ribbed (ribs ribbonlike or pectinate). x = 8. North America, Mexico, South America, Eurasia, mostly north-temperate, arctic, and alpine regions. Species
22 KB (863 words) - 23:46, 5 November 2020
in 1(–3) series. x = 8, 7, 5, 13, 18, 21. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, e Eurasia, introduced in Europe. Species ca
57 KB (1,333 words) - 20:35, 6 November 2020
of stem not bulbous; w North America. Ranunculus uncinatus 3 Receptacle hispid; base of stem bulbous, cormlike; e North America. Ranunculus recurvatus
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in Northern Hemisphere, especially North America, Europe, and central and northern Asia, sporadic in South America and northern Africa. Species ca. 220
10 KB (323 words) - 20:57, 5 November 2020
shorter than corollas except in C. foliosum and C. arvense). x = 17. North America, Eurasia, n Africa. Species ca. 200 (62 in the flora). Only three genera
56 KB (1,993 words) - 20:52, 5 November 2020
each with glandular hairs around apices in R. heliopsidis). x = 19. e North America. Species 9 (9 in the flora). None. Rudbeckia fulgida, Rudbeckia graminifolia
7 KB (348 words) - 21:08, 5 November 2020
Treatment on page 356. Mentioned on page 332, 335. e North America Generated Map Legacy Map e North America, Asia (China, Japan). Subspecies 2 (1 in the flora)
1 KB (78 words) - 22:26, 5 November 2020
dispersed ballistically and by ants. x = 5, 6, 7, 8. North America, (including Mexico), Central America (Guatemala), Asia, adventive in Europe and New Zealand
11 KB (585 words) - 23:01, 5 November 2020
midnerve pronounced, never 3-nerved, not anise scented when crushed e North America. Species 5 (5 in the flora). None. Solidago delicatula, Solidago fistulosa
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x =12. Widespread in north temperate and north tropical (mountainous) regions, North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, Eurasia (including 1
26 KB (1,313 words) - 21:22, 5 November 2020
Pappus bristles usually in 2 series (inner usually moderately clavate). e North America. Species 9 (9 in the flora). None. Solidago (sect. Solidago) ser. Argutae
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cylindric, smooth, slightly ridged, verrucose, or densely scaly. x = 8. North America and Eurasia. Species 12 (6 in the flora). Cimicifuga may be divided into
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remnants of sepals; mesocarp juicy, acidic. c, e North America, Mexico, Central America (Costa Rica, Panama), e Asia. Species ca. 13 (5 in the flora). Plant
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glabrous or hairy; blade monomorphic (dimorphic in E. curtisii, E. exserta, E. ipecacuanhae, and E. mercurialina), base symmetric, margins entire [rarely
11 KB (421 words) - 20:15, 5 November 2020
(F. H. Utech et al. 1995; C. E. Wood Jr. 1970). Jones, Q. 1951. A cytotaxonomic study of the genus Disporum in North America. Contr. Gray Herb. 173: 1–39
6 KB (392 words) - 22:13, 5 November 2020
vom naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine zu Bremen 4: 406. 1875. Ralph E. Brooks*, Steven E. Clemants* Synonyms: Juncus sect. Poiophylli (Buchenau) Vierhapper
7 KB (290 words) - 21:29, 5 November 2020
The segregates of Senecio, s.l., and Cacalia, s.l., in the flora of North America North of Mexico. Sida 18: 661–672. Jeffrey, C. 1980. Generic and sectional
18 KB (925 words) - 20:59, 5 November 2020
green-tipped, with strawberry or pineapple scent. x = 11. Temperate North America. Species 3 (2 in the flora). None. Calycanthus floridus, Calycanthus
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integument expanded and sticky when wet. c, e North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Africa, se Asia, India, n Australia, pantropical
4 KB (373 words) - 23:19, 5 November 2020
smooth) bristles. x = 14. Temperate and arctic/alpine regions, North America, Mexico, South America, Eurasia. Species 45 (34 in the flora). Some species of Antennaria
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straight; endosperm oily, well differentiated. e North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, e Asia, Atlantic Islands (Madeira). Clethraceae
3 KB (281 words) - 23:45, 5 November 2020
moderately clavate). e North America (shaded woods and thickets, eastern deciduous forests). Species 8 (8 in the flora). Cook, R. E. 2002. A Biosystematic
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Detailed investigation may show that the other varieties, from eastern North America, represent broadly intergrading forms that should be subsumed under var
5 KB (445 words) - 16:14, 24 May 2023
parviflora). x = 7. North America, Mexico. Species ca. 37 (32 in the flora). Heuchera, the largest herbaceous genus exclusively in North America and Mexico in
21 KB (1,465 words) - 23:41, 5 November 2020
shorter than exostome teeth, rarely rudimentary. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Atlantic Islands, Pacific
5 KB (309 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
pyriform; embryo oriented longitudinally. x = 14. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, Eurasia, Africa, Atlantic Islands. Species 29 (7
9 KB (816 words) - 20:15, 5 November 2020
2: 1–59. Vitt, D. H. 1973. A revision of the genus Orthotrichum in North America, north of Mexico. Bryophyt. Biblioth. 1: 1–108. Orthotrichum affine, Orthotrichum
20 KB (498 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2020
flattened, slightly winged; testa thin. x = 8. s, e North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, e Asia, Atlantic Islands (Madeira). Species ca.
3 KB (223 words) - 23:45, 5 November 2020
glabrous or strigillose (at least distally) Generated Map Legacy Map e North America. Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). None. Solidago arguta var. harrisii window
2 KB (124 words) - 21:01, 5 November 2020
inner usually weakly, if at all clavate, rarely moderately so). North America, South America, introduced in Eurasia. Species ca. 16 (11 in the flora). Subsection
9 KB (528 words) - 21:02, 5 November 2020
complex of western North America clearly constitute a group, but it is unclear whether the western E. conspicua or the eastern E. radula and E. saxicastelli
15 KB (789 words) - 21:06, 5 November 2020
winter. Pedicels absent. Drupes distinct; stone apex dimpled to rounded. North America, Mexico. Species 2 (2 in the flora). None. Cornus florida, Cornus nuttallii
2 KB (120 words) - 20:15, 5 November 2020
2 or 3 faces. x = 7. Temperate North America, e Asia. Species 5 (4 in the flora). Eastern and western Native Americans used Clintonia as an eye and heart
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Enemion in the flora, with the exception of E. biternatum, are localized endemics of western North America from British Columbia to California. Drummond
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only midnerve prominent, never 3-nerved, anise scented when crushed e North America, Mexico. Species 1 None. Solidago odora window.propertiesFromHigher
2 KB (119 words) - 21:02, 5 November 2020
593. Mentioned on page 592, 594. e North America, Mexico, Central America. Subspecies 2 (1 in the flora). Medley, M. E. 1979. Some Aspects of the Life History
2 KB (140 words) - 22:12, 5 November 2020
S.E. Fl., 336. 1933 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 26. Rhizomes heterogeneous, thin, creeping. Capsules sharply 3-cornered. Seeds smooth. e North America
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caducous. Pedicels present. Drupes distinct; stone apex with cavity. e North America, e Asia. Species 2 (1 in the flora). Cornus controversa Hemsley is widespread
2 KB (117 words) - 20:17, 5 November 2020
testa stony, papillose (smooth in G. ursina). x = 12. e North America, South America (c, n Andes, e, se Brazil). Decachaena (Torrey & A. Gray) Lindley; Lasiococcus
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conspecific, are C. rufina and C. eleusinoides in North America and C. hermannii in Central America. The South American-Australasian C. decidua is also very similar
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groove absent, 0.4–0.5 mm, densely tuberculate or strongly pebbled (e North America). Phenology: Flowering early–late summer. Habitat: Dryish sites, waste
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sclerified awns plus (0–)7–12 shorter bristles or scales in 1 series. x = 9. North America. Species 5 (5 in the flora). Morgan, J. T. 1966. A Taxonomic Study of
5 KB (309 words) - 21:05, 5 November 2020
18–50 straw-colored, barbellate, apically attenuate bristles. x = 9. e, w North America. Species 5 (5 in the flora). Ionactis has often been included within
5 KB (437 words) - 21:00, 5 November 2020
Eutrochium are available but treated as taxa under Eupatorium (E. E. Lamont 1995). Lamont, E. E. 1995. Taxonomy of Eupatorium section Verticillata (Asteraceae)
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connate or distinct; stigmas ± broadly capitate. Seeds ± carinate. e North America, ne, e Asia. Species 2 (1 in the flora). The other species in the section
2 KB (158 words) - 23:19, 5 November 2020
acuminate, glabrous or pilose. ray florets 4–12 Generated Map Legacy Map e North America. Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). None. Solidago rugosa var. celtidifolia
2 KB (148 words) - 21:02, 5 November 2020
locule, free, raphe an inconspicuous, longitudinal ridge. 2n = 16. c, e North America. Species 4 (4 in the flora). Species of sect. Ludwigia are found mainly
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thickets, marshy shores, frequently in water, mostly on coastal plain of e North America Elevation: 0-300 Generated Map Legacy Map Ala., Ark., Del., Fla., Ga
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(pyrenes) 3–5, planoconvex, not winged, not tailed; testa smooth. x = 13. e North America, sw Europe, Atlantic Islands (Azores). Tuckermania Klotzsch Species
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black, irregularly ellipsoid or angled, wings absent. sw, e North America, Mexico, Central America. Species 3 (2 in the flora). Five species have been described
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testa smooth. x = 11, 12, 13. North America, Mexico, West Indies (Hispaniola, Windward Islands), Central America, South America, e Asia, Pacific Islands (New
6 KB (422 words) - 23:47, 5 November 2020
cytotaxonomic basis (e.g., Anemonastrum, Anemonidium, Anemonoides, and Jurtsevia) are reduced to synonymy here. Some North American species of Anemone are
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yellowish brown or brown, narrowly ellipsoid, wings absent. x = 14. c, e North America, e Asia. Species 1. The name lopseed alludes to the fruit appearing to
4 KB (370 words) - 20:28, 5 November 2020
hummingbirds in North America. Phylogenetic analysis (M. W. Skinner 1988) suggests that the original pendent lilies to colonize North America were butterfly-pollinated
28 KB (2,698 words) - 22:14, 5 November 2020
triseriale, North American Polypodium is a complex assemblage of interactive species. The North American species have ties to European taxa (e.g., P. vulgare
10 KB (700 words) - 21:21, 5 November 2020
flora area. Although no extralimital species of Taxus is naturalized in North America, spontaneous, immature (sapling) exotic yews have been noted in a very
7 KB (669 words) - 21:21, 5 November 2020
short and stiff hairy. ray florets 5–8(–10) Generated Map Legacy Map e North America. Varieties 3 (3 in the flora). None. Solidago rugosa var. aspera window
2 KB (162 words) - 21:02, 5 November 2020
peristome xerocastique, perfect. Calyptra naked. Spores 12–16 µm]. e North America, Mexico, e Asia, Pacific Islands (Hawaii). Species 4 (2 in the flora). There
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subtropics, mostly of North America, South America, and South Africa; they extend as well into temperate regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. The
21 KB (920 words) - 20:17, 5 November 2020
tip. Spores finely papillose, appearing smooth. North America, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia. Species ca.
