 × 6–7 µm. Sporophytes unknown. Habitat: Springs Elevation:
2 KB (181 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
developed, guide cells present, in 1 (or 2) layers; alar cells not differentiated; laminal areolation heterogeneous; proximal laminal cells rectangular, longer
10 KB (628 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
absent; fusoid cells sometimes present; arm cells absent or present; Kranz anatomy not developed; midribs simple or complex; adaxial bulliform cells present;
5 KB (466 words) - 17:22, 11 May 2021
awn present, guide cells usually in 1 layer; alar cells not differentiated; laminal areolation heterogeneous; proximal laminal cells abruptly quadrate or
6 KB (478 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 8–12 per cell. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering Mar–Oct. Habitat: Arroyos
3 KB (324 words) - 20:12, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 6–17 per cell. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering Feb–Oct. Habitat: Sparsely
3 KB (320 words) - 20:17, 5 November 2020
tapering, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls sinuous, papillae 28–68 per cell. Phenology: Flowering Jul–Aug. Habitat: Dry hillsides
3 KB (320 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
papillose abaxially and serrulate near the apex because of projecting cell ends, red; basal cells abruptly differentiated, long-rectangular, 45–80 × 20–30 µm, short-rectangular
4 KB (349 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
rounded, longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls sinuous, papillae 23–54 per cell. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering Jul–Aug(–Sep). Habitat:
3 KB (293 words) - 20:14, 5 November 2020
longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight to slightly wavy, papillae 6–11 per cell. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Sep. Habitat:
3 KB (331 words) - 20:15, 5 November 2020
tapering, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 4–5 per cell. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering May–Aug. Habitat: Hillside
3 KB (346 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 15–24 per cell. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering Apr–Aug. Habitat: Dry
3 KB (303 words) - 20:14, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 9–13 per cell. Phenology: Flowering Jul–Aug. Habitat: Sparsely vegetated
3 KB (267 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
near the costa; distal cells quadrate to hexagonal, 10–15 µm, bulging, with about 4 papillae per cell, the outermost row of cells less papillose. Specialized
4 KB (416 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
and sometimes serrulate near the apex because of projecting cell ends, red-brown; basal cells abruptly differentiated, rectangular, 45–100 × 16–23 µm, quadrate
4 KB (377 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
the apex because of projecting cell ends; basal cells abruptly differentiated, narrower toward the margins; distal cells polygonal or quadrate, 8–12 µm
3 KB (344 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
sections non-Kranz, without arm or fusoid cells; epidermes of adaxial surfaces sometimes with unicellular microhairs, cells not papillate. Inflorescences usually
13 KB (1,008 words) - 17:22, 11 May 2021
occurring in 3s at adjacent cell angles; chlorophyllous cells elliptic in transverse section, entirely included by hyaline cells, slightly nearer to convex
4 KB (389 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
yellow or light brown; cross section pentagonal, cortical cells in 4–5 layers, medulla cell walls thick or thin, central strand well developed; rhizoids
4 KB (393 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
cup-shaped to cylindric, 19–28 × 6.3–9.6 mm. Seed coat: papillae 4–6 per cell. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Aug. Habitat: Roadsides, slopes, riverbanks, dry
3 KB (288 words) - 20:14, 5 November 2020
branched, 1–2 mm diam.; scales linear to subulate, centrally clathrate with cell luminae occluded, surfaces glabrous, margins denticulate to fringed-ciliate
5 KB (428 words) - 21:24, 5 November 2020
6–10 conspicuous teeth; border entire; hyaline cells on convex surface with elliptic pores (4–8 per cell) along the commissures, concave surface with large
4 KB (364 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
mostly efibrillose, and, if porose, with more pores per cell on the concave surface (3–6) than on the convex surface (0–2). Branches somewhat curved, leaves
3 KB (353 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
2–)2.5–3.7 × 0.2–1.2 mm, apex with style situated at center; testa glossy, 3 cell layers thick, smooth; aeroleareoles regularly arranged in ca. 50 longitudinal
4 KB (434 words) - 21:29, 5 November 2020
apex flat or some leaves somewhat keeled, often ending in a single pellucid cell, some apices occasionally flexed sideways with the sinuose costa; costa sinuose
4 KB (394 words) - 22:28, 5 November 2020
branches 1–2, basal, perigonial paraphyses clavate with an enlarged inflated cell. Seta erect to strongly curved or twisted, (3–)7–20(–80) mm. Capsule stegocarpous
3 KB (340 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
2.5–3 × 0.5–0.7 mm, apex with style situated at centeral; testa dull, 3 cell layers thick, pitted; aeroleareoles regularly arranged in ca. 20 longitudinal
3 KB (342 words) - 21:30, 5 November 2020
2–4.5 × 1.2–2.2 mm, apex with style situated at center; testa dull, 10–15 cell layers thick, pitted; areoles irregularly arranged, not in distinctive rows
4 KB (441 words) - 21:31, 5 November 2020
distally and rarely a cell inward; costa distinct, percurrent, occupying 1/6–1/3 width of the leaf base; lamina cells thick-walled, distal cells 8–24 × 8 µm, becoming
3 KB (319 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
rarely paired, small, blunt, sometimes reduced to small extensions of distal cell ends; apex rounded-acute, acute, or obtuse, apiculate or sometimes cuspidate
4 KB (381 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
length; alar cells differentiated or not, rectangular, enlarged, walls thin, region gradually delimited, not extending up leaf; medial laminal cells linear,
4 KB (365 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
Anderberg, A. A. and S. Kelso. 1996. Phylogenetic implications of endosperm cell wall morphology in Douglasia, Androsace, and Vitaliana (Primulaceae). Nordic
9 KB (958 words) - 23:44, 5 November 2020
Seeds dark brown to black (often appearing white because of air in seed coat cells), rectangular to pyramidal, often ± rough surfaced. x = 8. n temperate and
5 KB (569 words) - 22:49, 5 November 2020
usually long, or double and usually short; alar cells differentiated or not, often inflated; medial laminal cells linear or short-linear, 1-stratose, smooth
9 KB (605 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
surface and often serrate near the apex because of projecting cell ends, red-brown; basal cells abruptly differentiated, narrowly rectangular, 35–70(–90) ×
5 KB (535 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
incurved upwards when dry and moist; costal abaxial teeth of 1 cell; medial laminal cells irregularly shaped, slightly smaller near margins. Capsule with
3 KB (184 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
flaps ovate-lingulate, less than 0.5 mm, dentate, with a large acute apical cell, often mixed in with linear, mucronate flaps. Stem leaves obtuse. Phenology:
3 KB (148 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
dentate or sometimes entire, not ciliate, teeth of 1 cell; apex acute or acuminate; medial laminal cells 30–45 × 11–12 µm. Phenology: Capsules mature summer
3 KB (255 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
branches. Leaves with margins recurved from base to apex; distal medial laminal cell walls strongly sinuate. Sexual condition paroicous. Phenology: Capsules mature
2 KB (159 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
adaxial cells, 2(–3)-stratose distally, with 2–3(–4) enlarged adaxial cells; laminal cells 1-stratose throughout, smooth; basal laminal cells elongate
6 KB (645 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
wide distally, basal cells 2, brown, apical cell 40 µm, hyaline; pseudoparaphyllia as broad as long, margins serrate at base, cells short. Leaves imbricate
5 KB (627 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
well before apex, distal abaxial surface smooth or toothed; medial laminal cells usually elongate or ± isodiametric, sometimes oblong, (10–)17–50 µm, sometimes
7 KB (548 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
flagelliform-tapered, radiculose; sclerodermis cells in 2 or 3 rows, small, walls thick, cortical cells enlarged, central strand absent; paraphyllia absent;
8 KB (735 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
spine small or absent; alar cells subquadrate to short-rectangular, enlarged or not, walls thin or moderately thick; laminal cells slightly elongate (3–4:1)
8 KB (551 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
show adaxially bulging cells in leaf section, possibly because the inflexion crowds the cells. This differential bulging of cell superfices is probably
13 KB (1,221 words) - 20:12, 19 May 2021
or hairy (hairs multicelled and filled with aromatic terpenoids and/or 1-celled and hollow, dolabriform, T-shaped). Heads usually discoid, sometimes disciform
11 KB (1,203 words) - 20:57, 5 November 2020
scattered mucilaginous cells or canals. Additionally, members of the family share a strong tendency toward mineralization of the cell walls with calcium carbonate
6 KB (589 words) - 22:52, 5 November 2020
broadly acuminate; costa pellucid proximally; laminal cells 5–6 µm wide, papillae 4–6; apical cell pointed, smooth. Perichaetial leaves 2.5 mm. Seta 1–1
3 KB (268 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
plicate, 1.5–2.2 mm; apex acute to acuminate; apical laminal cells smooth abaxially; terminal cell isodiametric to elongate, concolorous to hyaline. Perigonia