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12, except for the white-flowered species of eastern North America, E. albidum, E. mesochoreum, and E. propullans, which have x = 11. Both diploid and tetraploid
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Tiarella cordifolia is known from eastern North America and T. trifoliata is known from western North America. Tiarella polyphylla D. Don occurs in Asia
4 KB (434 words) - 23:42, 5 November 2020
riblike. Seeds 0–42[–203]. c, e North America, Mexico, West Indies (Dominican Republic), Central America, South America. Species 11 (1 in the flora). Philbrick
4 KB (378 words) - 23:19, 5 November 2020
style deciduous. Primarily temperate, some tropical and subtropical, North America, e Asia, Australia. Species ca. 20 (2 in the flora). None. Carex amplifolia
3 KB (241 words) - 21:43, 5 November 2020
alveolae formed by collapse of minute bulbous cells. x = 22. North America, n Mexico, e Asia (Russian Far East). Primula Linnaeus sect. Dodecatheon (Linnaeus)
17 KB (1,639 words) - 23:44, 5 November 2020
capsule, black, glossy, bony, not winged. x = 12. Temperate regions, e North America, e Asia. Species 4 (2 in the flora). In Hamamelis, the explosively dehiscent
5 KB (468 words) - 22:48, 5 November 2020
Wild Violets of North America. Berkeley and Los Angeles. Ballard, H. E. 1992. Systematics of Viola Section Viola in North America North of Mexico. M.S.
33 KB (2,273 words) - 23:19, 5 November 2020
ends, oblong-cylindric, striate or lightly wrinkled, lustrous. x = 7. e North America, e Asia (Japan and China into the Himalayas and southwards to New Guinea)
4 KB (482 words) - 23:42, 5 November 2020
reddish brown, ellipsoid, ovoid, or spheroid, smooth. x = 11. North America, s South America, Eurasia. Species ca. 60 (6 in the flora). A wide range of chromosome
8 KB (797 words) - 23:41, 5 November 2020
ellipsoid to lanceoloid, flat, angled to winged. x = 8, 10. North America (including Mexico), e Asia. Species 4 (2 in the flora). The species of Stenanthium
5 KB (455 words) - 22:18, 5 November 2020
in Philadelphus, which is restricted to southeastern North America and southwestern North America into northern Mexico; species five (P. microphyllus)
15 KB (1,477 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
Polygonatum in North America. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 44: 117–126. Ownbey, R. P. 1944. The liliaceous genus Polygonatum in North America. Ann. Missouri
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verrucose; shells thin or thick. Seeds sweet or bitter. x = 16. e North America, Mexico, e Asia. Species 18 (11 in the flora). Carya was widespread during
12 KB (773 words) - 22:52, 5 November 2020
J. D. and E. M. Paulton. 1981. Dryopteris in North America. Fiddlehead Forum 8: 25--31. Montgomery, J. D. 1982. Dryopteris in North America. Part II. The
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and 18 varieties of Cardamine in North America minus Greenland. Of these, 14 species are restricted to Central America and one, C. ×incisa (Eames) K. Schumann
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Buck Treatment appears in FNA Volume 28. This key to the genera of North American mosses is intended to complement not replace the keys to genera included
105 KB (72 words) - 15:15, 2 June 2022
subtended by a calyxlike structure in E. floridana, E. inundata, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. porteriana, E. rosescens, and E. telephioides); petals 0; nectary
12 KB (1,294 words) - 15:46, 17 May 2021
South America, with migration to North America at least by the Oligocene, possibly as early as the late Eocene. More recently, M. S. Zavada and S. E. de
270 KB (5,940 words) - 20:46, 31 January 2022
are easily confused with each other are E. baldwinii, E. brittonii, E. microcarpa, E. nana, E. retroflexa, and E. vivipara. Aquatic forms of at least some
13 KB (1,284 words) - 21:44, 5 November 2020
regions of w North America (Alaska to Mexico), uncommon in South America (Argentina and Chile) and e North America (W.Va. s to c Fla., e to Mo., Okla.
12 KB (732 words) - 23:11, 5 November 2020
Rieseberg showed that most genera present in North America belong to a single monophyletic clade, called the North American clade. A series of subsequent studies
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dotted-blue (E. intermedia), Mojave dotted-blue (E. mojave), pallid dotted-blue (E. pallescens), Rita dotted-blue (E. rita), Spalding’s dotted-blue (E. spaldingi)
13 KB (1,373 words) - 21:23, 9 February 2021
eastern North American lineages based on multiple DNA sequences. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 51: 157–168. Palmer, E. J. 1925. Synopsis of North American Crataegi
21 KB (2,479 words) - 16:24, 9 December 2021
straight, endosperm sparse. North America, Mexico, Central America, w South America (primarily Andean), s Asia (India), se Asia, e Africa, Indian Ocean Islands
7 KB (628 words) - 20:27, 5 November 2020
Eckenwalder, J. E. 1977. North American cottonwoods (Populus, Salicaceae) of sections Abaso and Aigeiros. J. Arnold Arbor. 58: 193–208. Eckenwalder, J. E. 1984.
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uses of Artemisia species native to North America, uses that included fertility rites (sagebrush in western North America) and antihelminthics (wormwoods of
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[Abstract.] http://www.botany2002.org/ Barkworth, M.E. and K.M. Capels. 2000. The Poaceae in North America: A geographic perspective. Pp. 327-346 in S.W.L
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not prominent, greenish. Berries globose. x = 8. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, n Africa. Species ca. 160 (53 in the
23 KB (1,561 words) - 23:47, 5 November 2020
attenuate, inner bristles longest, weakly to strongly clavate). North America, South America, temperate Eurasia, introduced in tropical Asia. Species ca.
2 KB (240 words) - 21:01, 5 November 2020
447-458. Palmer, E. J. 1948. Hybrid oaks of North America. J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 1-48. Sargent, C. S. 1918. Notes on North American trees. I. Quercus.