3 KB (317 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
apex, 1-stratose; laminal cells essentially smooth, somewhat mammillose-papillose on the margins with a single mammilla per cell, more strongly mammillose-papillose
3 KB (293 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
quadrate, reaching from margin 33–66% distance to costa; ratio of medial laminal cell length (µm) to leaf length (mm) 37.6–45.6. Sexual condition dioicous. Habitat:
3 KB (295 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
of guide cells, two stereid bands extending to apex, adaxial epidermal layer of cells not differentiated, the abaxial layer differentiated; cell walls between
4 KB (458 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 5–18 per cell. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering Apr–Jun(–Jul). Habitat:
4 KB (393 words) - 20:18, 5 November 2020
rounded, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls sinuous, papillae 34–48 per cell. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering Jul–Sep. Habitat: Dry roadsides
5 KB (460 words) - 20:16, 5 November 2020
along underside; axillary hair basal cell 1, distal cell 1, relatively short. Stem leaves 0.8–1.2 mm; apex gradually and narrowly acuminate; costa unequal
4 KB (405 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
tapering, not longitudinally ridged. Seeds: coat anticlinal cell walls straight, papillae 5–7 per cell. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering Apr–Oct. Habitat: Grasslands
4 KB (359 words) - 20:18, 5 November 2020
differentiated; cell walls between lamina cells strongly bulging; leaf cells papillose above on abaxial surface, sometimes nearly smooth; alar cells 2-stratose
5 KB (576 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
c to sw North America. > 5 5 Stem scales usually dark brown, ± clathrate, cell walls dark brown, thick, luminae prominent; leaves usually with multicellular
9 KB (630 words) - 20:36, 6 November 2020
single, strong, usually ending before apex; laminal cells rhomboidal, large; basal cells oblong; distal cells oblong or oblong-hexagonal. Perichaetia with leaves
6 KB (524 words) - 22:33, 5 November 2020
below apex, straight to weakly flexuose; alar cells quadrate to short-rectangular; medial laminal cells oval, rounded, or rhombic, 1-papillose over lumen
4 KB (347 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
surface; paraphyses present or absent; sporangia with stalk of 2 or 3 rows of cells; indusia absent. Spores usually transparent or yellowish (rarely greenish)
5 KB (348 words) - 21:24, 5 November 2020
X-shaped petiolar strand, and the single row of cells in the sporangial stalk. The scales consist of cells with dark, thick, radial walls and clear, thin
5 KB (637 words) - 21:21, 5 November 2020
narrow leaves with prorulose cells. The prorulae are usually eccentric over the lumen. Infrequently, most of the laminal cells are smooth (a condition often
5 KB (400 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
strongly incrassate, not pitted; apical cells 1–2:1; juxtacostal cells somewhat shorter than more distal cells, walls not pitted. Capsule erect to suberect
4 KB (376 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
single, or ecostate; basal laminal cells linear to rectangular, smooth or prorulose, walls pitted or not; distal medial cells rhomboidal, fusiform to linear
6 KB (450 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
subpercurrent, or percurrent, distal abaxial surface smooth; medial laminal cells elongate, sometimes short-elongate or ± isodiametric, 35–180 µm, sometimes
7 KB (515 words) - 22:35, 5 November 2020
distally; alar cells not well differentiated, quadrate to short-rectangular; proximal laminal cells 1–2:1, walls not or obscurely pitted; medial cells isodiametric
6 KB (472 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
C. Martin et al. 1951). Phytolacca americana is well known to herbalists, cell biologists, and toxicologists. According to some accounts, its young leaves
8 KB (901 words) - 18:02, 6 November 2020
three short basal cells, and one elongate apical cell. The laminal cells are linear-flexuose, or rhomboidal near the apex, and the cell walls are not pitted
5 KB (436 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
apex acute, margins plane to weakly incurved or involute; distal laminal cells if 2-stratose stacked directly over one another, walls smooth or papillose
2 KB (153 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
with 1 row of guide cells and 2 (sub-)stereid bands, adaxial band much reduced; lamina cells smooth or abaxially papillose; basal cells broader, narrower
4 KB (362 words) - 22:27, 5 November 2020
occasionally present, guide cells usually in 1 layer; alar cells quadrate; laminal areolation heterogeneous; proximal laminal cells gradually or abruptly quadrate
5 KB (448 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
archegonia 1 to several, indicated by quartets of brownish neck cells. Microgametophytes 9-celled, endosporic, antheridium releasing 4 multitailed spermatozoids