11 KB (1,303 words) - 22:52, 5 November 2020
tetrancistra). x = 11. Tropical to temperate regions in North America, West Indies, Central America, South America, including Galápagos Islands, Africa, Madagascar
32 KB (1,968 words) - 20:34, 6 November 2020
Centers of diversity for Amaranthaceae are southwestern North America, Central America, South America, and Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Generic limits
8 KB (586 words) - 23:00, 5 November 2020
Taxonomy of American Atriplex. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 55: 199–210. Hall, H. M. and F. E. Clements. 1923. The phylogenetic method in taxonomy: The North American
42 KB (793 words) - 22:59, 5 November 2020
sepals and petals persisting. Seeds 1–60+ per fruit. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, sw Asia (w Arabian Peninsula), Africa, Atlantic
8 KB (699 words) - 20:18, 5 November 2020
some members of the family do occur in neutral or alkaline soils in North America and elsewhere. Ericaceae are widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere
29 KB (1,652 words) - 23:45, 5 November 2020
two such species, E. ciliaris and E. semicostatus. In addition, the treatment includes two hexaploid species, E. tsukusbiensis and E. dahuricus, that combine
40 KB (2,632 words) - 17:23, 11 May 2021
In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora.... 47+ vols. New York. Vol. 22, pp. 81–158. Soltis, D. E. 1980. Karyotypic relationships among
24 KB (2,046 words) - 23:46, 5 November 2020
usually present, very rarely absent. North America, Mexico, West Indies (Hispaniola), Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Australasia
8 KB (1,136 words) - 11:31, 9 May 2022
oblong-ovoid, or trapezoidal, shiny, wings absent. x = 12. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, n Eurasia, introduced in West Indies, Pacific Islands
74 KB (2,673 words) - 15:17, 5 February 2024
bristles in 1 series. x = 9. w North America, n Mexico. Species 36 (34 in the flora). Two species, Ericameria juarezensis and E. martirensis, are known only
19 KB (930 words) - 21:05, 5 November 2020
comprehensive account of the Brassicaceae for North America (R. C. Rollins 1993) included Mexico and Central America and excluded Greenland. In that account
95 KB (3,708 words) - 23:32, 5 November 2020
Linder, and E.H. Harley. 1995. Polyphyly of Arundinoideae (Poaceae): Evidence from rbcL sequence data. Syst. Bot. 20:423-435 Barkworth, M.E. and K.M. Capels
11 KB (1,291 words) - 18:58, 11 May 2021
mm]. x = 9. North America, Mexico, South America, Eurasia. Species ca. 100 (77 in the flora). Solidago is found primarily in North America with some South
13 KB (793 words) - 20:33, 8 December 2021
(2002) divided the family into four subfamilies, all represented in North America: Eurhynchioideae Milde include genera with smooth setae and, with the
20 KB (981 words) - 22:37, 5 November 2020
narrow. × = 8. North America, Mexico, Central America (Guatemala). Species ca. 280 (239 in the flora). Penstemon is nearly endemic to North America, with three
14 KB (1,771 words) - 19:59, 8 December 2021
pines (e.g., Pinus attenuata, P. banksiana, P. contorta). This primarily Northern Hemisphere family extends south to the West Indies, Central America, Japan
9 KB (768 words) - 21:21, 5 November 2020
section Bromopsis, of Alaska. Brittonia 18:162-166 Pavlick, L.E. 1995. Bromus L. of North America. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, British Columbia
12 KB (1,255 words) - 17:22, 11 May 2021
Alexeev, E.B. 1980. Festuca L.: Subgenera et sectiones novae ex America boreali et Mexico. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 17:42-53. [In Russian] Alexeev, E.B. 1982
45 KB (2,833 words) - 17:24, 11 May 2021
(Caryophyllaceae) and related genera in North America, with 11 new combinations in Minuartia. Rhodora 82: 495–502. Wofford, B. E. 1981. External seed morphology
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Chase et al. 1993; D. R. Morgan and D. E. Soltis 1993; D. E. Soltis and P. S. Soltis 1997; D. E. Soltis et al. 1997; M. E. Mort et al. 2001) confirm that Crassulaceae
16 KB (1,377 words) - 23:42, 5 November 2020
of California. Ithaca, N.Y. Correll, D. S. 1950. Native Orchids of North America North of Mexico…. Waltham, Mass. Dressler, R. L. 1981. The Orchids: Natural
37 KB (2,535 words) - 22:11, 5 November 2020
difficult “E. palustris complex” (M. L. Fernald and A. E. Brackett 1929; L. J. Harms 1968; S.-O. Strandhede 1966; H. K. Svenson 1947); see 1. E. palustris
4 KB (486 words) - 21:44, 5 November 2020
torus. Seeds 1 or 2(–12+), not arillate. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Atlantic Islands, Indian
20 KB (1,710 words) - 23:55, 5 November 2020
In some cases (e.g., A. validum) bulbs form atop a thick, iris-like rhizome that produces new bulbs in succeeding years. In other cases (e.g., A. bolanderi
42 KB (1,814 words) - 22:14, 5 November 2020
Septati Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 325. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5; 152, 1754. Ralph E. Brooks*, Steven E. Clemants* Common names: Rush jonc Etymology: classical name for
4 KB (265 words) - 21:31, 5 November 2020
appears in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Roots fibrous, not proliferous or proliferous and producing
10 KB (249 words) - 21:22, 5 November 2020
involving North American species of Carex was published by (J. Cayouette and P. M. Catling 1992), who accepted reports of 253 hybrids in North America and an
82 KB (3,643 words) - 21:20, 17 July 2023
fluviatile and E. palustre and brown fertile stems of dimorphic species. Cones rounded at apex. North America, s Central America, w South America, Europe, Asia
2 KB (153 words) - 21:21, 5 November 2020
from eastern North America (F.-G. Schroeder 1968). It appears that plants resembling A. lamarckii have escaped from cultivation in North America. Cultivars
17 KB (1,634 words) - 23:54, 5 November 2020
appendage present (Fendlerella, Whipplea) or absent. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Pacific Islands. Genera 17, species ca
9 KB (775 words) - 20:18, 5 November 2020
of the North American flora. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 44: 411–429. Standley, P. C. 1926. Chenopodiaceae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American
14 KB (879 words) - 22:58, 5 November 2020
Plants. Vol. 11, pp. 303–322. Berlin, Heidelberg. Brainerd, E. 1921. Violets of North America. Bull. Vermont Agric. Exp. Sta. 224. Brizicky, G. K. 1961b
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curved. w North America (including n Mexico). Species 35 (34 in the flora). Only Eriogonum turneri Reveal is not treated here; it is related to E. jamesii
18 KB (535 words) - 20:40, 22 September 2022
1931–1935. Cyperaceae [in part]. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora…. 47+ vols. New York. Vol. 18, parts 1–7, pp. 1–478. Simpson,
20 KB (923 words) - 21:37, 5 November 2020
2–40, ellipsoid; testa reticulate. x = 12. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, n South America, Europe, Asia (including Malesia). Species
10 KB (564 words) - 23:41, 5 November 2020
western North American temperate forests (where it is now absent) from the mid Eocene (S. R. Manchester 1994; H. W. Meyer and Manchester 1997). North American
8 KB (848 words) - 17:34, 9 December 2022
x = [8,] 9, [10,] 11, [12]. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa (Ethiopia), mostly north-temperate. Species ca. 500 (20
22 KB (2,094 words) - 23:44, 5 November 2020
or ellipsoid). Seeds: aril present. x = 19. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia (Malaysia), Africa, Atlantic
32 KB (4,205 words) - 23:31, 5 November 2020
Pl. 1: 391. 1753. , Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 185. 1754 ,. Shunguo Liu, Keith E. Denford, John E. Ebinger, John G. Packer, Gordon C. Tucker Common names: Laurel Etymology:
8 KB (809 words) - 23:47, 5 November 2020
subglobose, or ellipsoid, slightly fleshy. x = 11. North America, Mexico, Central America, n, w South America, Eurasia, Africa, predominately northern boreal
5 KB (439 words) - 20:13, 5 November 2020
interesting biogeographic features. Achlys is disjunct from western North America to east Asia with few morphologic differences between taxa. Diphylleia
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Sisymbriodendron (Christ) O. E. Schulz in the Canary Islands. Bot. Macar. 4: 31–53. Detling, L. E. 1939. A revision of the North American species of Descurainia
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rarely fused into a syncarp. Seeds 1(–2) per fruit. North America, Mexico, Central America, n, w South America, Eurasia, Africa, predominately northern boreal
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hybrids in North America. Most of those in Equisetum subg. Equisetum are still unknown in North America, but they should be sought, especially north of 45°
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the newer name Adiantaceae was more commonly used. As represented in North America, Pteridaceae comprise three major evolutionary lines (the adiantoids
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bilaterally, not winged. x = 7, 8, 9. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, e, se Asia, introduced in Europe, e Asia (Japan), s Africa, Pacific
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tuberculate, or papillate. x = 6, 8, 11, 13, 14. North America, South America, Eurasia, n Africa, mostly north-temperate, arctic, and montane regions. Antiphylla
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appears in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Aerial stems persisting more than a year (except Equisetum
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Ennos et al. 2012). All North American species are tetraploids except, probably, E. disjuncta, E. farlowii, E. oakesii, E. randii, and E. subarctica. Of 18
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treatments of Rosa in North America have resulted. P. A. Rydberg (1918) recognized 129 native species and dozens of hybrids among them. E. W. Erlanson (1934)
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basally to nearly whole length. x = 7. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Atlantic Islands (Azores
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Eurasia, North America, and the mountains of Mexico and Central America, and two genera also grow in the Andes to northern Argentina in South America. The
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(coma) at chalazal end, sometimes without coma. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Atlantic Islands, Australasia
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all, some, or none aristate, sometimes pappi none. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America (Bahia). Genera 25, species 129 (19 genera, 83 species
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Montane Goldenasters of North America. Waterloo. [Univ. Waterloo Biol. Ser. 37.] Shinners, L. H. 1951e. Revision of the north Texas species of Heterotheca
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greatest generic diversity is perhaps in the arid regions of southern North America. Boerhavia also shows considerable diversity in Australia; Commicarpus
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cytogenetic techniques. Barkworth, M.E. and D.R. Dewey. 1985. Genomically based genera in the perennial Triticeae of North America: Identification and membership
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such as the central plains of North America. Two of the grasses that used to dominate the prairies of central North America, Andropogon gerardii and Schizachyrium
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lobes. 2n = 38 (29), 57 (1), 76 (16), 95 (1), 114 (4), unknown (21). North America, Eurasia. Species ca. 204 (63 species in the flora). Nineteen of the
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probably represent human introductions. Schuyler, A. E. 1967. A taxonomic revision of North American leafy species of Scirpus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia
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rarely angled-elongate, reniform, or disciform, wings absent. North America, Mexico, Central America (Guatemala). Species ca. 270 (229 in the flora). Following
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oblong-ellipsoid, prismatic, wings absent. x = 19, 24. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, n Africa, introduced widely. Species
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usually reflexed. Seeds 1 per drupelet. x = 7. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii
28 KB (2,139 words) - 22:34, 14 December 2021
[Abstract.] http://www.botany2002.org/ Barkworth, M.E. and K.M. Capels. 2000. The Poaceae in North America: A geographic perspective. Pp. 327-346 in S.W.L
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pappi: staminate 6–7 mm (capillary); pistillate 6–7 mm. 2n = 28. North America, South America. Species 11 (10, including 1 hybrid, in the flora). Agoseris
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elongate, sometimes hooked, glabrous or hairy, rarely plumose. North America, Mexico, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia
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for a carunclelike structure in E. carunculata). North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Atlantic Islands
32 KB (666 words) - 20:15, 5 November 2020
Illustrated moss flora of arctic North America and Greenland. 2. Meddel. Grønland, Biosci. 18: 1–61. Daniels, R. E. and A. Eddy. 1985. Handbook of European
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1274--1288. Tryon, A. F. 1949. Spores of the genus Selaginella in North America, north of Mexico. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 36: 413--431. Selaginella subg
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recorded as new to North America and two species were placed into synonymy. The most recent checklist of the mosses of North America (L. E. Anderson et al
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separating membranous coat. x = 9 or unknown. North America, Mexico, West Indies (Cuba), Central America (Belize). The flowers of Lechea species are at
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Inst. E. T. H. Stiftung Rubel Zürich 33: 50–58. Fernald, M. L. 1905. The North American species of Eriophorum. Rhodora 7: 81–92, 129–136. Palla, E. 1896
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achenes [berries]. Seeds 1 per locule. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Atlantic Islands, Indian
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37–71. Kessler, J. W. 1987. A treatment of Scleria (Cyperaceae) for North America north of Mexico. Sida 12: 391–407. Scleria baldwinii, Scleria ciliata, Scleria
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species. It grows in Africa, Australia, South and North America, and Eurasia. In Australia, South America, and Asia, it is often the dominant grass tribe
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artificial key. Cronquist, A. 1947. A revision of the North American species of Erigeron, north of Mexico. Brittonia 6: 121–302. Nesom, G. L. 1989c. Infrageneric
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rarely contorted. x = 9. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, Europe, Asia (Near East), n Africa, introduced in e Asia (Japan), Australia
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papillose; embryo coiled around perisperm. North America (especially Calif.), West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, some
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connate into single sphere, (triangular-ovoid). x = 13. North America, Mexico, Central America, Europe, Asia. Species 66 (62 in the flora). Arctostaphylos
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widespread species in montane habitats worldwide, North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia (China, Japan), Africa, Indian Ocean
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deciduous, erect, reflexed, or spreading. Achenes basal or basiparietal. North America, Mexico, Eurasia, introduced in Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia
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sepals. However, the traditional interpretation, adopted here and in most North American floras, still finds current support (R. C. Carolin 1987). A comparable
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Isoëtes taxa. The northeastern, southeastern, and western regions of North America contain endemic species. Within these geographic regions, habitats are
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sac; cotyledons 4–10. x =12. Widespread in north temperate regions, North America, Mexico, Central America, Eurasia (s to Himalayas, s China, and Taiwan)
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chemistry (D. E. Giannasi and K. J. Niklas 1977; D. E. Giannasi 1978), pollen morphology (M. Zavada 1983), and some anatomic structures (E. M. Sweitzer
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mm, winged or not winged. x = 9. w, c, se North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America. Species ca. 95 (85 in the flora). Mentzelia
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straight; endosperm copious, oily. North America, n South America, introduced in Europe (British Isles, Switzerland), e Asia (Japan). Genera 3, species 22
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1 (sometimes 2 in Karwinskia) per locule. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Atlantic Islands, Indian
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angelense Moran, E. austrinum (S. Stokes) Reveal, E. galioides I. M. Johnston, E. intricatum Bentham, E. moranii Reveal, E. pilosum S. Stokes, E. preclarum Reveal
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stipule (S. A. Graham and C. E. Wood Jr. 1965). It is absent in subfamily Eriogonoideae except in some perennial, South American members of Chorizanthe, where
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Phytologia 75: 10. 1993. John C. Semple, Rachel E. Cook Basionym: Argutae Mackenzie in J. K. Small, Man. S.E. Fl., 1345, 1347. 1933 Treatment appears in FNA
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Moore with a superior ovary. Only subfamily Iridoideae is native in North America. The remaining Nivenioideae Schulze ex Goldblatt and Ixioideae Klatt
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Florets: 3–20, bisexual, fertile; corollas (pale yellow) funnelform. North America, nw Mexico. Species 10 (10 in the flora). Difficulty in classification
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8-ribbed; subsessile. w North America, nw Mexico, w South America. Species 7 (6 in the flora). Clarkia tenella (Cavanilles) H. Lewis & M. E. Lewis, with three
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equal, barbellulate bristles in 1 series. x = 8. North America, South America, Eurasia, worldwide weeds (e.g., Taraxacum officinale, T. erythrospermum). Species
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parental species in North America. Canad. J. Bot. 62: 1054–1061. Haber, E. 1993. Hybridization of Pyrola chlorantha (Ericaceae) in North America. Canad. J. Bot
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7, 8 (9–17). North America, n Mexico, Central America, Europe, Asia, n Africa, Atlantic Islands (Macaronesia), introduced in South America, Australia. Species
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genera (e.g., Convallaria, Ornithogalum, Veratrum, Zigadenus) are highly toxic due to the presence of various alkaloids and cardenolides (G. E. Burrows
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considered waifs in the flora area include E. amygdaloides, E. epithymoides (sometimes treated as E. polychroma), and E. lucida. The widespread, introduced leafy
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citation for Flora of North America online as a whole is: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico [Online]
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Mentioned on page 247. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, usually dioecious; terminal buds absent;
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tuberculate, marginal wing absent, appendage absent. x = 11. North-temperate regions, esp. w North America, Eurasian mountains, Asia Minor. Species ca. 89 (14 in
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expanded into asymmetrical wing]. x = 8. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, South America, se Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean Islands
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Zander, R. H. 1979. Notes on Barbula and Pseudocrossidium (Bryopsida) in North America and an annotated key to the taxa. Phytologia 44: 177–214. Zander, R.
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lenticular; caruncle present. x = 8, 9, 10, 14. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, South America, Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean Islands, Pacific
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accumbent. x = 8. North America, Europe, Asia, n, alpine, c, e Africa. Species ca. 70 (15 in the flora). As treated by most North American authors (e.g., M. Hopkins
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represented in North America. Pleuropogon and Schizachne are primarily North American, but extend into eastern Asia. Molecular studies (e.g., Soreng and
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or horizontal; endosperm oily or absent. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Asia, Africa, Atlantic Islands, Indian Ocean
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histories of American chestnut and Allegheny and Ozark chinquapin at various North American sites. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 120: 257-268. Tucker, G. E. 1975. Castanea
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purple or black. Seeds 1–4 per fruit. x = 10. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, n South America, Eurasia, introduced nearly worldwide. Species
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longer dimension at right angles to length of seed). x = 9. North America, Mexico, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia. Species
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in North America or in Europe. Molecular studies of Nuphar currently in progress (D. J. Padgett, pers. comm.) have clearly shown the North American taxa
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Cotyledons distinct, rarely partially connate. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America (Colombia only). Cup dimensions in Quercus sect.