3 KB (283 words) - 16:46, 15 June 2022
ecostate; alar cells rectangular, 40–100 × 9–29 µm, in 1–5 vertical rows, terminating in 1 cell at base, region triangular; medial laminal cells 96–168 × 4–10
5 KB (552 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
apex, concave surface with faint round wall thinnings in cell apices and angles; chlorophyllous cells triangular to trapezoidal in transverse section, broadly
4 KB (450 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
enlarged adaxial cells, 3–4-stratose in the middle with 3–4 large adaxial cells and 2–3-stratose distally with 2 adaxial cells; laminal cells 1-stratose with
4 KB (481 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
porose and nodulose longitudinal walls, epapillose in 2–3 cell rows at the insertion; alar cells mostly subquadrate to short-rectangular, pellucid in 3–5(–6)
4 KB (386 words) - 19:05, 12 February 2024
ecostate; alar cells rectangular, 28–70 × 12–22 µm, in 1–5 vertical rows, terminating in 1 cell at base, region triangular; medial laminal cells 60–161 × 7–17
5 KB (498 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
auriculate and oval, sometimes cells quadrate and rectangular, terminating in 1 cell at base, region triangular; medial laminal cells 70–180 × 12–21 µm. Specialized
5 KB (548 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
raised abaxially, margins often slightly revolute with moderately thickened cell walls, entire to spinulose-dentate (especially on juvenile growth), regularly
5 KB (492 words) - 22:46, 5 November 2020
brown to brown, superficial cortical cells with spiral reinforcing fibrils clearly visible, 2 pores or more per cell, comb-fibrils lacking on interior wall
4 KB (421 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
leaf cells are elongate (7–12:1) to the leaf tip with short- to long-rectangular cells only on the leaf margins, the leaves are flaccid, and the cell walls
9 KB (956 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
lanceolate, rounded to obtuse-apiculate, apiculus formed of a single, clear, sharp cell, to 1 × 0.1–0.4 mm, perichaetial and larger leaves oblong to oblong-ligulate
4 KB (438 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
The obscure, pluripapillose lamina cells and leaf apex that terminates in a single, hyaline, sharply pointed cell distinguish Fissidens elegans. The limbidium
4 KB (383 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
combination of 2-stratose laminae, non-bulging cell surfaces, and costal cross-sections with sub-stereid cells. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus"
4 KB (375 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
in streaks, papillae 2 or 3 per cell, 2-fid and large, or sometimes conic and small. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition gonioautoicous
4 KB (367 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
or distinctly mammillose; marginal cells sometimes longer proximally forming a very weak border; basal laminal cells long-rectangular, thin-walled, generally
5 KB (472 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
alar cells differentiated, many; laminal cells ovate to elliptic, smooth, rarely singly papillose, or occasionally prorate, walls thick; basal cells longer
4 KB (324 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
proximally, the cells mostly 1-stratose; cells of distal lamina (6–)8–9 µm wide, with moderately developed or high mammillae and 1(–2) papillae per cell, walls
4 KB (351 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
in distal limb, distal abaxial surface rough; basal laminal cell walls thin; distal cells 10–25 × 5–6 µm, prorulae high. Sexual condition apparently dioicous
3 KB (232 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
basal cells abruptly differentiated, narrower toward the margins; distal cells rounded, polygonal, or quadrate, 12–18 µm, with 3–5 papillae per cell, thick-walled
3 KB (261 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
smooth; basal cells abruptly differentiated, narrower toward the margins; distal cells polygonal, or quadrate, 12–20 µm, with 8–10 papillae per cell; marginal
3 KB (275 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
acute; basal laminal cells long-rectangular to elongate, walls thick, nodose; distal cells 9–13 µm, 1-stratose, papillae 2 or 3 per cell, 2-fid, low. Specialized
3 KB (290 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
yellow-brown. Stems with axillary hairs 140–200 µm, basal cell 1, quadrate to subrectangular, distal cells 2–5, long-cylindric to oblong. Leaves weakly 3-ranked
3 KB (316 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
Association Stems with cortical cells lax, hyaline, walls thin, central strand present. Leaves keeled distally, 2–3.5 mm; basal laminal cell walls thinner, especially
3 KB (226 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
2(–5) mm, erect; axillary hair distal cell obtuse, pale brown. Stem leaves ± subsecund, 0.3–0.5 mm wide; laminal cells 18–30 × 8–10 µm, smooth. Seta 0.2–0