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Chenopodium L. (species of Europe, North and Central Asia). Ukrayins’k. Bot. Zhurn. 50: 71–77. Mosyakin, S. L. and S. E. Clemants. 1996. New infrageneric
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of some North American species. Here, in key leads and descriptions, numbers of pairs of leaves refer to flowering shoots. Downie, S. R. and K. E. Denford
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recognized. Descriptions of eastern North American taxa are largely based on Greene's (1980) observations. Northwestern North American taxa are described on the
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Linnaeus, and D. tatsienense Franchet–have been commonly cultivated in North America. Of the nonnative taxa, only D. elatum is sporadically naturalized, as
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Asia, and South America. Species from the Flora region fall into one of three categories: native to North America, native to South America, or native to
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opening in stone, not furrowed. x = 20–26. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, e Asia, n Africa. Species ca. 50 (7 in
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history (D. E. Brink 1982). Use of Aconitum alkaloids in modern medicine was largely discontinued by the late 1930s and early 1940s (E. E. Swanson et al
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and western North America, as well as Central and South America. Three of the five sections that have been described occur in North America. None. Festuca
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appears in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants usually on rock. Stems compact to long-creeping, ascending
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reticulate or reticulate-papillose. 2n = 4–ca. 640. North America, Mexico, Central America, Europe, Asia, n, e Africa, Atlantic Islands (Iceland), Indian Ocean
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raphe inconspicuous. 2n = 16, 32, 48, 64. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, n South America, e Asia, introduced in Eurasia, Africa, Pacific
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furrowed, reticulate, or smooth. x = 7. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, South America, introduced in temperate to subtropical
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effusus aggregate in eastern North America. Ann. Bot. Fennici 17: 183--191. Fernald, M. L. and K. M. Wiegand. 1910. The North American variation of Juncus effusus
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naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine zu Bremen 4: 407, 441. 1875. Ralph E. Brooks*, Steven E. Clemants* Synonyms: Juncus sect. Graminifolii Engelmann Treatment
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Meacham. 1999. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0 (CD-ROM). North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A. Mobberley,
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spectacular hybrids, often combining dramatically different leaf shapes. In North America, 23 diploid hybrids and allopolyploids have been recorded. At least two
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cultivated in the warmer regions of North America, but it was only recently discovered that cultivation occurred north of the Mexican border. Such agaves
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of 20–50 (whitish) barbellulate bristles in 1 series. x = 10. e North America, Europe, e Asia. Species 41+ (24 species, including 2 hybrids, in the flora)
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laterally. Seed 1. x = 8. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Australia, most abundant in north-temperate regions. Species
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important family in North America for indoor foliage plants (T. B. Croat 1994). Araceae commonly grown as ornamentals in American homes include species
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recent (e.g., R. Good 1927; V. N. Vassiljev 1961). Empetrum in North America has been treated regionally, especially in northeastern North America, without
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Mentioned on page 8, 44. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs without bristles and spines. Leaves: stipules minute
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Bot. 54: 1386–1393. Payson, E. B. 1917. The perennial scapose drabas of North America. Amer. J. Bot. 4: 253–267. Schulz, O. E. 1927. Cruciferae—Draba, Erophila
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is native to North and South America, and contains about 25 species. It is marked by polyploid complexes; the major one in North America is the Bromus
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maturity, ovoid to lanceoloid, slightly asymmetric and flattened. x = 17. North America, Eurasia, n Africa, Atlantic Islands, Pacific Islands. Species ca. 130
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polygonal, ± isodiametric, anticlinal walls straight. w North America, nw Mexico, South America (Argentina, Chile). Species ca. 22 (21 in the flora). Both
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at base, these often rooting, stolonlike stems sometimes present. w North America, n Mexico. Some species of Sidalcea are cultivated for ornament. The
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curved; endosperm nuclear, usually slight. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Asia. Genera 9, species ca. 450 (3 genera
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present, inner weakly, if at all, clavate, moderately so in S. odora). North America. Species 7 (7 in the flora). None. Solidago (sect. Solidago) ser. Drummondiani
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or red, completely surrounding seed. x = 16. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, Europe, e, se Asia, Africa, tropics and subtropics. Species
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appears in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Generated Map Legacy Map Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind
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develop distribution maps. Barkworth, M.E. 2006. A new hybrid genus and 12 new combinations in North American grasses. Sida 22:495-501 Bowden, W.M. 1959
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usually absent, sometimes 1–4. e, sc United States, s Mexico, West Indies, Central America, n South America. Species 1: e, sc United States, s Mexico, West
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bird-disseminated, mainly by American robins (Turdus migratorius Linnaeus) and cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot) in North America. A few orange- or red-fruited
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and the taxonomy of North American Stipeae (Gramineae). Syst. Bot. 6:136-152 Barkworth, M.E. 1982. Embryological characters and the taxonomy of the Stipeae
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Mentioned on page 466. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants simple, sometimes branched. Inflorescences simple
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endangered: the perennials E. confertiflorum var. tanacetiflorum, E. jepsonii, E. latilobum, E. (Constancea) nevinii, and E. lanatum vars. hallii and obovatum
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endosperm copious, cellular, oily. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, s Europe, e, se Asia, warm-temperate and tropical
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435, 441, 445. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs, erect or mound-forming, 1–3 m; burl present; twigs
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flora): North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America. Species
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erose-denticulate. North America, South America, e Asia, Pacific Islands (Hawaii). Species ca. 40 (21) in the flora). North american representatives of
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encelioides Reveal & C. A. Hanson, E. fastigiatum Parry, E. molle Greene, E. orcuttianum S. Watson, E. pondii Greene, and E. zapatoense Moran. All are native
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thin, dull, fleshy to chartaceous pellicle. x = 12. North America, Central America, South America. Species 25–30 (16 in the flora). C. S. Rafinesque (1814b)
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base. Seeds 1–4, brown, 4-angled, oblong, reticulate. x = 18, 19. nw North America, e Asia (Russian Far East), arctic and alpine regions. Species 9 (9 in
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ursopedensis). North America, Mexico, introduced in Europe. Species 128 (119 in the flora). Section Coccineae includes 20 series and constitutes the main North American
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inhibit growth of tumors or lower blood pressure in mammals. Boivin, B. 1944. American Thalictra and their Old World allies. Rhodora 46: 337-377, 391-445, 453-487
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embryo straight; endosperm copious, starchless. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia, mainly n temperate to arctic. Genera
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Seeds dark brown, ellipsoid, minutely papillate. x = 7. nw North America. Species 1: nw North America. Species 1 None. Elmera racemosa window.propertiesFro
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Portland. Wherry, E. T. 1935. Distribution of the North American pitcherplants. In: M. V. Walcott. 1935. Illustrations of North American Pitcherplants. Washington
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shape and may be difficult to distinguish. Good illustrations of most North American Filagininae may be found in L. Abrams and R. S. Ferris (1923–1960, vol
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coroniform, rarely of awns or 0. Mostly subtropical and warm-temperate North America, especially arid areas, also in the Old World. Genera 75, species 600
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Mentioned on page 379. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 15–50 cm, glabrous or sparsely lanulose-puberulent
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408, 413, 430. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs, erect, 0.3–3 m; burl absent; twigs densely short
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Mentioned on page 362. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems branched proximally, slightly 4-angled, 50–150 cm.
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Mentioned on page 248, 250. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, to 15 m. Bark light reddish gray, smooth
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Echinochloa frumentacea and E. esculenta are domesticated derivatives of E. crus-galli and E. colona, respectively (Yabuno 1962) and that E. oryzoides is very closely
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not erose, not fully covering operculum, smooth. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Atlantic Islands, Pacific Islands
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synonyms of E. kamtschatica: E. komarovii Zinserling, E. mitrata (Franchet & Savatier ex Makino, E. sachalinensis (Meinschauser) B. Fedtschenko, E. savatieri
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appears in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants terrestrial or on rock. Stems short- to long-creeping
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41(Special Issue):13-20 Barkworth, M.E. and R.J. Atkins. 1984. Leymus Hochst. (Gramineae: Triticeae) in North America: Taxonomy and distribution. Amer. J
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appears in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants on rock. Leaves oblong, 2–3-pinnatifid, 2–6 × 0.5–1
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Verbesininae (e.g., G. Bentham 1873) or in Helianthinae (e.g., T. F. Stuessy 1977[1978]). Sometimes, Rudbeckiinae has included Echinacea (e.g., P. O. Karis
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fusiform or ovoid, winged or not. North America, Mexico, West Indies (Hispaniola), Central America, n South America, Europe, Asia (including Sumatra).
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setiform scales rarely present, inner bristles usually strongly clavate). North America. Species 9 (9 in the flora). None. Solidago bicolor, Solidago erecta
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pappi persistent, ± coroniform (with 0–4 ± prominent teeth). x = 11. e, c North America. Species 9 (9 in the flora). In keys and descriptions, “discs” refers
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subsp. runcinata (E. James) Torrey & A. Gray Fl. N. Amer. 2: 487. 1843. David J. Bogler Illustrated Basionym: Hieracium runcinatum E. James Account Exped
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apex rounded, pointed, or with slight dimple. North America, Mexico, Central America, n, w South America, Eurasia. Species ca. 30 (11 in the flora). What
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straight. x = 7, 8, 9. s North America, South America (Andean region), Europe (Mediterranean region), Asia (Mediterranean region, e to India), Africa (Mediterranean
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on page 50, 52, 53, 56. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants solitary or tufted, with bulbils on branched caudices
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not horned, crested or not; ridges between valves absent. North America, Mexico, Central America (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama). Species of subg. Ceanothus
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putative infrageneric group occurring in North America are at best vague and ill defined. The North American species of Ephedra are well defined based
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Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) is a noxious, fire-prone invader of western North American ecosystems; it is also welcomed as a source of early spring feed in
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glochidiate in P. glochidata), usually arillate. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia. Species
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Meacham. 1999. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0 (CD-ROM). North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A. Kok, P.D.F
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Treatment on page 337. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants deep green, ± elongate. Stems to ca. 6 cm; hairs dark
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(1980), have included Eleocharis coloradoensis in E. parvula or E. parvula var. anachaeta. In typical E. coloradoensis, which occurs from Saskatchewan south
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ellipsoid, warty or smooth. x = 7. wc North America. Species 1: wc North America. Analysis of molecular data reported by D. E. Soltis et al. (1990) has suggested
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19, [20,] 26, [27,] and probably higher. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Indian Ocean Islands, Pacific
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Wis., introduced in e Asia (Japan), Australia. Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora). Elements of Cakile edentula are native in North America; the typical variety
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IllustratedEndemic Synonyms: Asplenium scalifolium E. P. St. John Asplenium suare E. P. St. John Asplenium subtile E. P. St. John. Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 0.5-4 m. Leaves 2-13 × 1-8 cm. Flowers: corolla white
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distinctly muricate. x = 7. nw North America. Species 2 (2 in the flora). Although morphologically similar, as reviewed by D. E. Soltis et al. (2007), diploid
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in the Flora region. Two European species are grown as ornamentals in North America. Many of the seventeen native species merit such use. Several proposals
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Hispaniola), Central America (Guatemala and Belize), South America (se Venezuela), e Asia, Africa, e Australia. Osborn, J. M. and E. L. Schneider. 1988
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43, 45, 46, 76. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, rhizomatous, not stoloniferous; caudex sometimes bearing
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sometimes ± compressed, 2–6-nerved, glabrous or ± strigillose. x = 7, 8. North America, Mexico, Eurasia. Species ca. 58 (51 in the flora). Subgenus Symphyotrichum
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and [H. E.] Ahles.” Centaurea paniculata. According to our herbarium studies, reports of C. paniculata Linnaeus (Jersey knapweed) from North America are apparently
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usually straight or curved, rarely folded. Mainly temperate regions of North America. Genera 28, species ca. 850 (16 genera, 160 species in the flora). Morphological
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page 444, 445. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Trees to 20 m, flowering at 2 m. Stems clustered, occasionally
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are most abundant in Asia and South America, but are also found in Africa, Australia, Central America and North America. One genus, Arundinaria, is native
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rarely 8-grooved (C. amoena subsp. whitneyi), not wider distally. w North America. Species 3 (3 in the flora). None. Clarkia amoena, Clarkia franciscana
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Howell, J. T. 1959. Distributional data on weedy thistles in western North America. Leafl. W. Bot. 9: 17–32. Moore, R. J. and C. Frankton. 1974. The Thistles
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monostachia Harry E. Luther, Gregory K. Brown Treatment appears in FNA Volume 22. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association
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Copyright: Flora of North America Association Basal rosettes usually well developed. Cauline leaves not or only slightly longer than wide, i.e., length-width
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endosperm abundant or not. nearly worldwide except boreal and arctic North America and Asia, tropical Africa, Antarctica. Genera ca. 60, species ca. 1700
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Rosaceae) in North America. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1: 31–46. Rydberg, P. A. 1908. Drymocallis. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora.
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olympicum (E. Britton) T. T. McIntosh & J. R. Spence Bryologist 89: 200. 1986,. Dale H. Vitt, John R. Spence Basionym: Grimmia olympica E. Britton Bryologist
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Ventenata, Vulpia, ×agropogon, ×arctodupontia, ×dupoa, ×pucciphippsia R. Br. Mary E. Barkworth Treatment appears in FNA Volume 24. Treatment on page 378. Plants
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85, 105, 109, 115. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, rhizomatous, stoloniferous or not; caudex not cormlike
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page 63, 101, 104. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright: Flora of North America Association Culms often spreading or reclining, 2–25 cm × 0.3–1 mm. Leaves:
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similar to E. diandra and E. ovata; E. diandra differs from E. aestuum in its lower tubercles, brown floral scales, and absence of perianth bristles; E. ovata
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Pachycereeae Buxbaum emend. A. C. Gibson & K. E. Horak, including the dominant columnar cacti of North America (R. S. Wallace and A. C. Gibson 2002). Whether
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West Indies (Cuba), Central America, South America. Species 15 (1 in the flora). Bejaria is widespread in Latin America, where it is an important component
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12. North America, e, sw Asia. Orphanidesia Boissier & Balansa Species 3 (1 in the flora). Epigaea comprises E. repens in eastern North America, E. asiatica
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Wis., e, se Asia, also introduced in South America (Brazil), Europe, Africa, Australia. Elatine triandra is a popular aquarium plant. Reports of E. triandra
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Mentioned on page 367. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, evergreen, often much-branched from base
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Mentioned on page 461, 463. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 11–33 cm. Leaves triangular to narrowly lanceolate
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forms for North America, but later (1957) did not recognize infraspecific taxa. Most plants from the Arctic to cool-temperate North America, including
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piedmontana N. E. Pfeiffer Isoëtes piedmontana Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants
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short-cylindric, wings absent. × = 9. North America, Mexico, Central America (Guatemala), South America, Europe, e Asia (Japan), Africa (Morocco), Pacific
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flattened-ellipsoidal to fusiform, often tailed, ± winged; testa smooth. x = 13. North America, Europe, Asia, Australia. Anthodendron Reichenbach; Azaleastrum (Planchon
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Mentioned on page 331. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, glabrous or hairy (hairs simple, 1-celled
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wetted; cotyledons incumbent. x = 7. North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, introduced in Central America, South America, Australia. Species 41 (8 in the flora)
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6. Treatment on page 70. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Roots flattened or elliptic, 0.3–1.1 mm diam. Stems 1.8–9
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glabrous. Tropical regions nearly worldwide and temperate regions of North America and Asia, s Africa, Pacific Islands in New Zealand. Genus 1, species
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spikes or panicles. Seeds with margins rounded; seed coat honeycombed. North America, Asia. Species ca. 10 (4 in the flora). None. Chenopodium berlandieri
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setiform scales rarely present, inner weakly clavate). North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, introduced to Atlantic Islands (Azores). Species
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[capsular or capsulelike berries]. x = 6. North America, Mexico, Central America, West Indies, South America, Australasia, warm-temperate to tropical areas
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appears in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 2–5 mm diam.; hairs reddish brown to chestnut brown
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page 44, 47, 120, 132. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, rhizomatous, stoloniferous or not; caudex not cormlike
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been cited for North America; the name belongs in synonymy of a Eurasian subspecies and appears to have been misapplied to North American specimens. None
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circumboreal “E. palustris complex,” which in North America comprises E. palustris, E. mamillata, E. macrostachya, E. erythropoda, E. uniglumis, E. kamtschatica
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Mentioned on page 248, 249. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Trees, to 15–30(–40) m. Bark dark reddish brown, deeply furrowed
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L. D. Gottlieb. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among the primarily North American genera of Cichorieae (Compositae) based on analysis of 18S–26S rDNA
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International Triticeae Consortium. The genus is now widespread in western North America, frequently being used for soil stabilization on degraded rangeland and
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erose-truncate or laciniate plus 0–2(–5) longer, subulate to aristate. x = 12. North America, introduced in Europe. Species 23 (23 in the flora). The species of Rudbeckia
7 KB (462 words) - 20:35, 6 November 2020
Mentioned on page 379. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 20–60 cm, subglabrous to sparsely lanulose-puberulent
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minute. Seeds ± carinate or not. e North America, e Mexico, West Indies (Bahamas, Greater Antilles), Bermuda, Central America (Belize). Species 29 (28 in the
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Metheny 1991). Most require acid soils, although E. carnea, E. vagans, and E. ×darleyensis (E. carnea × E. erigena) will accept neutral soils (A. Mikolajski
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Mentioned on page 461. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Racemes usually with 1–12 erect or ascending branches, yellow
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FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs or subshrubs, 1-16 dm. Leaves opposite or nearly opposite
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setiform scales rarely present, inner bristles weakly to strongly clavate). North America, Mexico. Species 5 (5 in the flora). None. Solidago arenicola, Solidago
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Mentioned on page 461. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 1–3, dark wine red or purple, unbranched, 9–38 cm,
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Treatment on page 307. Illustrator: Marjorie C. Leggitt Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems densely hairy. Leaf blades: basal sinus incisions relatively
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acuminatum (Ashe) E. P. Bicknell Asarum canadense var. acuminatum Ashe Asarum canadense var. ambiguum (E. P. Bicknell) Farwell Asarum canadense var. reflexum (E. P.
4 KB (396 words) - 22:51, 5 November 2020
Mentioned on page 120. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems weakly julaceous. Leaves strongly imbricate when dry
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a species of Central America, South America, and the West Indies, have been reported (Do V. C. et al. 1989). V. M. Bates and E. T. Browne (1981) reported
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the status of Acorus in North America. Whether Acorus is native or introduced, as well as the number of taxa in North America, has been debated for years
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hybrid origin from E. palustris and both E. erythropoda and E. uniglumis. The 2n = 38 plants of E. macrostachya may comprise the American counterpart of the
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Treatment on page 369. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants to 10 m, frequently forming dense thickets. Leaves:
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called sect. Pnigma Dumort. It is native to Eurasia as well as to North and South America, and has about 90 species. None. Bromus anomalus, Bromus ciliatus
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Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Africa, Pacific Islands. Rhizophora mangle is native to the Americas and west Africa; it was introduced
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some species. x = 7. Forested temperate and boreal Northern Hemisphere, North America, Asia. Species ca. 25 (8 species in the flora). Alders resemble birches
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658, 659, 660. Illustrator: Marjorie C. Leggitt Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, 2–25 m. Stems 1–20, fastigiate, solitary
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appendage absent. x = [7, 8?] 10, 11. North-temperate regions, w North America (including Mexico), Central America, South America (Andes), Eurasian mountains, Mediterranean
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page 332, 334. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, colonial, scapose, rhizomatous; rhizome slender, scale-leaved
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genus is unusual for an eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunct in that more species occur in North America than in Asia. A morphological phylogenetic
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rarely glabrous. Festuca sect. Breviaristatae is distributed in Asia and North America. It contains about 15 species. None. Festuca altaica, Festuca californica
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Worldwide, but mainly north-temperate region. Species ca. 100 (27 in the flora). Two names that appear in many North American treatments, Cerastium viscosum
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on page 43, 47, 124. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, not rhizomatous or stoloniferous; caudex erect, slender
3 KB (291 words) - 23:42, 5 November 2020
Treatment on page 115. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems long-creeping. Leaves to ca. 3 m. Petioles borne 1-4
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43, 44, 47, 84. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, not rhizomatous, not stoloniferous; caudex slender
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Treatment on page 429. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Twigs densely short soft-hairy, eglandular. Immature inflorescence
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[4]. Fruits berries. Seeds 1–4 per fruit. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Indian Ocean Islands, Pacific
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Mentioned on page 356. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 2–38 cm. Leaves: petiole 3–21 mm; blade lanceolate
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hybrid origin from E. elliptica and either E. erythropoda or E. uniglumis var. halophila (M. L. Fernald 1950). The plants are similar to E. erythropoda except
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with E. ovata and E. aestuum. A few specimens are intermediate with E. engelmannii. Eleocharis obtusa is sometimes treated as conspecific with E. ovata
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Phytologia 75: 8. 1993. John C. Semple, Rachel E. Cook Basionym: Nemorales Mackenzie in J. K. Small, Man. S.E. Fl., 1348. 1933 Synonyms: Incanae Rydberg Radulae Rydberg
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lacerate, sometimes aristate scales. x = 17. North America, Mexico, West Indies (Cuba), Central America, South America. Species ca. 32 (18 in the flora). Helenium
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axile and centric, nearly filling testa; endosperm scanty or absent. North America, Europe, Asia, Australia. Genera 3, species ca. 45 (3 genera, 9 species
4 KB (419 words) - 23:37, 2 December 2022
intermediate between E. engelmannii and E. obtusa, or rarely with E. lanceolata. I have not seen specimens to verify literature reports of E. engelmannii from
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non-naturalized aliens, e.g., on ballast, or as grain immigrants or wool contaminants, and may not now be present in North America. Because of all these
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Cope, E.A. 1994. Further notes on beachgrasses (Ammophila) in northeastern North America. Newsletter New York Fl. Assoc. 5(1):5-7 Reznicek, A.A. and E.J.