3 KB (279 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
creeping; central strand cells small, walls thin; paraphyllia narrowly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; axillary hair basal cell 1, elongate, rectangular
4 KB (325 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
or sometimes green. Stems regularly radially pinnate; axillary hair apical cell short- to long-linear. Stem leaves rounded ovate, broadly rounded ovate,
4 KB (334 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
obtuse; basal laminal cells short-rectangular, walls thin, not nodose; distal cells 10–16 µm, 1-stratose, smooth or papillae 1 or 2 per cell, conic, low. Specialized
3 KB (270 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
obtuse to acute; basal laminal cells elongate, walls thick, ± nodose; distal cells 7–11 µm, 2-stratose, papillae 2–4 per cell, conic, sometimes large. Specialized
3 KB (252 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
cuspidate-apiculate; basal laminal cells elongate, walls thick, nodose; distal cells 9–15 µm, 1-stratose, papillae 1 or 2 per cell, conic, small. Specialized asexual
3 KB (258 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
isodiametric, 9–13 µm, obscure, bulging and densely papillose, with 4–6 papillae per cell, moderately thick-walled and not collenchymatous. Specialized asexual reproduction
3 KB (349 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
almost entire; lamellae 5–6 cells high, crenate in profile, with each cell crowned by a papillose knob, the marginal cells in section pyriform. [Seta to
3 KB (253 words) - 22:24, 5 November 2020
distal erect. Seeds constricted and grooved at middle; seed coat anticlinal cell walls straight to slightly wavy, conspicuous. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering
3 KB (302 words) - 20:17, 5 November 2020
margins slightly reflexed at apex, serrate, costa double or indistinct, laminal cell walls thick. Sporophytes unknown. Habitat: Boreal forest zone to arctic tundra
3 KB (315 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
bulging, with about 4 papillae per cell. Specialized asexual reproduction propagula borne on stalks in axils of distal leaves, leaf-like, 0.25–0.45 mm, green
3 KB (213 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
rounded-obtuse; basal laminal cells elongate, walls thick, ± nodose; distal cells 7–13 µm, 1-stratose, papillae 1 or 2 per cell, conic or C-shaped, small.
3 KB (280 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
prominent, distal abaxial surface rough; basal laminal cell walls thin; medial and distal cells 5–12 × 4(–10) µm, prorulae high. Sexual condition autoicous
3 KB (253 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
ending a few cells before the apex or percurrent, brown, smooth; basal cells abruptly differentiated, narrower toward the margins; distal cells rounded, polygonal
3 KB (246 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
mm; apex lanceolate-acuminate; apical laminal cells smooth abaxially or rarely papillose; terminal cell narrowly elongate, hyaline. Perigonia unknown.
3 KB (318 words) - 22:39, 5 November 2020
Stems unbranched or sparsely branched (few shoots seen); axillary hair apical cell elongate-rectangular to short-linear. Stem leaves broadly ovate or broadly
3 KB (224 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
5–8 mm, erect. Seeds widest at middle, not grooved; seed coat anticlinal cell walls deeply wavy. Phenology: Flowering Apr–May. Habitat: Washes, fans, slopes
4 KB (320 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
concolorous tip; alar cells inflated, hyaline or (in older leaves) reddish brown; basal laminal cells rectangular, thick-walled with pitted cell walls, ca. 3–6:1
3 KB (255 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
in distal limb, distal abaxial surface rough; basal laminal cell walls thin; distal cells 12–25 × 4–6 µm, prorulae high. Sexual condition autoicous or
3 KB (238 words) - 22:34, 5 November 2020
triangular, reaching from margin 66–80% distance to costa; ratio of medial laminal cell length (µm) to leaf length (mm) 23.6. Sexual condition unknown. Habitat:
3 KB (245 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–3 mm; margins denticulate proximally as projecting cell ends, entire distally; apex acute, ending in long, linear, fragile subula;
2 KB (192 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
2-pinnate, stems and branches smooth; paraphyllia 2–3(–5) cells in length, cells 2:1, only apical cell papillose. Stem leaves erect-incurved when dry, broadly
4 KB (360 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
cuspidate; basal laminal cells narrowly rectangular, walls thin, not nodose; distal cells 8–13 µm, 1-stratose, papillae 2 per cell, conic, small. Specialized
3 KB (257 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
basal laminal cells short-rectangular, walls thin, somewhat nodose; distal cells to 20 µm, 1-stratose, smooth or papillae 1 or 2 per cell, conic, low. Specialized
3 KB (287 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020