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numerous, subglobose, minutely pitted, 1-3 mm, aril present. x = 14. North America, South America, Hawaii, introduced in other tropical and temperate regions of
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naturalized in North America (M. A. Dirr 2009). Some of these species have the potential to hybridize with native species; E. angustifolia, E. pungens, and E. umbellata
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Throughout n temperate, boreal, and arctic zones of the Northern Hemisphere, North America, Asia. Species ca. 35 (18 species in the flora). Birches, like alders
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ornamentation papillose to warty, or ridged. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean Islands
7 KB (392 words) - 22:25, 5 November 2020
Mentioned on page 410, 412. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Subshrubs, sprawling, 1.2–6 dm; branches glabrous, or puberulous
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Treatment on page 248. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Pedicels usually 2–8 cm in flower; involucellar bractlets
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FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, 0.2-2.5dm, sparsely to densely pubescent with falcate
2 KB (133 words) - 22:50, 5 November 2020
Bryan E. Dutton, Carl S. Keener, Bruce A. Ford EndemicIllustrated Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America
2 KB (186 words) - 22:45, 5 November 2020
Treatment on page 137. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Leaves: basal blades unlobed or palmately lobed; cauline
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fixed to sporangium wall. Mostly tropical, North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa including Madagascar. Genus
2 KB (162 words) - 21:24, 5 November 2020
shiny, carunculate or not; endosperm fleshy. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, n South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, nearly worldwide.
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Zinserlingia, 8a1a. E. ser. Rostellatae, and 8a3. E. sect. Parvulae, following M. S. González-E. and P. M. Peterson (1997). All North American plants of Eleocharis
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among the North American, neotropical, and Eastern Hemisphere species are unclear, and it seems likely that the genus, as broadly construed by E. B. Copeland
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Landolt, E. 1986. The family of Lemnaceae—A monographic study, vol. 1. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. E. T. H. Stiftung Rübel Zürich 71. Landolt, E. and R. Kandeler
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Clarke) V. E. Grant Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Mentioned on page 82. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright: Flora of North America Association
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not beaked, longitudinally furrowed. x = 12. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Europe, e Asia, Africa. Species ca. 150 (14 in the flora)
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not include those other genera (e.g., P. K. Chowdhuri 1957) or do not deal with most of our native North American taxa [e.g., W. Greuter (1995) and the molecular
29 KB (1,186 words) - 00:23, 15 November 2022
A. Weatherby. 1916. The genus Puccinellia in eastern North America. Rhodora 18:1-23 Porsild, A.E. 1964. Illustrated Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
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appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Aerial shoots 5-30 cm. Leaves: petiole 5-25 cm; terminal
4 KB (338 words) - 22:48, 5 November 2020
page 582, 584, 610, 619. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems: hairs sparse or dense, unbranched, rarely branched
4 KB (311 words) - 20:24, 5 November 2020
Mentioned on page 582, 583. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems: hairs dense, sometimes sparse, unbranched, rarely
3 KB (245 words) - 20:24, 5 November 2020
Mentioned on page 582, 584, 632. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems: hairs sparse proximally, becoming fairly dense distally
3 KB (309 words) - 20:24, 5 November 2020
Treatment on page 368. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants to 15 m, often forming dense stands. Leaves: petiole
3 KB (211 words) - 23:45, 5 November 2020
Mentioned on page 63. Illustrator: Bee F. Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, sometimes nearly acaulescent. Stems decumbent
3 KB (247 words) - 22:56, 5 November 2020
Treatment on page 572. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants delicate, in creeping mats. Stems with branches 0
3 KB (245 words) - 22:38, 5 November 2020
Treatment on page 116. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems creeping. Leaves to ca. 3(-30) m. Petioles borne 2-7
3 KB (255 words) - 21:21, 5 November 2020
appears in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants aquatic. Rootstock nearly globose, 2-lobed. Leaves
3 KB (302 words) - 21:23, 5 November 2020
Mentioned on page 591. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs (0.3–)1–3 dm. Leaves linear, thin, flexible, 0.8–4
2 KB (180 words) - 20:24, 5 November 2020
Mentioned on page 591, 592. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs 0.9–1.4 dm. Leaves lanceolate, thick, ± brittle, (0
3 KB (231 words) - 20:24, 5 November 2020
membranous; endosperm copious; embryo curved. North America, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Australia. Genera 4, species
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straight. North America, s Africa, and tropical regions of Eastern Hemisphere. Genus 1, species 52 (1 species in the flora). Bruggen, H. W. E. van. 1973
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x = 6. Introduced; Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Asia, Indian Ocean Islands (e, se Madagascar), Pacific Islands, Australia. Icacorea
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4–5 in E. eriantha, E. exstipulata, and E. radians), sessile or stipitate, shallowly cupped to deeply concave; appendages absent or petaloid (E. bifurcata
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Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly
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remarkable in that it occurs in southern Africa as well as in North America. No other North American fern has this distribution. Asplenium platyneuron is an
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Genuini speciesJuncus filiformis Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 326. 1753. Ralph E. Brooks*, Steven E. Clemants* Common names: Thread rush Illustrated Treatment appears
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or absent; styles 2. Seeds horizontal. Worldwide, native to s North America, n South America, s Eurasia, Africa. Species 8–9 (3 in the flora). None. Dysphania
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style; style deciduous, base not enlarged. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, South America, Eurasia. Species ca. 85 (72 in the flora)
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Genuini speciesJuncus drummondii E. Meyer in C. F. von Ledebour, Flora Rossica 4: 235. 1853. Ralph E. Brooks*, Steven E. Clemants* Common names: Drummond's
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of elongated cells, scaly or minutely tuberculate. x = 7. w North America, w South America. Species 42 (41 in the flora). Molecular phylogenetic analysis
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12, [13?,] 14, 15, 17, [18]. North-temperate regions, Europe (esp. Mediterranean region), Asia (esp. Mediterranean region e to c Asia), Africa (Mediterranean
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Gray) V. E. Grant Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Mentioned on page 82. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright: Flora of North America Association
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only to North America, with nearly as many names given to the Asian variants. Numerous morphological extremes were described in North America, Russia,
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myrmecochorous elaiosome (aril). x = 5. 2n = 10 in all American species recorded. North America, Asia. Species 43 (38 in the flora). Trillium is traditionally
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Terrell, E.E. and L.R. Batra. 1982. Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta, a grass-fungus association. Econ. Bot. 36:274-285 Terrell, E.E., P.M. Peterson
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12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants to 55 m, 35 dm diam.; moderately to strongly heterophyllous
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narrowly 2-winged; cotyledons 2–5. x = 11. Warm north temperate regions. The genus Cupressus in North America consists mainly of small, disjunct, relictual
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Acutifolia speciesSphagnum beothuk R. E. Andrus Sida 22: 966, figs. 21–26. 2006,. Cyrus B. McQueen†, Richard E. Andrus Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 10: 127. 1896. Ralph E. Brooks*, Steven E. Clemants* IllustratedEndemic Synonyms: Juncus exilis Osterhout Treatment
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Va. Viola bicolor is the only pansy native to North America (V. B. Baird 1942; J. Clausen et al. 1964; A. E. Radford et al. 1968) and is the only annual
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cylindric; endosperm ± copious and fleshy. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Indian Ocean Islands
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wall at maturity. Cotyledons distinct or connate. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, Eurasia, n Africa. Species ca. 200 (51 in the flora)
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University of Georgia. Sherman, S. L. and D. E. Giannasi. 1988. Foliar flavonoids of Ulmus in eastern North America. Biochem. Syst. & Ecol. 16: 51-56. Stipes
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that of E. microlepis. Simpson (pers. comm.) has not examined specimens of either E. nigrescens or E. microlepis from North America, and lists both E. microlepis
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cultivated and wild columbines. Gentes Herb. 7: 1-150. Payson, E. B. 1918. The North American species of Aquilegia. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 133-157. Aquilegia
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secunda, and P. wheeleri are important native forage species in western North America; P. alpina, P. arctica, and P. glauca are common components of alpine
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distinct from achene. Temperate to tropical North America, Central America, South America, West Indies, Europe, North Africa. Species 2 (2 in the flora). Eleocharis
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polysepala (Endelmann) E. O. Beal Nymphaea polysepala (Engelmann) Greene Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association
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Hydastylus borealis E. P. Bicknell Hydastylus brachypus E. P. Bicknell Hydastylus californicus (Ker Gawler) Salisbury Sisyrinchium boreale (E. P. Bicknell) J
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perennials (i.e., X. brevifolia, X. flabelliformis, X. jupicai). Of these only S. jupicai tends to die to the base at the end of a growing season. In North American
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capsules usually furrowed (irregularly wrinkled in Philonotis cernua); e North America, Greenland > 4 4 Leaves 2- or 3-stratose; fertile plants lacking subfloral
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individuals. Hultén, E. 1959b. Studies in the genus Dryas. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 53: 507–542. Porsild, A. E. 1947. The genus Dryas in North America. Canad. Field-Naturalist
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often striolate at base and papillose. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, e Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia
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curved. w North America including n Mexico, mainly Calif. Species 28 (26 in the flora). The species of Eriogonum subg. Oregonium not treated here are E. foliosum
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Mentioned on page 350. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, emergent on wet substrates, 1–6(–16) cm. Stems ascending
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endosperm lacking, starch present; embryo curved. North America, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia. Genera 14, species
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smooth or papillose to baccate-insulate. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia (including Indonesia), Africa
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americana. Pending such work, the eastern North American hepaticas are here recognized as distinct species. D. E. Moerman (1986) lists Hepatica acutiloba
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appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Aerial shoots (30-)40-70 cm. Basal leaves silky. Inflorescences
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scabridulous. x = 7, 8. United States, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Asia, Africa, Australia. Species ca. 160 (18 in the flora). Abutilon
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maximum D. E. Brink, J. A. Woods Illustrated Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association
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with the European Thlaspi montanum, whereas others (e.g., E. B. Payson 1926) recognized the North American taxa as endemic to the continent. Molecular studies
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2-valved. Seeds few-many, elaiosome usually present. x = 8. Temperate North America and eastern Asia. Species 20 (9 in the flora). About 35 isoquinoline
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Mentioned on page 334. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, broadly spreading, 30–100 dm. Stems ascending
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Mentioned on page 134, 135. Illustrator: Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants in solitary clumps, stoloniferous, slenderly rhizomatous
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Eleocharis ravenelii is apparently very uncommon in North America. It is often mistaken for very slender-stemmed E. montana, which differs in its spikelets with
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page 322, 323, 324. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, 3–6[–20] m. Stems usually 1; bark thin,
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page 108, 109. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants annual(?), densely cespitose; rhizomes obscured among
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appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs, open, upright, rounded, to 3(–5) m. Bark light gray
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Trudy Imperatorskago. Acta Horti Petropolitani. 5: 119. 1878. Ralph E. Brooks*, Steven E. Clemants* Common names: Baltic rush Illustrated Basionym: Juncus
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13. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa (South Africa). Species 10–12 (3 in the flora). Crusio, W. E. 1981
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376, 497, 507. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, (sometimes with woody burl, resprouting
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are centered in tropical and subtropical to warm-temperate North America and South America; relatively few extend into cool-temperate areas; fewer still
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FNA Volume 22. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants flowering 0.4–1.3 m. Leaves erect, yellow-green, to
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65, 72, 77, 79. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, mat-forming; rhizomes evident, long, 1–2
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appears in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Trees to 23m; trunk to 0.6m diam.; crown spirelike. Bark
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Magnoliaceae Juss. Taxonomy by J. E. Dandy. World Pollen Spore Fl. 3: 1-48. Sargent, C. S. 1890-1902. The Silva of North America.... 14 vols. Boston and New
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Eleocharis montevidensis var. disciformis (Parish) V. E. Grant Eleocharis montevidensis var. parishii (Britton) V. E. Grant Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment
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1936. Alan T. Whittemore Basionym: Ranunculus sect. Marsypadenium Prantl e. Epirotes Prantl Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 9: 266. 1888 Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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5–40, barbellulate bristles in 1 series. x = 17. North America, Mexico, Central America, Andean South America. Species ca. 250 (14 in the flora). Clewell,
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649, 656, 661. Illustrator: Marjorie C. Leggitt Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs, 0.3–2.5 m. Stems 1–70, rhizomatous, suckering and
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332, 342, 343, 351. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants densely cespitose. Culms 18–66 cm. Leaves: sheaths
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Treatment on page 168. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 1–10 m, to 40 cm diam. Roots tuberous when young,
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endosperm, testate; cotyledons 2, embryo achlorophyllous. North America, ne Mexico, s, c Europe, e, se Asia, n Africa, Australia. Genera ca. 46, species ca
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effusus aggregate in eastern North America. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 183--191. Fernald, M. L. and K. M. Wiegand. 1910. The North American variation of Juncus effusus
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Synonyms: Agrimonia pubescens var. microcarpa (Wallroth) H. E. Ahles A. pumila Muhlenberg ex E. P. Bicknell Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment
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for silkworms when Morus spp. are in short supply, is cultivated in North America as a hedge plant. The fruit is edible. Native to Korea and China, C.
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or panicles. Seeds with margins rounded or acute; seed coat smooth. North America. Species 7 (6 in the flora). Walters, T. W. 1988. Relationships between
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straight. x = 15. n North America, Eurasia (Balkans to c Asia), Africa, introduced in North America (except D. repens), South America, Pacific Islands (Hawaii)
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appears in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems long-creeping, 2–3 mm diam. Leaves clustered, erect
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appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Bulbils absent in leaf axils and inflorescences. 2n=16, 18
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appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Roots tuberous, tubers distally not obviously bulblike, 10-30
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Amer. J. Bot. 88:1993-2001 Hitchcock, A.S. and A. Chase. 1910. The North American species of Panicum. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15:1-396 Hitchcock, A.S
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by Native Americans, or at least exploited by them for its edible fruit, for over 3,000 years prior to European settlement in North America (K. J. Gremillion
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South America (Argentina, Paraguay). Eleocharis cylindrica is synonymous with E. spegazzinii Barros, which was described from temperate South America (E.
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1904. The North American allies of Scirpus lacustris. Rhodora 6: 65–71, plates 52, 53. Koyama, T. 1962b. The genus Scirpus Linn. Some North American aphylloid
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appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Bulbils conspicuous in leaf axils and sometimes in inflorescence
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Drepanocladus in North America, with notes on the differentiation of fossil fragments. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 54: 251–298. Wynne, F. E. 1944b. Studies in
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ed. 2, 85. 1767 Synonyms: E. fernaldii (Svenson) Á. Löve E. pauciflora (Lightfoot) Link E. pauciflora var. fernaldii Svenson E. quinqueflora subsp. fernaldii (Svenson)
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lateral (Liquidambar). Temperate to tropical regions, e North America, Mexico, Central America, e Asia, Africa (including Madagascar), Pacific Islands,
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Wiegand Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 27: 524. 1900. Ralph E. Brooks*, Steven E. Clemants* Common names: Dudley's rush Illustrated Synonyms: Juncus
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occasionally tailed, tegmen reticulate and usually lined. 2n = 20. w North America, Mexico, e Asia (s to Japan). Juncus subg. Ensifolii may be polyphyletic.
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nutlets, obovoid or subglobose, smooth, ridged, or tuberculate. x = 5. w North America. Species 7 (7 in the flora). Limnanthes was divided into two sections
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appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Leaves: petiole to 2 m or more. Leaf blade to 6 dm or more. Flowers:
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also papillate. x = 8 (secondarily 7). North America, Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, South America, Eurasia, s Africa, Atlantic Islands,
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Sisyrinchium mucronatum var. atlanticum (E. P. Bicknell) H. E. Ahles Sisyrinchium scoparium E. P. Bicknell Sisyrinchium tracyi E. P. Bicknell Sisyrinchium violaceum
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Seeds 1–500, without hairs or wings. North America, Mexico, West Indies (Hispaniola), Central America, South America, Eurasia, n Africa, Pacific Islands
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appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Aerial shoots 5-18 cm, from rhizomes, rhizomes ascending
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583, 588, 594, 603, 648. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs 1.2–6 dm. Stems unbranched, sometimes branched. Leaves
4 KB (347 words) - 20:24, 5 November 2020
appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Aerial shoots (7.5-)10-30 cm, from rhizomes, rhizomes horizontal
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appears in FNA Volume 3. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Aerial shoots (10-)30-50 cm, from tubers, rarely also from
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381, 391, 392, 393. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants cespitose. Culms obtusely angled, 15–30 cm, glabrous
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337, 367, 368, 373. Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants densely cespitose. Culms 25–120 cm; vegetative culms
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D. E. Brink, J. A. Woods Illustrated Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Generated Map Legacy Map Alaska, Maritime and subalpine areas of w North America
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page 332, 333. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, colonial, scapose, rhizomatous; rhizome slender, scale-leaved
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in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: Laurie Klingensmith Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants aquatic, submerged. Rootstock nearly globose, 2-lobed
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aridum M. E. Jones Contr. W. Bot. 8: 28. 1898. Charles T. Mason Jr.†, George Yatskievych EndemicIllustrated Synonyms: Forsellesia arida (M. E. Jones) A
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subgenusCornus subg. Cornus speciesCornus sessilis Torrey in E. M. Durand, Pl. Pratten. Calif., 89. 1855. Zack E. Murrell, Derick B. Poindexter Common names: Blackfruit
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Acutifolia speciesSphagnum bergianum R. E. Andrus Sida 22: 964, figs. 14–20. 2006,. Cyrus B. McQueen†, Richard E. Andrus Treatment appears in FNA Volume
3 KB (383 words) - 22:29, 5 November 2020
(Bergius) Gift & Kron Nordic J. Bot. 26: 47. 2008 ,. Shunguo Liu, Keith E. Denford, John E. Ebinger, John G. Packer, Gordon C. Tucker Common names: Sand-myrtle
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cernuum (E. P. Bicknell) Kearney Leafl. W. Bot. 5: 197. 1949. Anita F. Cholewa, Douglass M. Henderson† Illustrated Basionym: Hydastylus cernuus E. P. Bicknell
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C. Vasey, Jon E. Keeley Common names: Hairy manzanita IllustratedEndemic Synonyms: Arctostaphylos columbiana var. tracyi (Eastwood) J. E. Adams ex McMinn
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flattened, not tailed, sometimes winged; testa pitted. x = 11. se, w North America, e Asia (Japan). Cladothamnus Bongard; Tripetaleia Siebold & Zuccarini
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Kral, R. 1978. A synopsis of Fuirena (Cyperaceae) for the Americas north of South America. Sida 7: 309–354. Fuirena breviseta, Fuirena bushii, Fuirena
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